Doses Of SP Research Articles

High-intensity interval training, but not Spirulina supplementation, changes muscle regeneration signaling proteins in aged rats with obesity and diabetes.

This study aimed to investigate changes in protein signaling associated with muscle regeneration in aged rats with obesity and diabetes following high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and SP supplementation. Forty male Wistar rats weighting 280-325 g were used in this study. Obesity was induced by eight weeks of a high-fat diet, and diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 40 mg/kg streptozocin. Rats were randomly divided into control (CON), sham, SP, HIIT, and HIIT+SP groups. HIIT was performed five times per week during the 8-week period. SP dose was 50 mg/kg. Real-time PCR was used to evaluate the expression of myogenin, MyoD1, and Pax7. The decreases in body mass in the HIIT, HIIT+SP and SP groups were significantly higher than those in the sham and CON groups (p=0.0001). The soleus muscle mass increased significantly only in the HIIT and HIIT+SP groups (p<0.01). HIIT+SP improved fasting blood glucose and insulin levels more than HIIT alone and SP (p<0.05), while HIIT increased the expression levels of myogenic factors more than other groups (p=0.0001). In conclusion HIIT alone had a significant impact on myogenic factors, whereas Spirulina had an effect only when combined with HIIT.

Toxicity studies of compound spermatogenic pill:Acute toxicity and subacute toxicity

Ethnopharmacological relevanceSpermatogenic Pill (SP) is a commonly used clinical preparation in the Third Clinical Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Has accumulated a good reputation for more than a decade. However, because SP is a hospital clinical agent, it has received little extensive attention from researchers, which has led to a systematic lack of basic research on it. Therefore, it is impossible to determine whether there are safety hazards that may limit its widespread clinical application, and an in-depth toxicological evaluation of SP is essential and urgent. Aim of the studyThe aim of this study was to assess the safety of SP by conducting acute and subacute toxicity examinations. Materials and methodsIdentify active compounds contained in SP by LC-MS, and determination of inorganic elements in SP using ICP-MS. The in vivo acute toxicity of SP was assessed over a duration of 14 days following administration at doses of 7.5, 15, or 30 g/kg. To evaluate subacute toxicity, mice were administered daily doses of SP (7.5, 15, or 30 g/kg) for a period of 28 days. After the treatment period, the animals were euthanized, and standard blood tests, liver and kidney function tests, as well as tests related to glycolipid metabolism, were performed. The principal organs of the mice were collected to calculate organ coefficients and undergo hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. ResultsLC-MS analysis showed that the active components of SP include Quercetin, Kaempferol, Beta-sitosterol, Stigmasterol, Diosbulbin B, Schizandrin, Naringenin, 2,3-hydroxycinnamic acid, L-proline, Histidine and Pluviatolide. The total amount of detected inorganic elements accounted for 3.0919% of SP. During the SP acute toxicity experiment, the groups that received the drug exhibited no signs of adverse reactions or poisoning symptoms. In subacute toxicity experiments, drug-treated mice showed overall favorable status, but the effects of continuous administration of the 30 g/kg group on body weight and food intake were reduced. An increase in the white marrow of spleen tissue after long-term administration of the drug treatment was also observed, suggesting that the drug can increase the maturation process and the number of mature lymphocytes in the spleen, and improve the lymphocyte immunity and humoral immunity function of the organism. Suggests that possibly this should be taken into account in clinical application. The routine blood examinations, as well as the assessments of liver and kidney functions, and the tests for glucose and lipid metabolism, did not reveal any notable toxic effects. ConclusionSP contains more flavonoids, and terpenoid active ingredients, and is non-toxic in the body. This discovery not only strengthens the safety foundation of its clinical application, provides a solid scientific basis for the establishment of reasonable clinical dosage and the implementation of effective clinical toxicity monitoring, but also further lays a solid theoretical cornerstone for the subsequent clinical drug trials.

