Double-layer System Research Articles

Wind-induced response and control criterion of the double-layer cable support photovoltaic module system

The cable support photovoltaic module system has obvious characteristics of wind-induced vibration. In order to study the wind-induced vibration response characteristics and mechanism of the double-cable support photovoltaic module systems, and further discuss the stiffness control criterion. The wind-induced vibration response of a new type of cable-truss support photovoltaic module system with a span of 35m is studied through the aeroelastic wind tunnel test. Firstly, the scaled aeroelastic test model was established to meet the aeroelastic test requirements. Then, the effects of wind direction, PV module inclination angle, and stability cable initial prestress on the wind-induced vibration response characteristics under uniform flow and turbulent field are studied. Finally, the wind-induced vibration response mechanism and stiffness control criterion are discussed. The results show that the increase of inclination angle will lead to a decrease in critical wind speed, the 0° wind direction is the most unfavorable, and the increase of initial prestress can increase the critical wind speed but is inefficient. The critical wind speed under the turbulent flow field is about 30% higher than that of the uniform flow field. The instability vibration is the result of multi-mode coupled vibration of vertical bending and torsion. It is suggested that the stiffness control criterion is more appropriate as 1/100. The research results are of great significance for the design and application of the cable support photovoltaic module system.

Thermal performance of a double-layer pipe-embedded phase change wall system in wood structures coupled with solar energy

In this study, we propose a dual-layer, pipe-embedded phase change wall system for wooden structures that integrates sky radiation cooling and solar heat collection for cross-seasonal operation. This system harnesses renewable energy and reduces the operational energy consumption of buildings. The primary focus of this study is the performance improving of the system during winter conditions. In winter, the system captures solar energy for daytime indoor heating and load reduction and stores excess heat in phase-change material (PCM) embedded within the wooden wallboard. The stored heat is then released at night to further reduce building loads. To assess the thermal performance of the proposed wall system under winter conditions, experiments were conducted across four different scenarios and a reference system was established for comparative analysis. The results indicate that the proposed wall system significantly improves the indoor thermal environment. Specifically, this integration increased the average indoor air temperature by 6.0 °C compared to the reference system and substantially increased the temperature of the wallboard. The inclusion of PCM notably enhanced the thermal performance by reducing nighttime heat loss. Consequently, the average indoor temperature in systems equipped with PCM-enhanced wallboards was 3.0 °C higher than that in the reference system.

Analysis of Galvanostatic Data from Electrochemical Capacitors

The ability to deconvolute charge storage mechanisms in electrochemical capacitor materials and systems is essential for understanding and improving behaviour. From an electrochemical perspective, this deconvolution can be achieved through an understanding of the expected response of a particular contribution. Voltametric measurements can be deconvoluted through the current response relative to the applied sweep rate. Herein we describe an analogous approach for galvanostatic data in which the charge or discharge time is related to the applied current (I). Specifically, capacitive charge storage is shown proportional to I−1, while diffusional processes are proportional to I2. Coupling this with a constant contribution from ohmic and residual charge storage processes allows for an effective approach to deconvolution for galvanostatic data. This is demonstrated with data from a glassy carbon electrode in non-aqueous electrolyte (an expected electrical double layer system) and from a manganese dioxide electrode in aqueous electrolyte (an expected pseudo-capacitive system).

Four-Dimensional Printing of Multi-Material Origami and Kirigami-Inspired Hydrogel Self-Folding Structures.

Four-dimensional printing refers to a process through which a 3D printed object transforms from one structure into another through the influence of an external energy input. Self-folding structures have been extensively studied to advance 3D printing technology into 4D using stimuli-responsive polymers. Designing and applying self-folding structures requires an understanding of the material properties so that the structural designs can be tailored to the targeted applications. Poly(N-iso-propylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) was used as the thermo-responsive material in this study to 3D print hydrogel samples that can bend or fold with temperature changes. A double-layer printed structure, with PNIPAM as the self-folding layer and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as the supporting layer, provided the mechanical robustness and overall flexibility to accommodate geometric changes. The mechanical properties of the multi-material 3D printing were tested to confirm the contribution of the PEG support to the double-layer system. The desired folding of the structures, as a response to temperature changes, was obtained by adding kirigami-inspired cuts to the design. An excellent shape-shifting capability was obtained by tuning the design. The experimental observations were supported by COMSOL Multiphysics® software simulations, predicting the control over the folding of the double-layer systems.

