Dot Codes Research Articles

Braille learning materials for Braille reading novices: experimental determination of dot code printing area for a pen-type interface read aloud function

This study clarifies a previously established method in which Braille reading novices obtained Braille information aurally. Therein, users touched the vicinity of the Braille with a pen-type interface characterized by a Braille-to-voice function. Two-dimensional (2D) dot codes were printed on the Braille paper, and voice information corresponding to Braille was linked to these dot codes. This study aims to establish quantitative data regarding an acceptable size for the 2D dot code printing area. Nine Braille reading sighted novices, blindfolded and without Braille reading experience, were recruited to participate in an experiment, where they were asked to identify which of the six dots in a Braille character were missing, touch the pen-type interface to a sheet layered with the dot code printing area and TRUCT Braille, and evaluate the system’s effectiveness on a scale from 1 to 5. All participants correctly identified the missing dot. Participants gave the Braille-to-voice function an average effectiveness rating of 4.6/5.0, with a standard deviation of 0.7. A dot code printing area was determined to be 8 mm above and 10 mm below the midpoint between dots 2 and 5 of the Braille character, with a width of 16 mm from the midpoint of the Braille. Based on these results, design guidelines were identified for the dot code printing area to improve the success rate of obtaining voice information corresponding to the Braille with the pen-type interface equipped with the Braille-to-voice function. This has numerous potential applications in Braille education methods for Braille reading novices.

Self-made teaching materials with multimedia-enabled dot codes and school activities

Self-made teaching materials with multimedia-enabled dot codes and school activities

Simplex High-Speed Morse Coding with Ultra Low Power MSP430

This paper presents the design and implementation of a simplex communication model using high-speed Morse coding. Morse code is a dot and dash code used from the 19th century and prevails for highly secure applications. The objective of this paper is to design effective encoder and decoder circuits for the Morse code which draw less power. The model is implemented by using two microcontrollers – MSP430 for encoding and ATMEGA8 for decoding. The communication between microcontrollers and the end users are established using Bluetooth. The Morse code is transmitted through an optical medium as flashes of light. The light is flashed using an LED and detected using a phototransistor that constitute an optocoupler. The actuator and sensor pair in the optocoupler are varied by using combination of other actuators like IR diode, Laser and sensors like Photodiode. Each of these combinations have been analysed under the presence and absence of external light with varying distances and the resulting characteristics are plotted. This model is very effective for communication in noisy environments and eliminates the necessity of skilled personnel for decoding the message. It enhances the security and reduces the time required for the overall process. The model has been tested with information of various lengths and it has proven successful in performing the desired operation and delivering the correct output in all the cases.

Electrostatic built-in fields in wurtzite III-N nanostructures: Impact of growth plane on second-order piezoelectricity

In this work we present a detailed analysis of the second-order piezoelectric effect in wurtzite III-N heterostructures, such as quantum wells and quantum dots, grown on different substrate orientations. Our analysis is based on a continuum model using a here derived analytic expression for the second-order piezoelectric polarization vector field as a function of the incline angle $\ensuremath{\theta}$ to the wurtzite $c$ axis. This expression allows for a straightforward implementation in existing quantum well and quantum dot codes. Our calculations on III-N quantum well systems reveal that especially for semipolar structures with high incline angle values (${55}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{\le}{80}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ and ${105}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\le}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\theta}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\le}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{120}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$), second-order piezoelectricity noticeably contributes to the overall electric built-in field. For instance, in an InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well system with 22% In, the electric field increases by approximately 20% due to second-order piezoelectricity. Overall, when including second-order piezoelectric effects in the calculation of electric fields in GaN/AlN and InGaN/GaN quantum well systems an improved agreement between our theory and experimental literature data is observed. When studying quantum dots, at least for the here considered model geometry and growth planes, we observe that for GaN/AlN structures second-order effects are of secondary importance. The situation is different for non-$c$-plane ${\mathrm{In}}_{0.2}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.8}\mathrm{N}$/GaN quantum dots. For example, inside a nonpolar ${\mathrm{In}}_{0.2}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.8}\mathrm{N}$/GaN dot the built-in potential arising from second-order piezoelectricity is comparable in magnitude to the built-in potential originating from spontaneous and first-order piezoelectric polarization, but opposite in sign. This feature leads to a change in the built-in potential profile both in and around the ${\mathrm{In}}_{0.2}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.8}\mathrm{N}$/GaN quantum dot structure, which in general is relevant for electronic and optical properties of these systems.

Study on an Algorithm for Generating the Multiple Watermark Information using 2D Barcode

In this paper, we propose a multiple watermarking algorithm which embeds an integrated watermark into content using traditional watermarking algorithm. The integrated watermark consists of multiple watermark information and it is useful to trace illegal distribution. The information is generated by using Dot Code A, which can express multiple user information with error correction. An orthogonal transform and code division multiplexing technology are used to spread Dot Code A. This also ensures the algorithm is robust. The embedding range of the AC coefficients is within [-0.5, -0.3] and [0.3, 0.5] in the discrete cosine transform domain. At an embedding strength of 0.7, the signal-to-noise ratio of the test audio is over 53 dB, and we are able to extract the Dot Code A from the watermarked audio exactly.

