Doses Of Silicate Research Articles

Suplementação do silício aumenta a regeneração in vitro de embriões somáticos de palma de óleo (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)

ABSTRACT The use of silicates in plant tissue culture has resulted in positive effects regarding the morphological, anatomical and physiological characteristics of in vitro plants. However, biological responses to this mineral are dose and genotype dependent. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of silicon supplementation on the somatic embryogenesis of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). The study was carried out in three stages of the cloning process, namely: Regeneration (i) and germination (ii) of somatic embryos and during ex vitro acclimatization (iii) of regenerated plantlets. The culture media were supplemented with four doses (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g L-1) of calcium silicate (CaSiO3). The resulting plantlets were transplanted and acclimatized in a greenhouse. The regression analysis showed that the dose of 0.63g L-1 of CaSiO3 induced a higher rate of regeneration, which would allow a 58% increase in the number of somatic embryos formed. However, the germination of the plantlets, as well as their morphometric characters, were not affected by the different doses of CaSiO3, although the presence of this compound promoted an increase in the thickness of the epidermis and a reduction in the amount of epicuticular wax. Overall, silicon does contribute to the cloning of E. guineensis.

Silicon and growth regulator induced defence against maize fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)

A microplot field experiment was conducted to study the effect of silicon sources and growth regulator against maize fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda at Thoppur village of Virudhunagar district during Rabi, 2021-22. Basal application of different doses of calcium silicate and foliar application of silicic acid and potassium silicate were carried out. The results revealed that 150 kg of calcium silicate/ha + 0.2% silicic acid at 15 d after sowing (DAS) + 50 ppm GA at 30 DAS was found to be effective in reducing fall armyworm (FAW) population (1.23 larvae/plant) followed by treatment with 75 kg of calcium silicate/ha + 0.2% silicic acid at 15 DAS + 50 ppm GA at 30 DAS (1.27 larvae/plant). Regarding leaf and cob damage, the treatment with 150 kg of calcium silicate/ha + 0.2% silicic acid at 15 DAS + 50 ppm GA at 30 DAS was found to be most effective and significantly superior over all other treatments by recording lowest mean leaf damage score of 1.63/plant and mean cob damage score of 1.13/plant followed by the treatment with 75 kg of calcium silicate/ha + 0.2% silicic acid at 15 DAS + 50 ppm GA at 30 DAS with 1.66 leaf score/plant and 1.35 cob score/plant.

Co-Application of Silicate and Low-Arsenic-Accumulating Rice Cultivars Efficiently Reduces Human Exposure to Arsenic-A Case Study from West Bengal, India.

We investigated the effect of practically realizable doses of silicate on arsenic (As) uptake by differential-As-accumulating rice cultivars grown on geogenically As-polluted soil. The possible health risk from the dietary ingestion of As through rice was also assessed. In addition, a solution culture experiment was conducted to examine the role of root-secreted weak acids in differential As acquisition by rice cultivars. When grown without silicate, Badshabhog accumulated a much smaller amount of As in grain (0.11 mg kg-1) when compared to the other three varieties. Satabdi, IR-36, and Khitish accumulated As in grain beyond the permissible limit (0.2 mg kg-1) for human consumption. The application of silicate effectively reduced the As content in the grain, husk, and straw of all of the cultivars. The grain As content fell to 17.2 and 27.6% with the addition of sodium metasilicate at the rates of 250 and 500 mg kg-1, respectively. In the case of Khitish, the grain As content was brought down within permissible limits by the applied silicate (500 mg kg-1). The integrated use of low-As-accumulating cultivars and silicate has great potential to reduce the public health risks associated with As. A positive correlation between root-secreted total weak acid and grain As content could explain the different rice cultivars' differential As acquisition capacity.

