Double Injection Research Articles

Exploring energy utilization of the methanol/dimethyl ether dual-fuel engine under the methanol reforming strategy: A comparison of different low-temperature combustion modes

Numerous studies have explored methanol and dimethyl ether (DME) as alternative engine fuels to enhance thermal efficiency and lower emissions. In this study, based on methanol reforming, a new potential strategy for the realization of the methanol/DME dual-fuel compression-ignition engine by fueling only methanol is proposed. The methanol/DME dual-fuel engine under three low-temperature combustion modes (i.e., reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI), reverse-reactivity controlled compression ignition (R-RCCI), and homogenous charged compression ignition (HCCI)) is computationally optimized, and the methanol reforming ratio is considered. The results demonstrate that the R-RCCI mode displays enhanced performance in both combustion efficiency and emissions, achieving an equivalent indicated specific fuel consumption (EISFC) of 152.3 g/kWh and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions far below the Euro VI regulatory threshold. A double injection of methanol with a minor secondary injection in the R-RCCI mode facilitates more pronounced stratified combustion, and the ringing intensity (RI) can be well controlled. The mode-specific optimal DME energy ratio was determined, approximately 40 % for RCCI and R-RCCI, and around 14 % for HCCI. The demand for the DME energy ratio can be realized by the onboard methanol reforming system, which demonstrates the feasibility of the combination of the fuel reforming strategy with low-temperature combustion modes.

Characterization of pressure oscillations and combustion noise of hydrogen reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI)

Knock and combustion noise are the main reasons limiting the increase in hydrogen (H2) replacement rate in H2 reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI). This study aims to identify the knock-dominated mechanism and elucidate the characteristics of knock and combustion noise of H2 RCCI operated at a broad range of parameters through the combined analysis of the heat release profile and pressure oscillations. The results indicated that under inhomogeneous heat release conditions, the onset of pressure oscillations is mainly attributed to the local fast heat release at the initial combustion stage, but for the conditions with relatively homogeneous and high-reactivity mixture, the pressure oscillations are primarily excited by the end-gas autoignition. Compared with the single injection strategy, the double injection strategy with the first and second start of injection of −60 and −15°CA ATDC (SOI1/2 = −60/-15°CA ATDC) can effectively mitigate the pressure oscillations and shorten the propagation period of pressure waves. However, as the SOI2 is advanced to −30°CA ATDC, the pressure oscillations dramatically increase, because the enhanced fuel reactivity of premixed H2 exacerbates the end-gas autoignition. The results of frequency analysis of in-cylinder pressures show that with the increase in inhomogeneous combustion, the first resonance frequency reduces. As the intake pressure (Pin) is raised from 1.2 to 1.6 bar, the first resonance energy increases, since the elevated in-cylinder temperature associated with the piston compression during the compression stroke enhances the propagation and development of pressure waves. The high-order resonance is closely related to the autoignition of end gas with higher fuel reactivity. Overall, the combustion noise shows a good linear correlation with peak heat release rate for all the points investigated in this work, but the linearity of H2/polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers RCCI is better than that of H2/diesel RCCI. Moreover, with the increase in Pin, the engine noise associated with the piston compression increases.

Fundamental studies of liquid fuel fraction and droplet diameter distribution of diethyl ether using a double injection strategy

Fundamental studies of liquid fuel fraction and droplet diameter distribution of diethyl ether using a double injection strategy

Numerical study on the effect of injection strategy on combustion and NO emission from different sources in a diesel/ammonia RCCI engine