Determinants of the optimal uptake of sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine doses for intermittent treatment of malaria in pregnancy in urban Nigeria

Malaria is a leading cause of maternal and child mortality in urban Nigeria. Intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine (IPTp–SP) during pregnancy can prevent malaria but uptake is suboptimal. This cross-sectional study analyzed secondary data on 1159 urban Nigerian women from the 2015 Malaria Indicator Survey using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. The primary outcome was optimal IPTp–SP uptake (≥ 3 doses). 67% of women took any SP during pregnancy but only 39% took ≥ 3 IPTp–SP doses as recommended. Region and wealth index significantly predicted optimal IPTp–SP uptake while education did not. Women from lower-income regions in the urban areas were less likely to receive optimal IPTp–SP. Strategies to increase IPTp–SP uptake in urban Nigeria should target low-income regions and women of lower socioeconomic status. Logistic regression identified actionable factors for improving antenatal malaria prevention. Optimal IPTp–SP uptake remains suboptimal across urban Nigeria, threatening maternal and child health.

In vivo Assessment of AMP2, a Novel Ceramic-Binding BMP-2, in Ovine Lumbar Interbody Fusion.

Assessment of bone formation in an ovine interbody fusion study. To compare OsteoAdapt SP, which consists of AMP-2, a modified variant of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP-2) bound to a tricalcium phosphate-containing carrier, to autologous iliac crest bone graft (ICBG) in a lumbar interbody fusion model. Treatment of lumbar disk degeneration often involves spinal fusion to reduce pain and motion at the affected spinal segment by insertion of a cage containing bone graft material. Three graft materials were compared in this study-ICBG and OsteoAdapt SP (low or high dose). The sheep underwent lateral lumbar fusion surgery with PEEK or Titanium interbody cages packed with OsteoAdapt SP (low or high dose) or ICBG. Outcomes were evaluated at 8-, 16- and 26- weeks. Newly formed bone quality, bone mineralization, and fusion were assessed by manual palpation, qualitative and semi-quantitative histopathology, histomorphometry, computed tomography (CT), and micro-CT (mCT) analysis. OsteoAdapt SP was implanted into 43 animals and ICBG into 21 animals (L3-L4). No group showed evidence of systemic toxicity by multiple assessments. All levels were fused by manual palpation at 26 weeks. Serial CT scans showed increasing fusion scores over time. Both doses of OsteoAdapt SP resulted in robust new bone formation and progression of fusion in the interbody cage. Range of motion tests for treatment groups was lower compared with ICBG at 8- and 16 weeks. Similarly, histology at eight weeks demonstrated more robust new bone formation for both OsteoAdapt SP groups compared to autograft. We have demonstrated the preclinical safety and efficacy of OsteoAdapt SP in a clinically relevant large animal model, supporting faster and more robust new bone formation within the interbody cage, comparable to or better than the gold standard, ICBG, in all measures.

Semi-commercial scale fermentation of prawn waste by Exiguobacterium sp. GM010 for bioactive pigment production: Safety and efficacy assessment in Wistar rats

Pigment producing Exiguobacterium sp. GM010 demonstrates utilization of prawn carapace hydrolysate. Accordingly, our investigation was focused to produce cost effective bioactive pigment in 15 L semi-commercial scale. Further acute and subacute toxicities were evaluated as per OECD guidelines for application as nutraceutical. The biomass and pigment extract yield were 28.76 ± 1.78 and 0.82 ± 0.04 g/L, respectively, at 1.5 L of aeration. The UV–visible spectrum of pigment showed absorption peaks at 357, 466, and 491 nm indicating carotenoid like pigment. This was correlated with colour distribution in yellowish-orange region of CIE Lab spectrum. The qualitative and quantitative characteristics of pigment were similar between lab-scale and bioreactor production. The acute toxic dose (2000 mg/kg bw) exhibited the toxicity as determined by haematological analysis. While subacute toxic dose (250, 500, 1000 mg/kg bw) demonstrated no adverse effects on parameters such as food intake, body weight gain, vital organ weight, haematological and histopathological examination. Serum biochemistry results showed significant increase in HDL and decrease in SGPT values in treated groups compared to control. The results revealed that, Exiguobacterium sp. GM010 has efficiently utilised prawn waste to produce bioactive pigment. The dose of Exiguobacterium sp. GM010 pigment lower than 1000 mg/kg bw can be regarded as safe.