Heat transfer and stratification behaviors of internally heated double-layer fluids systems under swinging conditions

To evaluate the safety designs aimed at the stratified corium pools for nuclear reactors applied in the marine environment, it’s important to carry out research on the convection related phenomena inside a layered fluids system under motion conditions. Thus, in this paper, the macroscopic characteristics of heat transfer and stratification for the double-layer fluids systems with internal heat source under motion conditions were studied through visualization experiments, and due to the complexity of actual ocean motions, only swinging motions were considered. In this research, a new dimensionless number Ris was proposed to quantify the effects of swinging motions, which represents the ratio of the characteristic buoyancy to the characteristic centrifugal force caused by swinging motions. Based on experimental results, swinging motions exert the most significant impacts on the layered systems when Ris is less than 1. In this case, the ratio of maximum temperature fT and the ratio of temperature difference between the two layers fΔT both dropped below 0.5, while the ratio of peak heat transfer capacity fQ-peak raised above 1.5, with the ratio of stable heat transfer capacity fQ-stable most probably lying within the range of 1.06 to 1.2. Additionally, several representative types of macroscopic interface deformation or stratification instability was observed, and phenomenon of mixing could appear between the double-layer fluids under intense-enough swinging conditions. These phenomena imply the significantly intensified forced convection inside the layered systems, which explains the sharply decreased temperature difference and the greatly enhanced heat transfer capacity during high-intensity swinging motions. By contrast, when Ris becomes larger than 10, the values of fΔT、fΔT and fQ-peak will be approaching to 1.0, and relatively stable stratification of the layered systems can be maintained, which indicates the increasingly negligible impacts of swinging motions in such cases. Besides, it was found that an increase in the thickness of either the lower-layer or the upper fluid also helped restrain interface deformation and enhanced the stratification stability of the layered systems.

Numerical and experimental blast response of multilayer laminated glass panels

Laminated glass is used in high-security buildings to mitigate the effects of blasts and ballistic loadings. The multi-layered composition of the laminated glass (LG) panels allows the glass panes to crack and undergo large deflections while preventing glass shards from spalling by mostly remaining attached to the polymeric interlayer. To characterize multilayer LG panels under blast loading, it is essential to develop their static resistance response under uniform loading. A full-scale water chamber was used to experimentally evaluate the quasistatic response to the failure of the multilayer LG panel systems under uniform pressure. The influence of different polymeric interlayer types on the response of multilayer LG panels was studied. Also, the glass breakage patterns and deflections exhibited by various multilayer glass configurations were investigated. The response of LG panels under blast was developed using ANSYS AUTODYN, which was verified using field experiments. LG panels with an Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) polymeric interlayer experienced the most dynamic deflections, whereas LG panels with an ionoplast SentryGlas® (SG) polymeric interlayer displayed the least dynamic deflections. The results indicated that multilayer LG systems provide higher blast resistance compared to double-layer systems; the additional layers can help reduce glass breakage and maintain structural integrity. Multilayer LG system’s SG interlayer enhanced blast protection by allowing load transfer and ensuring uniform load distribution between glass layers.

COULOMB DRAG RESISTIVITY IN DOUBLE-LAYER GRAPHENE: INHOMOGENEITY EFFECTS

We investigate Coulomb drag resistivity in a double-layer system consisting of two parallel monolayer graphene sheets. In calculations, we employ the random-phase approximation to determine the polarizability functions of the graphene layers and the frequency-dependent dielectric function of the structure, taking into account inhomogeneity effects of the background dielectric. Our numerical calculations reveal that Coulomb drag resistivity in double-layer graphene systems steadily increases with increasing temperature but quickly decreases as the interlayer separation increases. The drag resistivity between the two layers in the case of an inhomogeneous background dielectric is substantially larger than that in the case of a homogeneous one. In addition, both the value and the imbalance in carrier density in the layers lead to noticeable changes in Coulomb drag resistivity in the system. Our study results are useful in graphene-based structure applications.

