Double Beds Research Articles

The Challenges and Adaptation Strategies of IDPs in Kumba Town, Cameroon

The main objective of this study was to investigate the challenges of IDPs specifically the food security challenges, habitation challenges, health challenges and the adaptation strategies employed by IDPs to cope. The study found that households use severe strategies like reducing the number of meals eaten in a day, some rely on less expensive foods, reducing the quantity of food consumed, some limit consumption by adults for small children to eat well, some consuming seed held for the next season and rely on help from friends and relatives to mitigate the incidence of food shortages. Most of the IDPs put clothes and mattresses on the floor and use double beds to remedy sleeping space. All of them live in the outskirt where houses are relatively cheap. They prefer local pharmacies to hospitals since they need to spend little or nothing to consult and must not do a laboratory test. They boil water before drinking to help remedy diseases like typhoid, and malaria among others.

One-Pot Conversion of Acetone into Mesitylene over Combinations of Acid and Basic Catalysts

The transformation of acetone (a byproduct of phenol manufacturing or a bioderived chemical) into mesitylene is a very attractive reaction to prepare renewable fuels and chemicals. This reaction has been studied over both base and acid catalysts, with relevant limitations (side reactions over acid catalysts, oligomerization of isophorones over basic materials, etc.). We propose an alternative strategy to perform this reaction combining acid and basic catalysts either as separate beds or as mechanical mixtures. For this purpose, we first study the reaction over five representative materials (β-zeolite, Al-MCM-41, Mg–Al mixed oxide, MgO, and TiO2). These studies allow determining the rate-limiting steps and identifying the most relevant catalytic properties to enhance the selectivity toward mesitylene, minimizing the deactivation produced by the permanent adsorption and oligomerization as well as side reactions yielding undesired products (β-scissions). Once the combining strategies are studied, we propose using double beds of Al-MCM-41 and TiO2 as the optimum approach. The observed synergistic effects enhance the mesitylene productivity by more than 57% to the most active catalyst (Al-MCM-41), working at a low temperature (250 °C). This improvement is due to the activity of the base catalyst (TiO2), producing an optimum mixture of mesityl oxide and acetone that contacts with the acid catalyst (Al-MCM-41), where the second condensation and dehydration steps are so fast that the mesitylene production is stable, not being affected by any deactivation process.

Bedding of Wetland Soil: Effects of Bed Height and Termite Activity on Wood Decomposition

Core Ideas Wood stake decomposition is a function of both microbial and termite attack in raised beds in the US southeast. Microbial decay was greater in single and double beds than in half beds and unbedded soil. Mass loss was similar for both aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Termites were active only on aspen stakes in single and double beds, where they increased mass loss 20‐30%. As wood stakes decomposed, soil microsite variability of mass loss increased. Microorganisms and termites are the primary wood decay agents in forests of the southeastern United States, whose activity can be affected by forest management practices. Bedding establishes raised planting beds on poorly‐drained soils, but little is known about the effect of bedding or soil bed height on wood decomposition. Therefore, a four height bedding study was conducted on a wetland soil in eastern South Carolina: flat (no bedding), half (7.5 cm), single (20 cm), and double (30 cm) above the original soil surface. Aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) wood stakes were inserted to 30‐cm soil depth, sampled over 23 mo, and decomposition (mass loss) by soil microorganisms and termites assessed. Microbial decay of both aspen and pine stakes increased as bed height increased, approaching 50% mass loss in double beds at the end of the study. Termites were not present in the flat (unbedded) soil, only damaged <1% of stakes in half beds, but were very active in single and double beds. Termites damaged or consumed 43% of aspen stakes in the double beds, which increased aspen mass loss by 30%. In contrast, termites attacked only 11% of pine stakes in double beds, and had little impact on mass loss. Stake decomposition was highest at the 5‐cm soil depth and was affected by soil microsite variability among soil bed heights. Soil bedding increased wood decomposition by both soil microorganisms and termites, and their impact on soil organic matter content and productivity deserves more attention.