Effect of Additional Dried Tubifex sp. in Commercial Feed Against Color Intensity of Guppy (Poecilia reticulata)

Guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata) is a type of ornamental fish that is in great demand, because of its small size and beautiful color. The color of ornamental fish will generally fade, due to a lack of carotenoids in their feed. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of giving Tubifex sp. in commercial feed to increase the color intensity of guppy fish and the best dose of Tubifex sp. The test fish used were male guppy fish strain HB Red. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) method with five treatments and three replications, that is commercial feed with the addition of Tubifex sp. with doses of 0% (P1), 2% (P2), 4% (P3), 6% (P4), and 8% (P5). Parameters observed were color intensity (chroma value), survival, and water quality. Addition of Tubifex sp. in commercial feed gave the effect with the highest yield on P5 at a dose of 8%, with an increase in color intensity (chroma value) of 4,21±0,25d. At P1 it gave an increase of 1,19±0,02a, P2 was 1,34±0,04a, P3 was 1,81±0,21b, and P4 was 2,88±0,18c. So, the best treatment is P5 (8%). Survival showed the results were not significantly different, that is 100%. Water quality is included in the tolerance limit of fish with the results of temperature 26,6 – 27,4°C, pH 7,4 – 7,9, and DO 6,2 – 7,7 mg/L.

Spatial distribution and determinants of intermittent preventive treatment for malaria during pregnancy: a secondary data analysis of the 2019 Ghana malaria indicators survey

BackgroundMalaria during pregnancy is associated with poor maternal, foetal, and neonatal outcomes. To prevent malaria infection during pregnancy, the World Health Organization recommended the use of intermittent preventive therapy with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) in addition to vector control strategies. Although Ghana’s target is to ensure that all pregnant women receive at least three (optimal) doses of SP, the uptake of SP has remained low; between 2020 and 2022, only 60% of pregnant women received optimal SP during their most recent pregnancy. This study sought to map the geospatial distribution and identify factors associated with SP uptake during pregnancy in Ghana.MethodsSecondary data analysis was conducted using the 2019 Ghana Malaria Indicator Survey dataset. The data analysed were restricted to women aged 15–49 years who reported having a live birth within the two years preceding the survey. A modified Poisson regression model was used to determine factors associated with SP uptake during pregnancy. Geospatial analysis was employed to map the spatial distribution of optimal SP uptake across the ten regions of Ghana using R software.ResultsThe likelihood that pregnant women received optimal SP correlated with early initiation of first antenatal care (ANC), number of ANC contacts, woman’s age, region of residence, and family size. Overall, the greater the number of ANC contacts, the more likely for pregnant women to receive optimal SP. Women with four or more ANC contacts were 2 times (aPR: 2.16; 95% CI: [1.34–3.25]) more likely to receive optimal SP than pregnant women with fewer than four ANC contacts. In addition, early initiation and a high number of ANC contacts were associated with a high number of times a pregnant woman received SP. Regarding spatial distribution, a high uptake of optimal SP was significantly observed in the Upper East and Upper West Regions, whereas the lowest was observed in the Eastern Region of Ghana.ConclusionsIn Ghana, there were regional disparities in the uptake of SP during pregnancy, with the uptake mainly correlated with the provision of ANC services. To achieve the country’s target for malaria control during pregnancy, there is a need to strengthen intermittent preventive treatment for malaria during pregnancy by prioritizing comprehensive ANC services.

PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL CABAI RAWIT (CAPSICUM FRUTESCENS L.) PADA DOSIS TRICHODERMA, SP. DAN PUPUK ORGANIK PETROGANIK

PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL CABAI RAWIT (CAPSICUM FRUTESCENS L.) PADA DOSIS TRICHODERMA, SP. DAN PUPUK ORGANIK PETROGANIK

Growth and Yield Performance of Genotype Sweet Corn (Zea mays L) with Dosage of Trichoderma sp

The aim of the study was to obtain the interaction between the sweet corn genotype and the Trichoderma sp dose. The method used Completely Randomized Block Design with 2 factors and 3 replications. The first factor is genotype : Talenta, Sweet Boy, TLT 29, SBD 2-23, TLSB 3-3 and CMP 3-63. The second factor is dose Trichoderma (20, 25 and 30 ton/ha). The data were analyzed using Anova 5% and if there were significantly different variables, further DMRT test. The results showed that CMP 3-63 genotype with Trichoderma sp 20 tons/ha could increase the weight of the cob without bractea, TLT 29 genotype had a large stem diameter, and the number of rows on the cob was larger. SBD 2-23 genotype higher sweetness. Talenta and Sweet Boy have a greater cob weight without bractea. Trichoderma sp did not significantly affect the growth and yield of sweet corn.