Diesel/ammonia operation is one of the ways to efficiently utilize ammonia and reduce carbon emissions, however, the increase in fuel NO introduces serious emission problems. To explore the generation mechanisms of fuel NO and oxidant source NO, a multi-component diesel/ammonia chemical reaction mechanism was constructed in this study, and based on 3D CFD simulation and N-element tracking method, the combustion and different source NO emission characteristics of diesel/ammonia reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engine at low loads were investigated by pilot injection timing (SOI1) and pilot injection ratio (PIR). In addition, the effect of different first injection spray angle (SA1) and double injection spray angle (SAtotal) on the engine operation was investigated. The results showed that high PIR and delayed SOI1 enhanced the engine IMEP but led to high PRRmax. At a PIR of 15 %, total NO emissions increased as SOI1 advanced, and the trend was reversed when the PIR was higher than 15 %. Fuel NO was produced earlier than the oxidant source N∗O. In terms of 1 spatial distribution, high concentrations of both NO and N∗O were distributed in and around the secondary diesel fuel ignition location, and fuel NO began to be reduced where the oxidant source N∗O was rapidly formed. The reduction mechanism of NO in the cylinder was a multi-path reduction mechanism incorporating Thermal DeNOx, NO Reburning, and inverse reaction pathways for NO formation from the oxidant source. Appropriate reduction of the SAtotal can significantly reduce the total NO emission while maintaining no significant reduction in IMEP. When SAtotal was 82°, the total NO emission was only 16.3 % of the original spray angle and PRRmax was further reduced. After optimization, when a narrow SAtotal of 82°, SOI1 of −15° CA, and PIR of 35 % were used, the IMEP of the engine increased by 5.9 %, and the total NO emission was reduced by 86 %, while PRRmax did not exceed the PRR upper limit.

Effectiveness of Single, Double or Triple Platelets-Rich Plasma Injection in Foot and Ankle Soft Tissue Pathology

Effectiveness of Single, Double or Triple Platelets-Rich Plasma Injection in Foot and Ankle Soft Tissue Pathology

Numerical Study on the Potential of Stratified Mixture to Improve Thermal Efficiency and Reduce Carbon Emissions in High-Speed Gasoline Direct Injection Engine

Abstract Stratified combustion improves the indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) of gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines, but the mechanism of its impact on unregulated emissions remains unclear. In this simulation-based study, double injection strategies were used to create stratified mixtures in the cylinder. The results indicated that as the second fuel injection quantity (FIQ) was increased or as the second fuel injection timing (FIT) was delayed, the oil-film mass increased, leading to an increase in soot emissions. The formation of a large area of stoichiometry (STO) region at the spark plug and at its right side increases the laminar flame velocity and improves the ITE. At 4000 rpm, the ITE of case2-2 (with a second FIT of −220 °CA after top dead center (ATDC) and a second FIQ of 65.5 mg) increased by 1.6% compared to the original scheme. With the increase in STO area, NOx emissions and the content of CH3OH and CH2O increased, while carbon monoxide (CO) and greenhouse gas emissions showed a decreasing trend. Compared to the original scheme, CO and greenhouse gas emissions decreased by 1.97% and 6.7%, respectively, in case2-2. This study provides guidance for the development of GDI engines with high ITE and low carbon emissions.

B<sub>12</sub> deficiency: vital aspects and valid clinical applicability of succinate containing cyanocobalamin

The aim of the research is to review the vital pathological processes in B12 insufficiency and the clinical justification for the use of succinate to potentiate the biological activity of cyanocobalamin. It has been shown that one of the possible reasons for the low clinical efficacy of cyanocobalamin is energy deficiency. The energy deficit is caused by a malfunction of the energy metabolism occurring in conditions of low oxygen supply. In the course of clinical studies, it was found that the double injection of succinate containing cyanocobalamin to cows in the highest possible single doses provided rapid normalization of the reserve alkalinity index and ketone bodies. This effect indicated a qualitative improvement in the processes of energy metabolism occurring in the liver. This was also indicated by a decrease in the physiological values of protein and transamination enzymes AlAT and AsAT. On the contrary, the use of pharmacopoeial cyanocobalamin had no significant effect. Thus, there is every reason to believe that the inclusion of sodium succinate in cyanocobalamin is justified, since it allows to qualitatively improve the biological activity of the drug.