Photocleavage-based affinity purification and printing of cell-free expressed proteins: Application to proteome microarrays

Proteome microarrays hold great promise for various biotechnological and biomedical applications, including mapping protein–protein interactions, drug discovery, and biomarker discovery. However, the need to express, purify, and print thousands of functional proteins at high density on a microarray substrate presents challenges that limit their widespread availability and use. We report the development of new methods, based on photocleavage, for the purification and printing of nascent proteins. Photocleavable biotin (PC–biotin) is incorporated into nascent proteins by misaminoacylated transfer RNAs (tRNAs) used in a coupled transcription/translation rabbit reticulocyte cell-free expression system. Proteins were affinity isolated onto (strept)avidin-coated beads and then photoreleased (PC–SNAG). Compared with polyhistidine tag-based affinity purification, PC–SNAG provided a higher purity yet a comparable yield using a glutathione- S-transferase (GST) test protein. Antibody-mediated PC–SNAG is also demonstrated. PC–SNAG proteins were found to exhibit native enzymatic activity and were suitable for the printing of ordered protein microarrays used in protein–protein interaction assays. Alternatively, when beads carrying photocleavably tethered proteins were placed in close proximity to an activated planar surface and then illuminated, proteins were transferred directly to the surface (PC–PRINT) to form discrete spots whose dimensions match those of the beads. PC–PRINT can provide an inexpensive method to fabricate very large-scale, high-density proteome microarrays. Moreover, transferring the proteins off the beads significantly reduces background autofluorescence observed with common bead types. To decode nascent proteins that are deposited by PC–PRINT from individual beads, the feasibility of using photocleavable quantum dot codes is demonstrated.

MCBP Neural Networks for Efficient Recognition of Tire Classification Code

In this paper, we have studied a construct code recognition system using a neural network according to an image process taking the DOT classification code stamped on a tire surface. It happened that sometimes characters of the code were distorted at the edge by diffused reflection and two adjacent characters take the same label, being very sensitive to illumination used for recognizing them on the tire. Thus, this paper would propose the algorithm for tire code being conscious of these properties and prove the efficiency of the algorithm with a simulation. Also, we have suggested a MCBP network composing of multi-linked recognizers for the efficient identification of the DOT code as the tire classification code. The MCBP network extracts the projection value for classifying each character's region after taking out its projection on the X and Y axes, processes each character by taking a 7 × 8 normalization. We have improved the accuracy by 3% through the MCBP network and post-process comparing the DOT code database. This approach finally results in the improvement of the learning time to 60% and the recognition rate goes up to 95% from 90%, better than with Back Propagation with post-processing. It has also attained greater rates of tire recognition at 98%.

Automatic Identification by Dot Code System

Automatic Identification by Dot Code System

Optimized Two-DimensionalSnTransport (BISTRO)

An Sn two-dimensional transport module was developed for the French fast reactor code system CCRR to optimize algorithms in order to obtain the best performance in terms of computational time. A form of diffusion synthetic acceleration was adopted, and a special effort was made to solve the associated diffusion equation efficiently. The improvements in the algorithms, along with the use of an efficient programming language, led to a significant gain in computational time with respect to the DOT code.

Two-dimensional dot codes for product identification

In automated manufacturing the two-dimensional representation of product identification numbers by means of square dot codes offers a number of advantages over the use of bar codes. In this paper a method is described for the encoding of product identification numbers into square matrices of round dots on a contrasting background. It consists of an optimal source coding scheme for the encoding of identification numbers into channel message words, and a channel coding scheme offering error-detection and error-correction for random bit errors (dot corruptions). For the channel coding scheme, a special class of error-correcting codes is introduced, called {\em square-cyclic codes.} It is shown how to transform quasi-cyclic and (shortened) cyclic codes into square-cyclic codes.

Monte Carlo and discrete ordinates calculations for 14 MeV neutrons streaming through a stainless steel duct: Comparisons with experiment

Measured and calculated neutron energy spectra from 14 MeV neutrons streaming through stainless steel ducts having length-to-diameter ratios of 14.8 and 38.2 are compared in this paper. The measured data were obtained using an NE213 liquid scintillator and the calculated data were obtained using the Monte Carlo code MCNP and the discrete ordinates code DOT 4.3. For both duct geometries, the spectra calculated using the MCNP code are in reasonable agreement with the measured data ranging from a few percent to a factor of 2, depending on the detector location and duct. The spectra calculated using the DOT code are in fair agreement (30%) for cases where the detector is on the duct axis, but are in poor agreement, up to an order of magnitude, when the detector is off axis.

Sociological Studies of Occupations

A bibliography of 796 sociological studies of occupations was collected. Three‐ to six‐page abstracts were prepared of 100 of these for counseling use. These were assigned DOT codes for ready filing in occupational files. 43.2 per cent of the studies were doctoral dissertations. A substantial body of largely untapped information has been made available to counselors. A clearinghouse for further sociological studies of occupations is needed.