Effect of Liquid Organic Fertilizer (POC) Pineapple Peel and Trichoderma Sp. on the Growth and Yield of Cayenne Pepper (Capsicum Frutescens) Variety Ori 212

This study aims to determine the interaction of the effect of giving liquid organic fertilizer (POC) pineapple peel and giving Tricoderma sp. on the vegetative growth of cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens) ORI 212 variety. This study uses a quantitative method with a Randomized Group Design (RAK) arranged factorially, consisting of 2 factors, namely the dose of organic fertilizer (POC) Pineapple peel and Thricoderma sp, repeated 3 times. The observation variables that will be calculated in this observation include Plant Height (cm), Stem Diameter, Fruit Weight, Number of Branches, Number of leaves, Flowering Age (days), Number of Flowers (flowers) and Number of Fruits (fruits). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (anova), if there was an effect, it was continued with the honest real difference test (BNJ). The results showed that there was an interaction effect of giving liquid organic fertilizer (POC) pineapple peel and Thricoderma sp, on vegetative growth, namely plant height, fruit weight, number of branches, number of leaves, flowering age, number of flowers and number of fruits of cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens) ORI 212 variety, but there was no effect on the observation of stem diameter.

Sub-microscopic Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia, dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) resistance mutations to sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine, transmission intensity and risk of malaria infection in pregnancy in Mount Cameroon Region

BackgroundPlasmodium falciparum resistance to intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) continues to spread throughout sub-Saharan Africa. This study assessed the occurrence of microscopic and sub-microscopic P. falciparum parasitaemia, dihydropteroate synthase mutations associated with resistance to SP and maternal anaemia in the Mount Cameroon area.MethodsConsenting pregnant women living in semi-rural and semi-urban/urbanized settings were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Socio-demographic, antenatal and clinical data were documented. Microscopic and sub-microscopic parasitaemia were diagnosed using peripheral blood microscopy and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) respectively. The dhps mutations were genotyped by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The presence of A437G, K540E, and A581G was considered a marker for high-level resistance. Haemoglobin levels and anaemia status were determined.ResultsAmong the women, the prevalence of microscopic and sub-microscopic P. falciparum infection were 7.7% (67/874) and 18.6% (93/500) respectively. Predictors of microscopic infection were younger age (< 21 years) (AOR = 2.89; 95% CI 1.29–6.46) and semi-rural settings (AOR = 2.27; 95% CI 1.31–3.96). Determinants of sub-microscopic infection were the rainy season (AOR, 3.01; 95% CI 1.77–5.13), primigravidity (AOR = 0.45; 95% CI 0.21–0.94) and regular ITN usage (AOR = 0.49; 95% CI 0.27–0.90). Of the145 P. falciparum isolates genotyped, 66.9% (97) carried mutations associated with resistance to SP; 33.8% (49), 0%, 52.4% (76) and 19.3% (28) for A437G, K540E, A581G and A437G + A581G respectively. The A581G mutation was associated with ≥ 3 SP doses evident only among sub-microscopic parasitaemia (P = 0.027) and multigravidae (P = 0.009). Women with microscopic infection were more likely from semi-rural settings (AOR = 7.09; 95% CI 2.59–19.42), to report history of fever (AOR = 2.6; 95% CI 1.07–6.31), to harbour parasites with double resistant mutations (AOR = 6.65; 95% CI 1.85–23.96) and were less likely to have received 2 SP doses (AOR = 0.29; 95% CI 1.07–6.31). Microscopic infection decreased Hb levels more than sub-microscopic infection.ConclusionThe occurrence of sub-microscopic P. falciparum parasites resistant to SP and intense malaria transmission poses persistent risk of malaria infection during pregnancy in the area. ITN usage and monitoring spread of resistance are critical.