Effect of Levobupivacaine Hydrochloride-Loaded Nanospheres on Delayed Cerebral Vasospasm Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rabbits

This research was aimed to analyze the mechanism of action of levobupivacaine hydrochloride-loaded nanospheres on delayed cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Levobupivacaine hydrochloride-loaded nanospheres (LevoBPV Hcl/PLGA) were prepared using the solvent evaporation methodology, with the raw material as a control. The blood drug concentrations were detected by HPLC after subcutaneous and subarachnoid administration in experimental rabbits. Forty New Zealand white rabbits were randomly assigned into Sham group, SAH group, LevoBPV Hcl group (10 mg/kg), and LevoBPV Hcl/PLGA group (10 mg/kg), with 10 rabbits in each group. The SAH model was induced using the double blood injection methodology combined with internal carotid artery ligation. Brain tissue samples were collected on day 7 for pathological characterization, determination of neuronal apoptosis, and measurement of basilar artery diameter and area. The levels of oxidative stress factors (superoxide (SOD), malondiadehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)) and vasoconstrictor factors (nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1 (ET-1)) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were detected using assay kits. The results revealed that the drug loading capacity of LevoBPV Hcl/PLGA was 29.13%, encapsulation efficiency was 87.09%, and the average particle size was 81.43 μm. Under the same dosage, both subcutaneous and subarachnoid administration of LevoBPV Hcl/PLGA exhibited two concentration peaks in the blood drug concentration, with lower concentration values versus LevoBPV Hcl group, and a longer average residence time than LevoBPV Hcl group (P < 0.05). Relative to Sham group, SAH group exhibited decreased diameter and area of the basilar artery, reduced neuronal density, increased neuronal apoptosis rate, decreased levels of SOD, GSH-Px, and NO in the CSF, and increased levels of MDA and ET-1 (P < 0.05). Moreover, LevoBPV Hcl group and LevoBPV Hcl/PLGA group showed increased diameter and area of the basilar artery, higher neuronal density, reduced neuronal apoptosis rate, elevated levels of SOD, GSH-Px, and NO in the CSF, and decreased levels of MDA and ET-1 versus SAH group (P < 0.05). The LevoBPV Hcl/PLGA group exhibited increased diameter and area of the basilar artery, higher neuronal density, reduced neuronal apoptosis rate, elevated levels of SOD, GSH-Px, and NO in the CSF, and decreased levels of MDA and ET-1 versus LevoBPV Hcl group (P < 0.05). In short, LevoBPV HCl-loaded nanospheres can prolong the in vivo residence time of subcutaneous and subarachnoid administration, reduce the maximum blood drug concentration, and enhance drug safety. Furthermore, these nanospheres can inhibit neuronal apoptosis following SAH, regulate oxidative stress and vasoconstrictor factor expression, thereby suppressing the occurrence of delayed cerebral vasospasm and alleviating brain tissue damage.

Anatomical evaluation of the superficial parasternal intercostal plane block

Background and objectivesFew cadaveric studies have evaluated the dye spread with superficial parasternal intercostal plane (SPIP) blocks. In this study, we examined the dye spread of an ultrasound-guided SPIP block...

High responsive Pd decorated low temperature α-MoO3 hydrogen gas sensor

The H2 gas adsorption properties, which are the most crucial concept for a gas sensor, of the 2-dimensional (2D) MoS2 are limited compared to its oxide form of 2D α-MoO3. On the other hand, it is straightforward to form high surface-to-volume ratio nanostructures with MoS2. In order to get the benefits of the large surface and better H2 adsorption properties for the H2 gas sensor, MoS2 film grown by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method was converted into MoO3 with a thermal oxidation process at 380 °C under oxygen-ambient conditions. The grown MoS2 film has indicated that it is formed from the coalesced MoS2 flakes. An ultra-high response of 3 × 106 at a relatively low temperature of 100 °C was achieved for as low as 800 ppm hydrogen concentration. The hydrogen gas sensing mechanism has been discussed in depth using the double injection model, similar to the electrochromic mechanism.