Effect of irrigation, planting position, and application of calcium silicate on garlic development in ‘Serra Gaúcha’ region, South Brazil

Garlic crop is widely distributed in the Serra Gaúcha region, South Brazil. However, there is little information relative to irrigation in garlic, and on the influence of bulbil planting position in the development of the crop. Silicon is being used in garlic as an auxiliary fertilizer, but it is necessary to study further its effects in the crop. This study aimed to verify the effect of different irrigation regimes based on the evapotranspiration and empirically, evaluate the development of the plants that germinated under different planting positions, and observe the physiology of the plants according to the different doses of calcium silicate applied to the soil. Experiments were carried out in the municipality of São Marcos, using a design of randomized blocks, with four repetitions in each treatment. Plant height, stalk height and diameter, germination percentage of the bulbils, and average bulb mass were evaluated. The observed results indicated that irrigation induced higher plant heights when it was carried out based on evapotranspiration; planting with the bulbils face up have had the smaller germination time and the highest average bulb mass; the application of silicon at the highest dose (800 kg·ha-1) increased the average bulb mass by approximately 18 %.

The effect of potassium silicate on pest resistance and postharvest longevity in chrysanthemum plants

Chrysanthemum is one of the most beautiful flowers and probably the oldest plant grown commercially in different parts of the world. Chrysanthemum, like all other plants, is susceptible to attack by various pests and diseases. The use of silicon has been shown to minimize damage caused by insect and also increase shelf life. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of potassium silicate in pest resistance and postharvest longevity of chrysanthemum. The experiment was carried out in the experimental area of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Espírito Santo - Itapina Campus, the treatments consisted of four doses of potassium silicate - Sifol® (2, 4, 6 and 8 mL L−1) and a control treatment without foliar application of potassium silicate applied to chrysanthemum cv. Zembla. Leaf application of potassium silicate reduced the incidence of cercosporiosis and thrips in chrysanthemum leaves. Chrysanthemum leaf and flower longevity increased when potassium silicate doses were applied. It is recommended for chrysanthemum cv. Zembla applications of 0.6 and 0.8 mL L−1 potassium silicate.

English

The main residue of iron and nickel mining is slag, a solid residue of low solubility and rich in magnesium silicate. A residue with potential use as a soil conditioner, however, it is still necessary to investigate whether its use brings impacts to the environment. Microorganisms are extremely sensitive to environmental changes, changes that can be used as environmental quality indicators. Among the organisms that act as microbiological indicators of soil quality, the activity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi stands out. With this, this study aimed to verify the mycorrhizal activity as a quality indicator under application of nickel iron mining slag as soil conditioner. The experiment was carried out in the greenhouses of the agronomy course and in the laboratory of agricultural microbiology of the Evangelical College of Goianésia. Magnesium silicate was supplied by Anglo American Mining Company, located in Barro Alto, Goiás. Agronomic and microbiological analyses were performed at the Evangelical College of Goianésia, Goiás. The experimental design used was completely randomized, arranged with five treatments and with five replications, where the treatments were composed of four doses of magnesium silicate: 9, 12, 15, and 18 g dm-3 of soil in addition to the control without application. Ten golden saw rice seeds were planted in 10-L pots. Soil analysis used in the experiment was performed to determine soil nutritional parameters. The application of iron and nickel mining slag does not influence the development of rice in the first application. The application of 9 dm³g-1 of iron and nickel mining slag soil positively influences mycorrhizal activity on roots and soil.   Key words: Mycorrhiza, magnesium silicate, stress, cerrado.