Experimental and simulation study of the effect of temperature and air supply on energy performance of a temperature-controlled ventilated double-layer Trombe wall

To study the energy performance of the temperature-controlled ventilated double-layer Trombe wall system (TCVD-TW) during winter and summer seasons, experiments and simulations were conducted in an experimental room in Qingdao where the system was installed. The experimental results demonstrate that the rooms equipped with this system exhibit favourable temperature performance in both winter and summer, with a positive impact on indoor humidity during the summer. The simulation results show that the performance of TCVD-TW is mainly affected by the supply air temperature, air volume flow rate, and indoor cooling and heating setpoints. For winter operating mode, the optimal supply air temperature setting should be 1°C higher than the heating setpoint. When the supply air temperature was set to 19℃(with a heating setpoint of 18 °C) and 21 °C (with a heating setpoint of 20 °C), the energy efficiency increased by 35.96 % and 32.38 %, respectively. When the supply air volume flow rate was set to 234 m3/h, the energy efficiency increased by 35.09 % (with a heating setpoint of 18 °C) and 30.27 % (with a heating setpoint of 20 °C), respectively. For summer operating mode, the optimal supply air temperature setting should be 1 °C lower than the cooling setpoint. When the supply air temperature was set to 25 °C (with a cooling setpoint of 26 °C), the energy efficiency improved by 33.62 %. When the supply air volume flow rate was set to 156 m3/h, the energy efficiency increased by 31.18 %. The experimental and simulation results of this study provide data support for the application of TCVD-TW.

Dual-layer probiotic encapsulation using metal phenolic network with gellan gum-tamarind gum coating for colitis treatment

Probiotic oral therapy has been recognised as an effective treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the efficacy of probiotics is often diminished due to their limited resistance to harsh gastrointestinal conditions. Therefore, the importance of designing innovative strategies for oral probiotic delivery for the effective treatment of IBD is increasingly recognised. In this study, we present a novel encapsulation strategy of Lactobacillus plantarum (L.P) using the dual-layer system consisting of a tannic acid‑calcium network and polysaccharide coating (gellan gum-tamarind gum) named L.P-C/T-G/T. This double-layer encapsulation system not only does not affect the normal proliferation of probiotics and provide protection, but also endows probiotics with more functions. More specifically, the acid resistance ability of the encapsulated probiotics is increased by 10 times, the free radical scavenging rate is enhanced by 5 times, and the intestinal retention time can be prolonged by 6–12 h. In the DSS-induced murine colitis model, it significantly alleviated colon shortening, inhibited ROS overexpression, and promoted the repair and regeneration of the mucus layer. This dual-layer encapsulation approach for a single probiotic demonstrates a significant advancement in probiotic delivery technology, offering hope for a comprehensive approach to the treatment of colitis and potentially other gastrointestinal disorders.

Plasmon scattering at a junction in double-layer two-dimensional electron gas plasmonic waveguide

Abstract The scattering of plasmons at a junction within a double-layer two-dimensional electron gas plasmonic waveguide is studied via a full electromagnetic method. The dispersion relation is derived by utilizing the transfer matrix method and can be extended to the situation of an arbitrary number of layers. By numerically solving the dispersion equations, both the acoustic and optical plasmon modes are identified in this double layer system, and the unstable plasmon modes arising from plasmon coupling in different layers are discussed elaborately. Subsequently, the total fields are expanded with eigenmodes and matched at the interface to analyze the scattering characteristics at the junction. The results indicate that the total power of the plasmon mode is amplified when the electron fluid flows from a high concentration region to a low concentration region, and the amplification is more evident at a higher drift velocity. Additionally, we address the scattering of unstable plasmons caused by the two-stream instability and find that the transmitted plasmons are excited intensively at the incidence of the growing plasmon, leading to the plasmon amplification. The detailed examination of plasmon scattering at junction is the prerequisite for studying more complex structures of terahertz plasmonic devices and comprehending the corresponding amplification mechanism.

Development and characterization of a double-layer smart packaging system consisting of polyvinyl alcohol electrospun nanofibers and gelatin film for fish fillet

This study aimed to develop a double-layer film composed of an intelligent, gelatin-based film integrated with active polyvinyl alcohol electrospun nanofibers (PVANFs). Eggplant skin extract (ESE), a colorimetric indicator, was incorporated into the gelatin-based film at varying concentrations ranging from 0 % to 8 % w/w. The gelatin film containing 8 % ESE was identified as the optimal formulation based on its superior color indication, water barrier, and mechanical properties. Savory essential oil (SEO)-loaded PVANFs were electrospun onto the optimized gelatin film to fabricate the double-layer film. Analysis of the chemical and crystalline structures and the double-layer film's thermal properties confirmed the gelatin film's physical integration with PVANFs. Morphological examination revealed a smooth surface on the film and a uniform fibrillar structure within the PVANFs. Furthermore, the developed double-layer film effectively detected spoilage in trout fish while controlling pH, oxidation, and microbial changes during storage.