Insecticide Efficacy Against Aphids in Leaf Lettuce, 2015

The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of foliar insecticide spray applications for control of aphids on leaf lettuce under desert growing conditions. Leaf lettuce, “Bergram’s Green” was direct seeded on 4 Nov 2014 at the University of California Desert Research and Extension Center, Holtville, CA into double row beds on 40 inch centers. Stand establishment was achieved using overhead sprinkler irrigation, and irrigated via furrow irrigation thereafter. Plots were four 40 inch beds (13.3 ft) wide by 40 ft long with one non-planted bed between plots and 5 ft between blocks. Five replications of each treatment were arranged in a RCB …

Whitefly Insecticide Efficacy in Broccoli, 2015

The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of insecticides for control of SWF on broccoli under low desert growing conditions. Broccoli, (General) sets were transplanted on 16 Sep 2015 at the University of California Desert Research and Extension Center, El Centro, CA into double row beds on 40 inch centers, with a spacing five inches between plants. Stand establishment was achieved using overhead sprinkler irrigation and thereafter furrow irrigation was used for plant health maintenance. Plots were four beds, 13.3 ft wide by 50 ft long and bordered by one untreated bed. Five replications of each treatment were arranged in a RCB design. Insecticidal compounds, formulations and application rates are provided in the tables. …

Bagrada hilarisControl with Organically Approved Insecticides, 2014

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of organically approved insecticides against Bagrada hilaris in broccoli relative to a conventional standard under low desert growing conditions. Broccoli “Emerald Crown” was direct seeded into double row beds on 42-inch centers on 16 September 2014. Plots were two beds wide by 35 ft in length and bordered by two untreated beds. Stand establishment was achieved using overhead sprinkler irrigation, and irrigated with furrow irrigation thereafter. Four replications of each treatment were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Formulations and rates for each compound are provided in the tables. Three foliar sprays were applied on 29 September, 5 and 13 October as broadcast applications delivered through 2 …

Foliar Insecticide Efficacy Against Worm Pests in Lettuce, 2014: Table 1

The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of foliar insecticide spray applications for control of worm pests (BAW and CL) on iceberg head lettuce under desert growing conditions. Head lettuce “Diamond Back” was direct seeded on 17 September 2014 at the University of California Desert Research and Extension Center, El Centro, CA into, double row beds on 40-inch centers. Stand establishment was achieved using overhead sprinkler irrigation and irrigated via furrow irrigation thereafter. Plots were four 40-inch beds (13.3 ft) in width by 50 ft in length with one nonplanted bed between plots and 5 ft between blocks. …

Bagrada hilarisControl with Conventional Insecticide Mixtures, 2014

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of conventional insecticide chemistries (pyrethroid, organophosphate, and neonicotinoid) used alone or in mixtures against Bagrada hilaris in broccoli under low desert growing conditions. Broccoli “Emerald Crown” was direct seeded into double row beds on 42-inch centers on 16 September 2014. Plots were two beds wide by 35 ft in length and bordered by two untreated beds. Stand establishment was achieved using overhead sprinkler irrigation and irrigated with furrow irrigation thereafter. Four replications of each treatment were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Formulations and rates for each compound are provided in the tables. Two foliar sprays were …

Soil-Surface-Applied Insecticides for Control ofBagrada hilaris(Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Broccoli, 2014

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of insecticides against Bagrada hilaris when applied as surface-banded soil applications on broccoli under low desert growing conditions. Broccoli “Emerald Crown” was direct seeded into double row beds on 42-inch centers on 16 September 2014. Plots were two beds in width by 30 ft in length. Stand establishment was achieved using overhead sprinkler irrigation and irrigated with furrow irrigation thereafter. Four replications of each treatment were arranged in an RCB design. Product formulations and rates for each compound are provided in Tables 1 and 2. The soil insecticides were applied as a surface-band treatment using a single-bed boom equipped with a single flat fan nozzle (8004VS) oriented parallel with each seed line and calibrated to deliver 25 gpa spray at 40 psi. A 2–3 inch spray band was placed directly over …

Efficacy of Sivanto Against Green Peach Aphid on Green Cabbage, 2014: Table 1

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Sivanto, applied alone and in mixture with other insecticides, against green peach aphid in cabbage under desert growing conditions. Cabbage “Gazzelle” was direct seeded into double row beds on 42-inch centers on 24 January 2014. Plots were two beds in width by 45 ft in length and bordered by two untreated beds. Stand establishment was achieved using overhead sprinkler irrigation and irrigated with furrow irrigation thereafter. Four …

Whitefly Insecticides Efficacy in Broccoli, 2014

The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of insecticides for control of sweetpotato whitefly (SWF) on broccoli under low desert growing conditions. Broccoli, “General” plants were transplanted on 17 September 2014 at the University of California Desert Research and Extension Center, El Centro, CA, into double row beds on 40-inch centers, with a spacing five inches between plants. Stand establishment was achieved using overhead sprinkler irrigation, and thereafter, furrow irrigation was used for plant health maintenance. Plots were four beds, 13.3 ft in width by 50 ft in length and bordered by one untreated bed. Five replications of each treatment were arranged in an RCB design. Insecticidal compounds, formulations, and application rates are provided in the tables. All insecticide treatments were …