Effect of pre-harvest calcium silicate on post-harvest quality of tomatoes

The present work evaluated the influence of calcium silicate on the polygalacturonase enzyme activity, respiration, ethylene, and the physicochemical characteristics on the post-harvest quality of two tomato hybrids. The experimental design was of randomized blocks, with four repetitions in protected cultivation environment. The treatments were distributed in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme, corresponding to the hybrids (Ivety and Natalia) and five doses of calcium silicate (0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 kg ha-1), which were applied on the same day as the pots were filled. Evaluations were carried out on the fruits, namely: ethylene production, fruit respiration, firmness, number of loculus, polygalacturonase activity, total carotenoids, lycopene, phenolic compounds, soluble solids content, pH, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid content. The application of calcium silicate provided the reduction of ethylene production and fruit respiration. Natalia hybrid showed low polygalacturonase activity, this difference being due to genetic variabilityThe increase of calcium silicate doses provided the reduction of polygalacturonase enzyme concentration due to its constitution in the cell wall. The concentrations of lycopene, phenolic compounds, soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid in the fruits increased in response to the increasing doses of calcium silicate for 'Ivety'. Hybrids present distinct behaviors on the influence of the fertilization of tomatoes with calcium silicate, which can increase the post-harvest conservation and improve the physical-chemical characteristics of tomato fruits.

PHOTOSYNTHETIC EFFICIENCY OF TOMATO PLANTS SUBMITTED TO CALCIUM SILICATE APPLICATION

The objective was to evaluate the effect of calcium silicate on the chlorophyll content and gas exchange of two tomato hybrids. The design used was in randomized blocks in a 2x5 factorial scheme, with four replications. The first factor was composed of two tomato hybrids: Ivety and Natália, and the second factor was composed of five doses of calcium silicate (0, 150, 300, 450, and 600 kg ha-1), applied to the substrate before planting the seedlings. Gas exchange: net CO2 assimilation rate (A), leaf transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs), internal CO2 concentration (Ci), water-use efficiency (WUE), intrinsic efficiency water use (iWUE), and instant carboxylation efficiency (ACi); SPAD index and the levels of chlorophylls a, b, and total were evaluated. The analyzes were performed in the stages of first flowering (17 days after transplanting - DAT), full flowering (58 DAT), and full fruiting (78 DAT). At 17 DAT, no difference was observed for gas exchange variables and photosynthetic pigments. The application of calcium silicate reduced gas exchange and photosynthetic pigments at 58 DAT. The hybrid Natália had the highest A, WUE, iWUE, and ACi at 78 DAT. However, the hybrid Ivety in the same growth stage, in full fruiting, was superior only for the internal concentration of CO2 and SPAD index, with no difference for photosynthetic pigments.

Productivity of tomato hybrids due to the application of calcium silicate

Silicon is a beneficial nutrient for the growth and production of many plant species, including tomatoes. The objective was to evaluate the influence of calcium silicate on the morphophysiological characteristics of tomatoes and the absorption of silicon, calcium, and magnesium. The experiment was conducted in a protected environment from August to December 2017, in a random block design, in a 2 x 5 factor scheme, with four repetitions. The first factor consisted of two hybrids (Ivety and Natalia) and the second factor by doses of calcium silicate (0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 kg ha-1). The fruits were evaluated for number of fruits per plant, longitudinal and transversal diameter, average fruit mass, commercial, non-commercial, and total productivity. The plants were evaluated for number of leaves, stem diameter, plant length, leaf area, membrane integrity damage, lignin content, stem and leaves dry mass, silicon accumulation and content, calcium, and magnesium contents in the leaves and in tomato fruits. The morphometric characteristics of Ivety and Natalia tomato hybrids were not altered by increasing doses of calcium silicate. The increased doses of calcium silicate influenced the non-commercial productivity of the tomato fruits, showing a reduction of this with the increased doses. Calcium silicate influenced differently in each hybrid, and it is worth noting that these results may vary in terms of genetic material and cultivation environment.