Plasmons and loss function in a double-layer silicene-graphene heterostructure at zero-temperature

We compute theoretically the plasmon frequencies and the loss function in a double layer silicene-graphene heterostructure within random phase approximation (RPA) at zero temperature. In the long wavelength approximation we obtain analytical expressions for the acoustic and optical plasmons as well as for the loss function restricted to the acoustic and optical plamon branches. In the q→0 limit the loss function restricted to the acoustic plasmon behaves as −ImTr[ΠR(q,ωac(q→0))]∼q while its restriction to the optical plasmon displays a behavior −ImTr[ΠR(q,ωop(q→0))]∼q32. Numerical simulations show that the acoustic plasmon crosses the ω=vFgq line tending towards the ω=12vFgq. To the best of our knowledge, this behavior is not exhibited in other double layer systems. Another novel feature of this system is that as the acoustic plasmon passes the ω=vFgq, the loss function restricted to the acoustic plasmon curve displays a highly concentrated peak with almost no broadening on a small interval until it disperses and shows the usual broadened peak for damped plasmons.

A Fuzzy Logic-Based Directional Charging Scheme for Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks.

Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) has become a key technology to extend network lifetime in Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks (WRSNs). The traditional omnidirectional recharging method has a wider range of energy radiation, but it inevitably results in more energy waste. By contrast, the directional recharging mode enables most of the energy to be focused in a predetermined direction that achieves higher recharging efficiency. However, the MC (Mobile Charger) in this mode can only supply energy to a few nodes in each direction. Thus, how to set the location of staying points of the MC, its service sequence and its charging orientation are all important issues related to the benefit of energy replenishment. To address these problems, we propose a Fuzzy Logic-based Directional Charging (FLDC) scheme for Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks. Firstly, the network is divided into adjacent regular hexagonal grids which are exactly the charging regions for the MC. Then, with the help of a double-layer fuzzy logic system, a priority of nodes and grids is obtained that dynamically determines the trajectory of the MC during each round of service, i.e., the charging sequence. Next, the location of the MC's staying points is optimized to minimize the sum of charging distances between MC and nodes in the same grid. Finally, the discretized charging directions of the MC at each staying point are adjusted to further improve the charging efficiency. Simulation results show that FLDC performs well in both the charging benefit of nodes and the energy efficiency of the MC.

Experimental study on a solar thermoelectric power generation system under non-uniform irradiation

Non-uniform irradiation caused by high light concentration significantly affects the performance of the solar thermoelectric power generation system, but the research remains at the theoretical stage. This paper establishes an experimental setup for the solar thermoelectric system and conducts a comprehensive experimental study of the system operating under non-uniform irradiation. The temperature, power and efficiency of the systems are tested for different input powers, cooling methods and structures, and irradiation uniformity. The results indicate that the output power of the solar thermoelectric system slightly increases and then decreases as the irradiation uniformity increases. The system’s output power is minimized when the irradiation uniformity approaches 100%. The optimum irradiation uniformity of the solar thermoelectric system is 47.4% and the maximum efficiency is 1.495%, which is an improvement of 7.6% compared to the efficiency of 98.4% irradiation uniformity. The performance of the solar thermoelectric system can be further improved by using a double-layer TE structure. At a concentration ratio of only 12.4, the double-layer system connected in series achieved a maximum efficiency of 2.06%, which is 0.55% higher than the single-layer system. The importance of optimizing irradiation uniformity to improve system performance is experimentally revealed. These results are important for clarifying the operating principle of the solar thermoelectric system under non-uniform irradiation and can guide the subsequent design of high-efficiency solar thermoelectric systems.