Investigation on combustion and emission characteristics of diesel polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers blend fuels with exhaust gas recirculation and double injection strategy

As a kind of renewable and high oxygen content fuel, polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether (PODE) can be added in diesel to realize energy saving and emissions reduction. To evaluate the combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with diesel and diesel/PODE mixtures, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and main-pilot injection strategies with various injection timings were applied. PODE was blended with diesel by volume to form mixtures which were marked as D100 (pure diesel), D90P10 (90% diesel + 10% PODE), and D80P20 (80% diesel + 20% PODE). The results showed that the ignition delay (ID) and combustion duration (CD) of D80P20 were the shortest because of the highest cetane number (CN) and high oxygen content of PODE, indicating more concentrated heat release. At low and medium loads, D80P20 achieved the highest peak heat release ratio (PHRR) and peak combustion temperature (PCT) among the three fuels, and it was 14.3% and 3.6% higher than those of D100. PODE blending with diesel can significantly reduce particulate matter (PM) and D80P20 has the lowest PM emissions at all loads. Compared with D100, both PM and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions of PODE blends decreased simultaneously with 20% EGR at all loads. With the increase of pilot-main interval, the ID and CD of all test fuels increased, while the NOx and PM emissions decreased. The conclusions of the present research provide a state of the application in light-duty engines fueled with diesel/PODE blends in future work.

Flexible and reconfigurable integrated optical filter based on tunable optical coupler cascaded with coupled resonator optical waveguide

Reconfigurable optical filter can satisfy diverse filtering requirements in different application scenarios and shorten development cycle. However, it is still challenging to achieve multi-functional filtering richness with high performance. Here, based on a tunable optical coupler cascaded with a coupled resonator optical waveguide (CROW), a highly flexible and reconfigurable integrated optical filter is proposed and demonstrated on the low-loss silicon nitride platform. Both single injection and double injection configurations can be deployed to obtain rich spectral responses. For the single injection configuration, flat-top bandpass filter was experimentally achieved, whose shape factor could be as low as 1.648 and extinction ratio (ER) can be 37.5 dB with a bandwidth tuning range from 2.12 to 4.01 GHz. For the double injection configuration, Lorentz, triangular, sinusoidal, square, tangent-like, and interleaver spectral responses have been reconfigured by controlling seven phase shifters. Moreover, both single and double free spectral ranges (FSR) can be obtained for a fixed ring perimeter in the double injection configuration. The measured ER for the notch filter of Lorentz responses with double FSR is 36.8 dB. We believe that the proposed device has great potential for reconfigurable photonic filtering and microwave photonic signal processing.

Особенности гормональной регуляции индуцированного полового цикла овцематок

The purpose of the study is to identify patterns of changes in the content of progesterone, FSH, LH and free estriol under various options for inducing the reproductive cycle of ewes with hormonal drugs. Objectives: during the period of spring anaphrodisia, to stimulate sexual oestrus in ewes using a double injection of estrofan; during the same period, to stimulate sexual estrus in ewes according to the follimag-progestamag, surfagon scheme; to study the nature of changes in the content of sex hormones in the blood serum of ewes during the implementation of the specified schemes for stimulating sexual heat; to identify the pattern of dynamics of sex hormones in ewes during an induced sexual cycle. The study was conducted in the Orenburg Region in April 2022 on Romanov breed ewes. Three groups of ewes of 12 heads each were formed. The age of the sheep is 3–5 years, live weight is 30–35 kg. The experiment was carried out against the background of fortification of sheep with E-selenium. In groups I (control) and II, animals were administered E-selenium on the 1st and 11th days of the experiment, in group III – on the 1st and 8th days. Hormonal stimulants were not used in the control; in group II, sheep were administered estrofan on days 1 and 11 and surfagon on the 13th day of the experiment; in group III, follimag was used on the 1st day, progestamag and surfagon on the 8th day. To determine the hormone content, blood was taken from the jugular vein from all animals on the 1st, 8th, 11th, 13th, and 14th days of the experiment. When stimulating sexual heat in ewes during seasonal anaphrodisia, the most pronounced hormonal response was obtained using injections of follimag and progestamag with surfagon at weekly intervals. When using this regimen, the levels of free estriol and LH reached their maximum values by the 11th day from the start of stimulation, creating optimal conditions for ovulation. After stimulating sexual heat in ewes, it is advisable to begin mating or insemination on the 10th–11th day.