Study on a novel immobilized microbe pellets constructed with Alcaligenes sp. R3 and its ability to remove tetracycline

Microbial technology provides a feasible and effective means for removing tetracycline from water bodies. In this study, a novel tetracycline removal strain was isolated from pig manure and identified as an Alcaligenes sp. The effects of inoculation dose, initial tetracycline concentration, pH and temperature on the tetracycline removal efficiencies of the Alcaligenes sp. R3 strain were investigated. Response surface methodology (RSM) using a Box-Behnken design demonstrated that the optimal conditions for the temperature, pH, inoculation dose of Alcaligenes sp. R3 and initial tetracycline concentration were 32.55 °C, 8.83, 17.32% and 54.58 mg/L, respectively. Alcaligenes sp. R3 could remove 71.62% of tetracycline at most. To improve the ability of Alcaligenes sp. R3 to remove tetracycline, it was immobilized with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and polydopamine (PDA) to construct immobilized microbe pellets (IMPs); scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of the IMPs showed that the CMC/PDA exhibited good adsorption ability and biocompatibility and could thus be used as a carrier of the living cells. The maximum tetracycline removal percentage of the IMPs was 91.16%, indicating that the ability of the IMPs to remove tetracycline was superior to that of free cells. Through immobilization with CMC/PDA, IMPs could remove tetracycline more effectively and had better environmental tolerance than free Alcaligenes sp. R3. The identification of possible biodegradation products indicated that the degradation pathway of strain R3 was novel and CMC/PDA only adsorbed tetracycline but not have degradation effect on it.

Variations in the use of malaria preventive measures among pregnant women in Guinea: a secondary analysis of the 2012 and 2018 demographic and health surveys

BackgroundDespite its effectiveness, the optimal use of the combination of insecticide-treated nets (ITN) and intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy with sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) remains low in malaria-endemic areas. Therefore, this study analyzed its variations and predictors in Guinea.MethodsThis study was a secondary analysis of the 2012 and 2018 Guinea Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). It included women who had given birth 3 years before each DHS, slept on ITN and took at least one dose of SP. Use was complete if a pregnant woman slept on ITNs and took SP (at least two doses in 2012; at least three doses in 2018). Moran indices were used to determine spatial autocorrelation and classification methods to identify malaria preventive measures (MPM) predictors.ResultsIn 2012, 60.88% of pregnant women had incomplete use of MPMs compared with 79.11% in 2018. Associated factors with incomplete MPMs in 2012 were as follows: having an indirect link with the head of household (AOR = 2.23, 95% CI 1.08–4.61) and performing at least 4 ANC visits (AOR = 0.66, 95% CI 0.44–0.99). In 2018: Living in households of 2 to 5 people (AOR = 0.54, 95% CI 0.36–0.80), have a man as the head of the household (AOR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.35–0.89), perform the first ANC in the second trimester of pregnancy (AOR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.54–0.99), perform at least 4 ANC visits (AOR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.36–0.62), have a job (AOR = 0. 67, 95% CI 0.50–0.88), give birth in a public health facility (AOR = 0.53, 95% CI 0.39–0.72) and the middle wealth quintile (AOR = 1.56, 95% CI 1.07–2.26). Analyses revealed a global autocorrelation (Moran index = 0.0009, p = 0.2349) and high–high clusters in Mamou in 2012. In 2018, autocorrelation was found (I Moran = 0.0169, p ≤ 0.05), with spatial clusters in 4 regions.ConclusionThe link with the head of household and the number of ANC visits were the main factors in MPMs. It is essential to implement strategies at the household level and health system level and monitor them to reduce inequality across regions.

Low dose of Nodulisporium sp. KT29 metabolite promotes production performance and innate immunity of Pacific white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) against co-infection of white spot syndrome virus and Vibrio harveyi

Low dose of Nodulisporium sp. KT29 metabolite promotes production performance and innate immunity of Pacific white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) against co-infection of white spot syndrome virus and Vibrio harveyi

Intermittent Preventive Treatment of Malaria in Pregnancy with Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine and its Associated Factors in the Atwima Kwanwoma District, Ghana.

Background:Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy with Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) tablets is one of the recommended interventions to reduce the burden of malaria on both the pregnant woman and the unborn child. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of IPTp-SP uptake and its associated factors in the Atwima Kwanwoma District of Ashanti Region, Ghana.Methods:The study was cross sectional. A structured questionnaire was administered to 394 respondents, comprising pregnant women in their last two months of pregnancy and nursing mothers who delivered within three months prior to the study. Medical records of the respondents were also reviewed. Descriptive statistics such as simple proportions, and averages were computed. Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression analysis were performed to determine factors associated with IPTp-SP uptake.Results:The average age of the respondents was 28.2 (±5.9) years. Almost all of the respondents (98%) had received SP at the time of the study. Fifty percent received their first dose of SP between 16 and 19 weeks of gestation. The multiple logistic regression analysis showed a statistically significant association between IPTp-SP uptake and educational level, time of first ANC visit, number of ANC visits and receiving education on SP prior to the administration of the drug.Conclusion:Education on SP use should be intensified at all levels of the health system. Early initiation of ANC is also recommended for optimal uptake of IPTp-SP. More research is needed to understand factors affecting the uptake of SP during pregnancy in the country.