Reusable free-standing hydrogel electronic tattoo sensors with superior performance

Recently electronic tattoo sensors have attracted immense interest for health monitoring mainly due to their higher sensing performance than conventional dry sensors, owing to the ultra-low thickness which results in their conformability to the skin. However, their performance is worse than wet sensors. Further, these electronic tattoo sensors are not durable and reusable when free-standing because of their low thickness and being too delicate. Here, we report a remarkably high-performance freestanding, reusable, ultrathin and ultra-soft electronic tattoo sensor made of parylene-hydrogel double layer system with high water retention over extended periods that can be used for the extended period of 6 months. The hydrogel electronic tattoo (HET) sensors consist of electrically conductive self-adhesive hydrogel with a thickness of 20 µm and Young’s modulus of only 31 kPa at 37 °C, allowing for ultra-conformal contact to the skin microscopic features. Our HET sensors are fabricated using a scalable cost-effective method on ordinary tattoo papers and are laminated on the skin like temporary tattoos and were used for electrophysiological signals recording such as electrocardiography (ECG), electromyography (EMG), and skin hydration, temperature sensing. The HET sensors, for the first time, show 234% lower sensor-skin interface impedance (SSII) and significantly lower susceptibility to motion than gold standard medical grade silver/silver chloride wet gel electrodes which are known to have the lowest SSII and susceptibility to motion. Further, the low HET-skin interface impedance leads to a considerably larger signal amplitude and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the electrophysiological signals recorded using HET sensors in comparison with those obtained using gold standard medical grade silver/silver chloride wet gel electrodes. The SNR of some types of electrophysiological signals such as EMG recorded using HET is up to 19 dB higher than gold standard medical grade electrodes due to higher signal amplitude, significantly lower susceptibility of HET to motion and lower motion artifacts. Also, the HET sensor is the first free-standing ultrathin tattoo sensor that can be transferred from the skin to tattoo paper and vice versa many times and the electrophysiological sensing quality remained high during repeated use for over 6 months.

Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbonized lignin nanotubes for supercapacitor applications

Carbon electrode material is crucial for the development of electric double-layered supercapacitor in clean energy storage and rechargeable aspects. Although lignin consists the promising biomass based carbon resource for containing higher carbon atom ratio than 60 %, it is still the difficult challenge to precisely tailoring the porous structure characteristics and surface property to facilitate the electrolyte penetration and rapid ion transportation. Herein, the lignin nanotubes (LNT) were successfully synthesized in a convenient molecular self-assembly way, which were subsequently carbonized and activated, with introduction of melamine as nitrogen doping agent, into hetero-atom doped lignin carbon nanotubes (LCNT) as electrode material for supercapacitor. The resultant LCNT exhibit excellent pore structure, and high degree of graphitization. At a current density of 0.5 A/g, the as high specific capacitance as 391.4 F/g was achieved. Furthermore, under symmetric double-layered capacitor electrode systems, the as prepared N, S co-doped LCNT electrode demonstrated a specific capacitance of 28.6 F/g at a high current density of 20 A/g, which presented a practically applicable energy storage efficiency. It has convincingly demonstrate the substantial potential of LCNT as biomass derived carbon materials for electrochemical energy storage devices, positioning them as a promising and competitive candidate for electrode materials.

Mechanisms of La2Ce2O7/YSZ Double-Ceramic-Layer Thermal Barrier Coatings against Volcanic Ash Corrosion

To tackle the ever-increasing operating temperature of aero-engines, a La2Ce2O7 (LCO)/yttria partially stabilized zirconia (YSZ) double-layer thermal barrier coating (TBC) was investigated. The LCO/YSZ double-layer samples were annealed with volcanic ash (VA) at 1250 °C to assess their stability in comparison with that of standard single-layer YSZ. The findings showed that the double-layer system exhibited greater resistance to VA damage than the single-layer YSZ coating. The corrosion mechanism was characterized by a rapid crystallization reaction between LCO and VA, where the kinetics of the solution’s reprecipitation reaction outpaced the penetration rate into the coating’s open pores.