Investigations on the effects of injection parameters and EGR in a glow plug assisted methanol fueled Hot Surface Ignition (HSI) Engine

Methanol can be produced from renewable sources and is also clean burning. Hence it is an ideal alternative fuel for transportation applications. However, its low cetane number prevents its direct application in compression ignition (CI) engines. One of the promising but not widely explored methods is to use a hot surface for its ignition in CI engines at normal compression ratios. In this work a turbocharged automotive common rail diesel engine was modified to operate in the hot surface ignition (HSI) mode with methanol as the sole fuel with 3% by mass of lubricity and corrosion inhibiting additive. Initially, a single pulse injection (SPI) strategy was employed at different injection timings at a BMEP of 8 bar. Subsequently a double pulse injection (DPI) strategy was employed and the effects of gap between the injection pulses, injection timing and injection pulse width share among the two pulses were studied. The HSI mode of neat methanol performed with comparable brake thermal efficiency (BTE), reduced combustion rates and hence low NOx emission levels with respect to diesel operation when the DPI mode was employed with almost equal pulse width share. Engine performance was better at rail pressures of around 800 bar. Hot EGR of up to 8% was beneficial as it reduced the engine-out NOx without affecting the BTE. The engine was operated at different BMEPs in the range of 4–10 bar and compared with the baseline diesel operation. The BTE was similar to the baseline diesel engine at all loads. Engine-out NOx was lower than diesel operation by 23.6%–61.5% while near zero smoke levels and similar CO and THC emissions (after the DOC) were observed. Though slipped methanol and formaldehyde were the significant unregulated emissions, they were reduced to very low levels after the DOC.

A comparative study between single injection (corner pocket approach) and double injection costoclavicular block: A randomized parallel arm, non-inferiority trial

BackgroundPrevious studies have shown that ultrasound guided costoclavicular block may require a double shot to provide adequate, rapid sensory and motor blockade. In this trial, we hypothesized that if the corner pocket approach (between axillary artery and median cord) is used instead of the central approach (at the midpoint of the 3 cords) when performing single-shot costoclavicular block, the onset of blockade would be non-inferior to the double-shot technique. MethodNinety patients undergoing upper limb surgery were randomized to 2 groups for ultrasound-guided costoclavicular block (CCB) at a tertiary hospital. One group received ultrasound guided single-shot CCB using the corner pocket approach and other received ultrasound guided double-shot – the first shot at the centre of the 3 cords and the second between the axillary artery and the median cord. An observer blinded to group assignment recorded blockade onset time (defined as the time required to achieve a minimal sensorimotor composite score of 14 out of 16 points). ResultsOf the 101 patients assessed for eligibility, 90 were recruited over period of 1 year (February 2022 to January 2023), with 45 in each group. Onset time was 22.1 ± 3.1 min in the single-shot group and 22.4 ± 2.9 min in the double-shot group. This difference was insignificant (P = .3). ConclusionTime to onset of blockade and full anaesthesia are similar in single-shot corner pocket CCB vs double-shot CCB. Further studies are required to determine the minimum effective volume of local anaesthetic required for the described technique.

Effects of photodegradation performance with PLA‐containing samples on double injection molding

AbstractThe influence of different overlay layers (ABS, PC, and PLA) is investigated on the photodegradation behavior of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)‐containing samples in double injection molding, and PLA/PLA samples serve as the control group. In terms of microstructure, an analysis is conducted on the chemical structure, thermal performance, crystallinity, and molecular weight of the base layer of samples. The carbonyl index and molecular weight of the base layer of PLA/PLA samples decrease rapidly, and the trend of crystallinity change is also fast. Among them, the number of molecular chain scissions decreases to 0.61, and the crystallinity increases to a maximum of 17.93%, which indicates that the photodegradation degree of the base layer of PLA/PLA samples is greater than that of the other two samples. The microscopic surface morphology change of the base layer of three PLA‐containing samples is analyzed. The base layer of PLA/PLA samples becomes rougher after 600 h of UV degradation. Meanwhile, compared with other PLA‐containing samples, the percentage of tensile strength loss of PLA/PLA samples is higher, decreasing by 16.64%. In summary, using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polycarbonate (PC) materials as overlay layers for double injection molding can mitigate the photodegradation of the base layer of PLA‐containing samples in double injection molding.