Applying antagonist yeast strains to control mango decay caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Neofusicoccum parvum

Successfully inserting a biocontrol agent (BCA) in the integrated management of mango fruit decay can be affected by several factors, including BCA inoculum density and the timing of its application. This study focused on improving biocontrol efficacy by adjusting doses of a BCA formulation and the timing for the substitution of synthetic fungicides sprays. Technical grade formulations containing increasing doses (104 – 108) of the yeast strains Saccharomyces sp. ESA45, S. boulardii ESA46, Saccharomyces sp. ESA47, and Pichia kudriavzeviii CMIAT171 were applied to mango fruits, followed by the inoculation of Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Neofusicoccum parvum in artificial wounds. Non-linear regression analysis of increasing doses of the BCAs against severity data and curve slopes comparison showed a significant difference in control efficiency among yeast strains. A log-linear regression model showed that ESA45 and CMIAT171 exhibited lower doses to achieve 90% control. Two field experiments were conducted in commercial mango orchards cultivated with the cultivars ‘Kent’ and ‘Palmer’. Starting the substitution of fungicides by BCA in fruit onset and when fruits achieved egg size resulted in lower fruit rot incidence and severity during cold storage and shelf life. The complete substitution of fungicides during fruit development did not show consistent performance. Similarly, applying BCA formulation only at the end of fruit development did not hinder the establishment of quiescent infections.

Dramatic Effect of Botulinum Toxin Type A on Hypertrophic Scar: A Promising Therapeutic Drug and Its Mechanism Through the SP-NK1R Pathway in Cutaneous Neurogenic Inflammation.

BackgroundHypertrophic scar formation may be related to cutaneous neurogenic inflammation (CNI) through the substance P-neurokinin 1 receptor (SP-NK1R) signaling pathway. As a widely used drug in aesthetic clinical work, botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) has a therapeutic effect on scars, but the actual mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to clarify the potential mechanism by which BTX-A inhibits CNI in hypertrophic scars both in vitro and in vivo.MethodsTissue samples were obtained from surgical excisions. Immunohistological analysis was used to locate SP in human hypertrophic scars and normal skin. RT-PCR and western blot analysis were used to evaluate the expression of collagens after SP/BTX-A treatment. A rabbit ear scar model was used to explore the in vivo effect of BTX-A on scar treatment.ResultsSP and NK-1R were overexpressed in hypertrophic scars compared to normal skin tissues. Collagen secretion of hypertrophic scar-derived fibroblasts increased with increasing doses of SP. However, BTX-A may downregulate collagen expression through SP-NK1R pathway with or without the presence of SP inducing agent capsaicin. Meanwhile, SP inhibited the expression of NK-1R, and this inhibition was blocked by pretreatment with BTX-A. In vivo, intralesional BTX-A injection can also reduce the volume of scars and inhibit collagen secretion. Capsaicin may cause more severe scar manifestations, while the therapeutic effect of BTX-A remains.ConclusionOur research confirms that CNI stimulates fibroblasts during scar formation, while BTX-A can reduce collagen secretion by inhibiting the SP-NK1R signaling pathway, thus identifying a novel therapeutic target for this benign solid skin tumor.

Increasing Inhibition of the Rat Brain 2-Oxoglutarate Dehydrogenase Decreases Glutathione Redox State, Elevating Anxiety and Perturbing Stress Adaptation.