Screening effect on the phonon drag induced seebeck coefficient in bilayer graphene/quasi-two-dimensional electron gas structures

In this work, we investigate the impacts of the temperature-dependent screening effect on the Seebeck coefficient originating from the phonon drag, namely phonon—drag thermopower S g , of a double layer system consisting of bilayer graphene (BLG) separated from a quasi-two-dimensional electron gas (q2DEG) by an air medium (hereafter referred to as BLG-q2DEG). For such a system, we can assume that the two-dimensional (2D) electrons in BLG only interact internally with acoustic phonons. We consider the effects of screening induced by the 2D electrons in q2DEG on the electron–phonon interactions in BLG by comparing with the results obtained when only using the monolayer screening function in BLG. The monolayer screening functions in BLG (q2DEG) do not depend on the distance d between the two layers, and the screening function of the double layer system approaches the respective monolayer screening functions for large d. When taking into account of the screening effect caused by charged carriers in both layers, S g of a BLG-q2DEG decreases compared to the case of only considering the monolayer screening effect, especially in the low-T regime. With different carrier densities in the two layers NsBLG≠NsGaAs, it has shown that S g strongly depends on BLG. Besides, when changing the width L of the q2DEG such as GaAs quantum well, the double layer screening function makes S g increase for small L and negligibly affects S g for large L. On the contrary, the monolayer screening functions make S g decrease for large L. The monolayer screening functions cause S g to increase for NsBLG<NsGaAs.

Investigation of delivery mechanism of curcumin loaded in a core of zein with a double-layer shell of chitosan and alginate

The pursuit of efficient drug delivery systems has led to innovative approaches such as matrix and core-shell structures. This study explores these systems with a focus on enhancing the delivery and stability of curcumin, a bioactive compound with therapeutic potential. Matrix systems using zein protein were fabricated through coaxial airflow extrusion with a vibration generator, while core-shell systems were produced using concentric nozzles. Double-layer reservoir systems were also formed by coating chitosan-shelled structures with an alginate solution. Encapsulation of curcumin within each system was confirmed through FTIR and optical microscope analysis, followed by efficiency evaluation, which was measured approximately 86.5 ± 0.7 % for the matrix systems and 90 ± 0.8 % for the core-shell systems. Moreover, the particle sizes of matrix systems were measured in the range of 2000–2100 mμ and the particle sizes of single-layer and double-layer reservoir systems were in the ranges of 1600–1700 mμ and 1500–1700 mμ, respectively. The study investigated the stability of curcumin in these systems under various environmental conditions, including exposure to light, heat, pH variations, ions, and storage. Results demonstrated that the presence of multiple layers significantly enhanced the drug's stability. Afterwards, swelling and drug release profiles were assessed in simulated gastric, intestinal, and colon fluids. The swelling of the matrix, single-layer and double-layer reservoir systems after 29 h were 127.4 %, 146.9 % and 144 %, respectively. The matrix system showed 68.7 % drug release after 29 h, whereas single-layer chitosan-shelled and double-layer chitosan/alginate-shelled reservoir systems released 51.8 % and 45.6 % of the drug, respectively. The release mechanism was explored using zero-order, Korsmeyer-Peppas, and Kopcha kinetic models. Comparative analysis of the experimental results and model fittings indicated a deviation from Fickian diffusion, with erosion becoming more pronounced with each additional layer. In conclusion, the system with a zein core and double-layer chitosan/alginate shell displayed effective drug release regulation and enhanced stability of curcumin, making it a promising candidate for efficient drug delivery.

Interlocking characteristic and its correlation with interlayer shear strength in typical double-layered asphalt systems

ABSTRACT Interlayer bonding is crucial to maintaining the structural integrity of asphalt pavement structures. Addressing a crucial research gap, this study uniquely investigated the impact of interface morphology on interlocking properties and interlayer shear strength in three typical double-layered asphalt systems: AC-13/AC-20, SMA-13/AC-20, and OGFC-13/AC-20. Through the innovative application of nondestructive separation technology and three-dimensional (3D) laser scanning, interface morphology characteristics were thoroughly analyzed. This approach enabled the detailed extraction of texture parameters, unveiling the complex relationship between interface morphology and interlayer bonding strength. Interface shear tests further assessed the difference in shear strength, revealing significant differences in texture characteristics influenced by the mineral size variance in the upper layer. This analysis led to the development of a predictive model for interlayer shear strength based on morphological characteristics, offering a new tool for approximating the shear bonding condition, despite challenges in capturing the complex interaction between interface morphology and interlocking effects. The comprehensive examination of 3D interface morphology, combined with the shear strength analysis, clarified the mechanisms of interlayer bonding in relation to interface morphology. This breakthrough provides essential insights into the role of interface morphology in bonding efficacy and represents a significant advancement in understanding of interlayer bonding mechanisms.