Estrous characteristics and steroid concentrations in Aceh cows (Bos indicus) after estrus synchronization using prostaglandin F2a

Abstract. Hafizuddin, Husnurrizal, Thasmi CN, Herrialfian, Salsabil NL, Siregar TN, Sutriana A. 2024. Estrous characteristics and steroid concentrations in Aceh cows (Bos indicus) after estrus synchronization using prostaglandin F2a. Biodiversitas 25: 322-328. This study aims to determine the estrous characteristics and steroid concentrations during estrus in Aceh cattle after estrus synchronization using prostaglandin F2a. This study involved 9 Aceh cows with good reproductive status, not pregnant, and has shown at least 2 regular cycles, which were divided into 3 treatment groups. The first group (GI) received a single injection treatment, the second group (G2) received a double injection treatment with an interval of 10 days, and the third group (G3) was also treatment double injection with an interval of 12 days. Symptoms and responses to estrus were reported descriptively, and the data collected on onset, intensity, and duration of estrus were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Duncan's test. The results showed that estrus symptoms were almost similar and estrus response was 100% in all three treatment groups. The onset of estrus in G1, G2, and G3 did not differ significantly (P>0.05) with values of 68.00±18.33, 60.00±0.00, and 72.00±24.00 hours, respectively. The intensity of estrus in G1, G2, and G3 showed significant differences (P<0.05) with scores of 3.00±0.00, 5.00±0.00 and 4.33±1.15, respectively. The duration of estrus showed no significant difference in G1, G2, and G3 (P>0.05) with durations of 32.00±18.33, 72.00±0.00, and 52.00±38.57 hours, respectively. The concentrations of estradiol and progesterone obtained also showed no significant differences (P>0.05) in G1, G2, and G3, with respective concentrations of 91.67±24.77, 132.00±23.15, 89.47±24.19 pg/mL and 0.98±0.59, 0.86±0.18, 1.00±0.17 ng/mL. In conclusion, estrus synchronization with PGF2a single injection and double injection in Aceh cattle was found to have 100% estrus response. However, PGF2a with double injection showed higher estrus intensity compared to single injection. In Aceh cows, the recommended protocol for estrus synchronization using PGF2a is double injection.

SUBCUTANEOUS INFLIXIMAB (CT-P13 SC) DOSE ESCALATION AS AN OPTION FOR MANAGING THE LOSS OF RESPONSE IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE POST HOC ANALYSIS OF LIBERTY-UC AND LIBERTY-CD STUDY