Silicon in the morphometry and germination of corn seeds for silage

As a forage, the objective of this study was to evaluate corn plant, seed development and seed germination in response to silicon application at different doses pathway leaf. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four treatments of different doses of silicon, equivalent to 0.0, 100.0, 200.0 and 300.0kg ha-1 of calcium silicate, at 22%, and four replications, applied pathway leaf. It was observed that the applied silicon did not influence any of the plant morphometric variables, however it altered the ear characteristics regarding weight and diameter, at which the best response was observed in the application equivalent to 100kg silicate-1 ha-1. The applied silicon doses showed no significant differences in morphological characteristics such as plant height, first ear height, stem diameter, number, and leaf angles. Significant differences were found in the weight of one thousand grains, and by increasing the silicon dose, there was an increase in the weight of one thousand grains and in the germination; in 7 days, it was found a decrease in germination percentage as well as in the percentage of normal seedlings when increasing the calcium silicate doses. It was concluded that the application of calcium silicate via leaf increased the stem diameter, the ear of corn and the weight of one thousand seeds and decreased the germination percentage in seven days and the appearance of normal seedling.

Influence of Calcium Silicate on Soil Fertility and Corn Morphology

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the development of corn (Zea mays) and soil fertility are influenced by the application of increasing doses of calcium silicate (CaSiO3) in substitution to limestone. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions and the experimental design was in randomized blocks, in a 3x2+1 factorial arrangement and four replications. The factors were: doses of CaSiO3 (7.62 mg.dm-3, 19.05 mg.dm-3 and 38.09 mg.dm-3) and liming (absence and presence). The soil of the control treatment did not receive limestone or CaSiO3. At 21 days after emergence (DAE), it was found that the control treatment plants had significantly lower height and stem diameter. At 35 DAE was observed that using exclusively CaSiO3 promoted 6% higher stem height values. At 63 DAE, no oscillations were observed in the biomass of aerial part and root between liming and CaSiO3 doses (P>0.05). Using the limestone allied the silicate doses increased in higher concentration of Mg in the soil. The lowest dose of CaSiO3 reduced the concentrations of Ca and Mg. Calcium silicate can be used as an alternative source to limestone for soil acidity correction.

Influence of calcium silicate in the culture of black beans

Beans are grown in different regions of the country, with an estimated average national production of 1.3 million tons in 2018. Their production is affected by nutrient deficiency, disease and / or soil acidity. One way to improve the use of agricultural inputs is to use silicates that are sources of silicon. Observing the importance of calcium silicate in crops of economic interest, the objective was to evaluate different doses of calcium silicate in the development of black beans. The experiment was carried out in pots with a capacity of 2,5 L filled with a typical dystrophic Red Latosol, with acidic pH around 3.88 cmolc / dm3 according to chemical analysis, where 0, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90% calcium silicate under greenhouse conditions. The bean was harvested after 45 days, where it was verified the fresh mass of the shoot, fresh root mass, root length, plant height, aerial dry mass. The data were submitted to the Tukey test at 5% significance level. From the parameters evaluated fresh shoot mass, fresh root mass, shoot dry mass and plant height showed significant results the application of calcium silicate from the 60% dose, thus demonstrating its importance for the vegetative development of the bean crop.

Effects of phosphate, carbonate, and silicate anions on CO2 emission in a typical oxisol from cerrado region

The effects of agricultural practices on greenhouse gases emissions (e.g. CO2) at the soil-atmosphere interface have been highlighted worldwide. The use of ground limestone has been considered as the main responsible for CO2 emission from soils. However, liming is need as conditioner of acidic soils and the CO2 emission can be compensated due to carbon sequestration by plants. This study simulated under laboratory conditions the effects of two common agricultural practices in Brazil (P-fertilization and liming) on soil CO2 emission. Columns made of PVC tubes containing 1 kg of a typical Dystrophic Red Latosol from Cerrado region were incubated with CaCO3 (simulating liming), CaSiO3 (simulating slag), and different doses of KH2PO4 (simulating P-fertilization). The soil columns were moistened to reach the field capacity (0.30 cm3 cm-3) and, during 36 days, CO2 emissions at the soil surface were measured using a portable Licor LI-8100 analyzer coupled to a dynamic chamber. The results showed that CO2 emission was influenced by phosphate, carbonate, and silicate anions. When using CaSiO3, accumulated CO2 emission (36-day period) was 20% lower if compared to the use of CaCO3. The same amount of phosphate and liming (Ca-carbonate or Ca-silicate) added to the soil provided the same amount of CO2 emission. At the same P dose, as Si increased the CO2 emission increased. The highest CO2 emission was observed when the soil was amended with the highest phosphate and silicate doses. Based on this experiment, we could oppose the claim that the use of limestone is a major villain for CO2 emission. Also, we have shown that other practices, such as fertilization using P + CaSiO3, contributed to a higher CO2 emission. Indeed, it is important to emphasize that the best practices of soil fertility management will undoubtedly contribute to the growth of crops and carbon sequestration.