Specific inhibitors of mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH) are administered to animals to model the downregulation of the enzyme as observed in neurodegenerative diseases. Comparison of the effects of succinyl phosphonate (SP, 0.02 mmol/kg) and its uncharged precursor, triethyl succinyl phosphonate (TESP, 0.02 and 0.1 mmol/kg) reveals a biphasic response of the rat brain metabolism and physiology to increasing perturbation of OGDH function. At the low (TE)SP dose, glutamate, NAD+, and the activities of dehydrogenases of 2-oxoglutarate and malate increase, followed by their decreases at the high TESP dose. The complementary changes, i.e., an initial decrease followed by growth, are demonstrated by activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase, and levels of oxidized glutathione and citrulline. While most of these indicators return to control levels at the high TESP dose, OGDH activity decreases and oxidized glutathione increases, compared to their control values. The first phase of metabolic perturbations does not cause significant physiological changes, but in the second phase, the ECG parameters and behavior reveal decreased adaptability and increased anxiety. Thus, lower levels of OGDH inhibition are compensated by the rearranged metabolic network, while the increased levels induce a metabolic switch to a lower redox state of the brain, associated with elevated stress of the animals.

A THE EFFECT OF DOSE AND TIME OF ADMINISTRATION OF TRICHODERMA SP ON FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM ON SHALLOT (Allium ascalonicum L)

ABSTRACT&#x0D; This studypaimsptopdeterminepthe appropriate dosepand time ofxadministration ofxTrichoderma sp to control Fusarium oxysporum disease in shallot plants. Thepresearch waspconductedpfrompSeptemberp2020ptoxDecemberx2020 in Karangasem Hamlet, Guli Village, Nogosari District, Boyolali Regency. Thispstudypusedpapfactorialpcompletely randomizedpdesign (RAL) methodpwhich consisted ofp2pfactors. Thepfirst treatmentpfactor was thepdose ofpTrichoderma sp (D) which consisted of 3 g, 5g, 7g and the time of administration (T) which was one week before planting, during planting and a week after planting. Parameterspobservedpwerepnumberpof leaves, number ofptubers, weightpof fresh stover, weight of dry stover and intensity of disease attack. The results showed that the treatment with the best Trichoderma sp (D) dose was obtained in the D3 treatment with a dose of 7 grams / liter of solution had a very significant effect on the number of leaves, fresh stover, dry stover, intensity of disease attack and not significantly different on the number of tubers. The best time treatment for giving Trichoderma sp (T) was obtained in T1 treatment, namely the time of administration one week before planting had a significant effect on the number of leaves, fresh stover, and was not significantly different on the number of tubers, dry stover, intensity of disease attack. Meanwhile, the best combination of dosage and time of administration of Trichoderma sp was obtained in the (D3T1) treatment, namely the administration of a dose of 7 grams / liter of solution and the time of administration one week before planting had a significant effect on dry stover and had no significant effect on other parameters.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords : Trichoderma sp, fusarium oxysporum, shallot.&#x0D;

An ethnographic study of how health system, socio-cultural and individual factors influence uptake of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in a Ghanaian context.

Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria among pregnant women with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP), is one of the three recommended interventions for the prevention of malaria in pregnancy (MiP) in sub-Sahara Africa. The World Health Organisation recommended in 2012 that SP be given at each scheduled ANC visit except during the first trimester and can be given a dose every month until the time of delivery, to ensure that a high proportion of women receive at least three doses of SP during pregnancy. Despite implementation of this policy, Ghana did not attain the target of 100% access to IPTp-SP by 2015. Additionally, negative outcomes of malaria infection in pregnancy are still recurring. This ethnographic study explored how health system, individual and socio-cultural factors influence IPTp-SP uptake in two Ghanaian regions. The study design was ethnographic, employing non-participant observation, case studies and in depth interviews in 8 health facilities and 8 communities, from April 2018 to March 2019, in two Ghanaian regions. Recommended ethical procedures were observed. Health system factors such as organization of antenatal care (ANC) services and strategies employed by health workers to administer SP contributed to initial uptake. Women's trust in the health care system contributed to continued uptake. Inadequate information provided to women accessing ANC, stock-outs and fees charged for ANC services reduced access to IPTp-SP. Socio-cultural factor such as encouragement from social networks influenced utilization of ANC services and IPTp-SP uptake. Individual factors such as refusing to take SP, skipping ANC appointments and initiating ANC attendance late affected uptake. Health system, socio-cultural and individual factors influence uptake of optimum doses of IPTp-SP. Consequently, interventions that aim at addressing IPTp-SP uptake should focus on regular and sufficient supply of SP to health facilities, effective implementation of free ANC, provision of appropriate and adequate information to women and community outreach programmes to encourage early and regular ANC visits.