Abstract INTRODUCTION Dose escalation of IV infliximab is an option for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients who lose response after induction therapy. However, as yet, there is limited data for CT-P13 subcutaneous (SC) infliximab (CT-P13 SC) dose escalation in IBD patients. AIMS & METHODS The aim of the post hoc analysis was to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of treatment with CT-P13 SC dose escalation in patients who initially responded but then lost response according to the loss of response (LOR) criteria in LIBERTY-UC and LIBERTY-CD studies, which were conducted in parallel over 54 weeks. Patients with moderately to severely active UC and CD were treated with 3 doses of infliximab IV 5mg/kg as induction therapy. Clinical responders at Week 10 were randomized (2:1) to receive either CT-P13 SC 120 mg or placebo every 2 weeks as maintenance therapy. From Week 22, the patients who received CT-P13 SC 120 mg every 2 weeks and who met LOR criteria were permitted to escalate the dose to CT-P13 SC 240 mg (double injection [2 shots] of CT-P13 SC 120 mg) every 2 weeks. RESULTS A total of 294 and 231 patients were randomized to CT-P13 SC 120mg in UC and CD study, each. Among them, dose escalation from CT-P13 SC 120 mg to CT-P13 SC 240 mg prior to Week 54was more common in UC than CD [27.6% (81/294) vs 16.9% (39/231)]. Of dose-escalated patients, 74.1% (60/81) and 51.3% (20/39) received their first dose of CT-P13 SC 240 mg at Week 22 in the UC and CD studies, respectively. In both UC and CD studies, patients showed improvement in terms of clinical remission [In UC, 24.7% (20/81), In CD, 53.8% (21/39)] or endoscopic response [In CD, 28.2% (11/39)] after dose escalation. Compared to the first dose escalation visits, patients who escalated the dose had almost a half, statistically significant, reduction in modified Mayo score in UC and CDAI score in CD at Week 54. (Table 1). The incidence rate of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) in the maintenance period of both studies was comparable between patients with and without dose escalation. [In UC, 72.8% (67/92) vs 65.2% (133/204), In CD, 71.1% (32/45) vs 72.5% (140/193)]. Among these, TEAEs of infection were as follows [In UC, 27.2% (25/92) vs 28.4% (58/204), In CD, 35.6% (16/45) vs 30.1% (58/193)]. In both studies, rates of anti-drug antibody (ADA) positive conversion up to Week 54 showed no difference in patients with and without dose escalation as follows [In UC, ADA 55.7% (49/88) and 67.3% (134/199), respectively. In CD, ADA 68.2% (30/44) and 64.4% (121/188), respectively]. CONCLUSION Dose escalation of CT-P13 SC from 120 mg to 240 mg every 2 weeks may be effective in restoring efficacy. Safety profiles including immunogenicity results were generally comparable between patients with or without dose escalation. No new safety concerns were found after dose escalation.

Equivalent test method for continuous-wave high-field effects of aircraft equipment in four-core RVVP cable coupling channel

In situations where there is ample space, constructing a high-field electromagnetic environment for radiated susceptibility testing of aircraft equipment can be difficult. This has necessitated the need for an equivalent test method. To address this issue, the response calculation models of the internal two-core pairs under radiation and injection conditions are established for the coupling channel of the four-core RVVP cable. The equivalent linear relationships between the two injected sources and the field intensity are derived, providing the foundation for obtaining equivalent injection sources and conducting linear extrapolation. Building on these findings, a specific equivalent test technology is proposed, based on the double bulk current injection. This technology is then verified through a pass-through load test for the continuous-wave high-field effects of aircraft equipment in the four-core RVVP cable coupling channel. The results of the tests demonstrated that the equivalent test method can accurately equate the high-field effects test with a maximum error of less than 1 dB. Moreover, it is applicable to nonlinear systems.

Integration of advanced technologies to improve the efficiency of gas condensate field development

In the context of constantly growing global energy demand and rapid changes in the energy sector, the study and implementation of advanced technologies in the development of gas condensate fields is of critical importance. The purpose of this study is to investigate methods to increase the efficiency of production and sustainable use of energy resources by optimising the development of gas condensate fields using advanced technologies. The methods used include analytical method, classification, functional method, statistical method, synthesis. Within the framework of this study, the technological aspects of using wells of the Altyguyi gas condensate field were investigated and extensive laboratory and field analyses were conducted aimed at the correct implementation of the double injection method for simultaneous extraction of gas from one reservoir and oil from another, with an emphasis on their contribution to the development of wells through this approach. The paper also considers aspects of operation and technology, including hydrodynamic and thermohydrodynamic studies, when analysing well designs considering compatibility intervals and mining and geological drilling conditions, based on predictive curves of reservoir pressure and rock fracture pressure. As a result of the analyses, studies and calculations, the implementation of the method of intensification of gas condensate field production using the oil and gas approach of dual injection in one well was substantiated. This approach is focused on reducing capital investments and accelerating the development process. The practical significance of this research lies in the development and implementation of innovative technologies to optimise the production processes of gas condensate fields, which contributes to improving the efficiency of hydrocarbon production and promotes the sustainable use of energy resources