Insecticide Efficacy Against Worm Pests in Cabbage, 2014: Table 1

The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of various insecticide treatments against worm pests (BAW and CL) on cabbage under desert growing conditions. Cabbage “Headstart” was direct seeded on 17 September 2014 at the University of California Desert Research and Extension Center, Holtville, CA, into double row beds on 40-inch centers. Stand establishment was achieved using overhead sprinkler irrigation, and furrow irrigation was used thereafter. Plots were four beds (13.3 ft) wide by 50 ft long and bordered by one untreated bed. Four replications of each treatment were arranged in an RCB design. Insecticidal compounds, formulations, and application …

Comparison of Foliar Insecticide Alternatives for Control of Lepidopterous Larvae in Head Lettuce, 2014

The objective of this trial was to compare the efficacy of foliar insecticide alternatives currently used in conventional lettuce production under fall growing conditions. Head lettuce “El Guapo” was direct seeded into double row beds on 42-inch centers on 6 Sep 2014. Plots were two beds wide by 40 ft long and bordered by two untreated beds. Stand establishment was achieved using overhead sprinkler irrigation, and irrigated with furrow irrigation thereafter. Four replications of each treatment were arranged in a RCB design. Formulations and rates for each compound are provided in the tables. Three foliar sprays were applied on 5, 17 Oct, and 12 Nov with a CO2 …

Control of Green Peach Aphid on Green Cabbage, 2014: Table 1

The objective of this study was to evaluate the residual efficacy of three industry standard insecticides at low label rates against green peach aphid in cabbage tested under desert growing conditions. Cabbage “Gazzelle” was direct seeded into double row beds on 42-inch centers on 24 January 2014. Plots were two beds in width by 45 ft in length and bordered by two untreated beds. Stand establishment was achieved using overhead sprinkler irrigation and irrigated via furrow thereafter. Four replications of each treatment were arranged in an RCB design. Formulations …

Evaluation of Sequoia and Movento for Control of Western Flower Thrips on Head Lettuce, 2014

The objective of the trial was to evaluate the efficacy of the aphicides Sequoia and Movento against western flower thrips relative to the industry standards on romaine lettuce. Head lettuce ‘Pennylea’ was direct seeded on 5 December 2013 at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ, into double row beds on 42-inch centers. Stand establishment was achieved using overhead sprinkler irrigation, and irrigated with furrow irrigation thereafter. Plots were two beds wide by 35 ft long and bordered by two untreated beds. Four replications of each treatment were arranged in an RCB design. Formulations and rates for each compound are …

Cross-spectrum Insect Control with Foliar Insecticides in Broccoli, 2014: Table 1

The objective of this trial was to evaluate the efficacy of insecticide mixtures compared to Exirel applied alone, for cross-spectrum control of major insect pests (sucking and chewing pests) in broccoli under fall growing conditions. Broccoli “Emerald Crown” was direct seeded into double row beds on 42-inch centers on 4 September, 2014. Plots were two beds in width by 45 ft in length and bordered by two untreated beds. Stand establishment was achieved using overhead sprinkler irrigation and irrigated with furrow irrigation thereafter. Four replications of each treatment were arranged in an RCB design. Product formulations and rates for each compound are provided in Table 1. Two foliar sprays were applied on 30 September and 15 October with a CO2 pressurized boom sprayer that delivered a broadcast application through 2 TXVS-18 …

Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Western Flower Thrips on Romaine Lettuce, 2014

The objective of the trial was to evaluate the efficacy of foliar insecticides against western flower thrips relative to the industry standards on romaine lettuce. Romaine ‘Sunbelt’ was direct seeded on 24 Jan, 2014 at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ into double row beds on 42 inch centers. Stand establishment was achieved using overhead sprinkler irrigation, and irrigated with furrow irrigation thereafter. Plots were two beds wide by 35 ft long and bordered by two untreated beds. Four replications of each treatment were arranged in a RCB design. Formulations and rates for each compound are provided …