Potassium Silicate, Against Water Stress, in Sweet Corn Plant Growth Traits

Water stress in sweet corn plants due effect of climatic events, such as El Niño, is difficult to monitor, leading to considerable losses. Silicon (Si) as an exogenous resistance elicitor may reduce water stress effects. The relationship between sweet corn plant age and its development, under induced water stress and leaf potassium silicate applications were evaluated. This work was carried out with the hybrid Tropical Plus®, in a randomized factorial block design with 15, 30, 45 and 60 kPa as soil water tensions in plots and potassium silicate doses (0, 6, 12 and 24 L ha-1) in subplots. Stem diameter, plant height and leaf number per plant were evaluated at 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days after seeding. Root length was measured on the 90th day after seeding. Sweet corn plants submitted to water stress conditions and Si application showed an age-dependent response. Water stress did not decrease stem diameter, plant height and number of leaves per plant sprayed with Si. Root length was longer with 60 kPa soil water tension. Silicon reduced negative impacts of water stress on sweet corn plants.

Growth of sweet pepper plants submitted to water tensions in soil and potassium silicate doses

ABSTRACT Water stress compromises plant growth. Resistance inducers, such as potassium silicate (K2SiO3), can reduce negative effects of this stress on Solanaceae, Capsicum annuum. Plant height, stem diameter and leaf area may indicate the efficiency of potassium silicate foliarsprayagainst water stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth of sweet pepper plants under water stress and K2SiO3 doses. The experiment was conducted in randomized blocks in a split-plot scheme in space. The treatments consisted of four soil water stresses: 15 kPa (field capacity), 25 (intermediate value), 35 and 45 kPa (water stress) and three doses of potassium silicate (0, 0.4 and 0.8 L 100 L-1 water), acting as resistance inducers to water stress. The resistance inducer maintained greater heights of the sweet pepper plants, under water stress (35 and 45 kPa) at the initial stage [(20 days after transplanting (DAT)]. Smaller plant diameters were observed at 80 and 100 DAT at 35 and 45 kPa. Sprays using K2SiO3 maintained sweet pepper leaf area with higher values, even under stress condition. The soil water tension from 35 kPa limited, in general, the plant growth. Growth responses in Capsicum annuum to K2SiO3, via foliar spraying, varied according to plant age, as well as the growth parameter considered in this experiment.

Occurrence of rice blast on and grain quality of irrigated rice fertilized with nitrogen and silicates

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of fertilization with nitrogen topdressing and silicates, as well as of the use of fungicides, on the occurrence of rice blast on panicles, milling yield, and whole grains, vitreous grains, and chalky kernels in a flood-irrigated rice cultivar sensitive to the disease. Two experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design, in a 4×4×2 factorial arrangement, with four replicates: in experiment 1, four doses of nitrogen × four doses of calcium and magnesium silicate on soil × with and without fungicides; and, in experiment 2, four doses of nitrogen × four doses of potassium silicate applied on leaves x with and without fungicides. At the doses above 60 kg ha-1 nitrogen without fungicides, there was an increase of rice blast severity on panicles, a decrease in the percentage of whole and vitreous grains, and an increase in chalky kernels and chalky area. The greatest effects of silicates occurred without fungicides. Fungicide use reduced the severity of rice blast on panicles. Milling yield ranged from 60 to 70% in both experiments. The control of rice blast with fungicides maintains high rice grain quality, milling yield, and percentages of whole and vitreous grains.

Potassium silicate as a resistance elicitor in sweet corn yield traits under water stress

Plant water stress is a major problem in the Cerrado biome of Brazil. Dry periods and random climatic events cause quality and yield losses in sweet corn plants. Compounds, such as silicon (Si), are being studied to reduce the negative impacts of water stress on agricultural crops. Further tests may allow farmers to increase the use of silicon-based compounds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the production parameters of the sweet corn (Zea mays var. saccharata) (Poaceae) Tropical Plus® hybrid with water stress and potassium silicate doses applied with foliar spraying. A randomized block design with four soil water tensions (15, 30, 45 and 60 kPa) and four potassium silicate doses (0, 6, 12 and 24 L ha-1) was used in a greenhouse. The studied factors, alone or in interaction with each other, did not affect most of the sweet corn yield parameters. The hypothesis that these results may have been partially affected by the presence of silicon are discussed. The sweet corn plant yield was affected mainly by the soil water tension of 60 kPa.

Effects of Soluble Silicate and Nanosilica Application on Rice Nutrition in an Oxisol

Abstract Silicon (Si) has been supplied to plants via application of calcium silicate to soil; however, high doses of calcium silicate are required because of its low solubility. Nanoparticles can reduce Si doses and be applied to seeding furrows. This study investigated the effects of liquid Si sources, i.e., highly soluble silicate (115.2 g L−1 Si and 60.5 g L−1 Na2O) and nanosilica (

ABSORÇÃO E TRANSLOCAÇÃO DE SILÍCIO EM MUDAS DE <i>Eucalyptus camaldulensis</i>

A busca pela alta produtividade e qualidade das plantas de eucalipto que sejam mais resistentes ao ataque de insetos-praga vem sendo cada vez mais estudada. Dentro deste contexto, realizou-se o estudo da absorção e a translocação de silício em plantas de Eucalyptus camaldulensis. O experimento foi realizado com o clone 58, em viveiro comercial da empresa Votorantim Siderurgia /João Pinheiro-MG, onde foi avaliada a aplicação de silício via solo (silicato de cálcio) e via foliar (silicato de potássio), com três doses diferentes. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com oito tratamentos, 20 repetições, totalizando 160 plantas. A avaliação do experimento foi realizada com base na análise do teor de silício presente no substrato (%) e na matéria seca das raízes e parte aérea das plantas (mg planta-1). Foram realizadas três avaliações aos 30, 60 e 90 dias após aplicação das doses de silício em folhas e raízes. Para o substrato foram realizadas quatro avaliações, sendo a primeira no dia da instalação do experimento (antes da aplicação de Si) e as demais aos 30, 60 e 90 dias após semeadura do eucalipto. Nas análises foliares realizadas, os maiores valores em relação ao teor de silício foram observados para o tratamento com aplicação de silicato de potássio (10mL/planta), T8, que foi em média 3 vezes maior, quando comparado aos tratamentos sem aplicação de silício (adubação padrão+110 gramas de CaO) - T1 e sem aplicação de silício (adubação padrão+1,71gramas de KCl) – T2. Os tratamentos não diferiram estatisticamente entre si nas avaliações realizadas, em relação à percentagem de silício presente nas raízes de E. camaldulensis. No substrato verificou-se um aumento significativo no teor do mineral aos 30, 60 e 90 dias, em função das doses crescentes de silicato, nas duas formas de aplicação, destacando o T8. Assim, foi possível concluir que E. camaldulensis é capaz de absorver e translocar o mineral.

Morphophysiology of “Crioulo” Cashew Rootstock Seedlings under Saline Water Irrigation and Potassium Silicate Doses

Morphophysiology of “Crioulo” Cashew Rootstock Seedlings under Saline Water Irrigation and Potassium Silicate Doses