EVALUATION OF EXIREL AND TORAC FOR CONTROL OF WESTERN FLOWER THRIPS ON ROMAINE LETTUCE, 2013

The objective of the trial was to evaluate the efficacy of two new active ingredients, Exirel and Torac, against western flower thrips relative to the industry standards on romaine lettuce. Romaine ‘Sunbelt’ was direct seeded on 24 Jan, 2013 at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ into double row beds on 42 inch centers. Stand establishment was achieved using overhead sprinkler irrigation, and irrigated with furrow irrigation thereafter. Plots were two beds wide by 35 ft long and bordered by two untreated beds. Four replications of each treatment were arranged in a RCB design. Formulations and rates for each compound are provided in the tables. Two foliar sprays were applied on 3 and 13 Mar. The applications were made with a CO2 pressurized boom sprayer that delivered a broadcast application at 40 psi and 22.5 gpa through 2 TXVS-18 ConeJet nozzles per bed. An adjuvant Dyne-Amic (Helena Chemical Co.), was applied at 0.25% to all treatments. Numbers of WFT from 5 plants per replicate were recorded at various sample dates following each application (DAT). Relative WFT numbers were measured by removing plants and beating them vigorously against a screened pan (12 inch x 7 inch x 2 inch) for a predetermined time (10 s). A 6 inch by 6 inch sticky card was placed inside of the pan to catch the dislodged WFT. Sticky cards were then taken to the laboratory where adult and larvae were counted. Because of heterogeneity of mean variances, data were transformed using a log10 (x + 1) function before analysis and subjected to ANOVA; means were compared using an F-protected LSD (P ≤ 0.05). Means from non-transformed data are presented in the tables.

EVALUATION OF LANNATE TANK-MIXTURES FOR CONTROL OF WESTERN FLOWER THRIPS ON ROMAINE LETTUCE, 2013

The objective of the trial was to compare the efficacy of Lannate tank-mixtures against WFT on romaine lettuce. Romaine ‘Big Green COS’ was direct seeded on 7 Dec, 2012 at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ into double row beds on 42 inch centers. Stand establishment was achieved using overhead sprinkler irrigation, and irrigated with furrow irrigation thereafter. Plots were two beds wide by 35 ft long and bordered by two untreated beds. Four replications of each treatment were arranged in a RCB design. Formulations and rates for each compound are provided in the tables. Foliar sprays were applied on 4 and 17 Feb. The applications were made with a CO2 pressurized boom sprayer that delivered a broadcast application at 40 psi and 22.5 gpa through 2 TXVS-18 ConeJet nozzles per bed. An adjuvant Dyne-Amic (Helena Chemical Co.), was applied at 0.25% vol/vol to all treatments. Numbers of WFT from 5 plants per replicate were recorded at various sample dates following each application (DAT). Relative WFT numbers were measured by removing plants and beating them vigorously against a screened pan (12 inch x 7 inch x 2 inch) for a predetermined time (10 s). A 6 inch by 6 inch sticky card was placed inside of the pan to catch the dislodged WFT. Sticky cards were then taken to the laboratory where adult and larvae were counted. Because of heterogeneity of mean variances, data were transformed using a log10 (x + 1) function before analysis and subjected to ANOVA; means were compared using an F-protected LSD (P ≤ 0.05). Means from non-transformed data are presented in the tables.

EFFICACY OF Torac Tank-MIXTURES against WESTERN FLOWER THRIPS ON ROMAINE LETTUCE, 2013

The objective of the trial was to compare the efficacy of Torac tank-mixtures to industry standards for western flower thrips control on romaine lettuce. Romaine ‘Big Green COS’ was direct seeded on 27 Nov, 2012 at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ into double row beds on 42 inch centers. Stand establishment was achieved using overhead sprinkler irrigation, and irrigated with furrow irrigation thereafter. Plots were two beds wide by 35 ft long and bordered by two untreated beds. Four replications of each treatment were arranged in a RCB design. Formulations and rates for each compound are provided in the tables. All foliar sprays were applied on 1, 13 and 26 Feb. The applications were made with a CO2 pressurized boom sprayer that delivered a broadcast application at 40 psi and 22.5 gpa through 2 TXVS-18 ConeJet nozzles per bed. An adjuvant Dyne-Amic (Helena Chemical Co.), was applied at 0.25% to all treatments. Numbers of WFT from 5 plants per replicate were recorded at various sample dates following each application (DAT). Relative WFT numbers were measured by removing plants and beating them vigorously against a screened pan (12 inch x 7 inch x 2 inch) for a predetermined time (10 s). A 6 inch by 6 inch sticky card was placed inside of the pan to catch the dislodged WFT. Sticky cards were then taken to the laboratory where adult and larvae were counted. Because of heterogeneity of mean variances, data were transformed using a log10 (x + 1) function before analysis and subjected to ANOVA; means were compared using an F-protected LSD (P ≤ 0.05). Means from non-transformed data are presented in the tables.