Doses Of Phosphorus Research Articles

Effects of Different Nitrogen and Phosphorus Doses on the Growth, Yield and Yield Components of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.)

ABSTRACT Proper adjustment of fertilizer dosage is necessary to achieve maximum yield. The use of too little or too much fertilizer can negatively affect plant growth. Nitrogen and phosphorus are two important nutrients in plant nutrition. Research on the combined effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on black cumin is very limited. Therefore, a field study was conducted to determine the effects of different nitrogen and phosphorus doses on the growth, yield and yield components of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) under Mediterranean conditions during two growing seasons. Five doses (0 kg ha−1or control, 30 kg ha−1, 60 kg ha−1, 90 kg ha−1 and 120 kg ha−1) of nitrogen and four phosphorus doses (0 kg ha−1 or control, 20 kg ha−1, 40 kg ha−1 and 60 kg ha−1) were used as experimental factors. All the parameters except for capsule number were significantly affected by the growing season. Nitrogen dose significantly affected all the examined features except for seed number in capsule, seed weight in capsule and harvest index, while phosphorus dose significantly affected only SY and HI. In general, in the 2021–2022 growing season, black cumin had lower growth, yield and related traits. On the other hand, even though nitrogen fertilization, particularly at 90 kg ha−1 and 120 kg ha−1, had a positive effect on the yield and yield components of black cumin, the optimal nitrogen dose was 90 kg ha−1 for fewer input costs according to the results obtained from the present study. A phosphorus dose of 60 kg ha−1 was determined to be the appropriate dose in terms of seed yield, and this dose can be suggested for maximum seed yield of black cumin.

Effect of Potassium Fertigation Levels on Jalapeno Pepper Growth in Red Bole Soil under Polyhouse Conditions

A field experiment was conducted at Instructional Farm Polyhouse, Dr. Sharadchandra Pawar College of Agriculture, Baramati during June 2023 to September 2023. The study aimed to investigate the Influence of Graded levels of Potassium Fertigation on Growth of Jalapeno Pepper Grown in Red Bole Soil Under Polyhouse. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with four replications. The treatments were five, viz., T1- Control, T2- Recommended dose of fertilizer, T3- Recommended dose of nitrogen and phosphorus (RDNP) + 125% Recommended dose of potassium (RDK), T4- Recommended dose of nitrogen and phosphorus (RDNP) + 150% Recommended dose of potassium (RDK) and T5- Recommended dose of nitrogen and phosphorus (RDNP) + 175% Recommended dose of potassium (RDK). Data were taken on growth contributing characters and the collected data were statistically analyzed for evaluation of the treatment effects. Data on growth parameters, including plant height, leaf area and chlorophyll content, were recorded at 20, 35, 50 and 65 days after transplanting (DAT) and analyzed statistically. The results indicated that the maximum plant height (95.65 cm), leaf area (61.61 dm²) and chlorophyll content (58.83) at 65 DAT were significantly higher in treatment T5 (RDNP + 175% RDK). This study concludes that the application of RDNP + 175% RDK via fertigation from 10 DAT to 60 DAT is optimal for the growth of Jalapeno pepper in red bole soil under polyhouse conditions, highlighting its potential for improving crop yield and quality.

Application of different phosphatic fertilizers influences the different phosphorus fractions and morphophysiological traits of wheat in saline sodic soil

Nutrient constraints in salt-affected soils are one of the limiting factors for crop production. We investigated phosphorus (P) availability to wheat crop and its correlations with different fractions of P in salt-affected soils in response to various phosphatic fertilizer’s application. Three different types of soils having electrical conductivity of soil extract (ECe) < 4 dS m−1 and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) < 13.2 (mmol L−1)1/2, ECe 8 dS m−1 SAR 20 (mmol L−1)1/2 and ECe 12 dS m−1 and SAR 30 (mmol L−1)1/2 were used for this experiment. Different P fertilizers viz. control, diammonium phosphate (DAP), single super phosphate (SSP) and nitrophos (NP) were applied on these soils. The doses of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were remained same for all the treatments. The P fractions, agronomic parameters and P-availability to plants were determined. Results indicated increase in shoot dry weight (61%) and photosynthetic rate (9%) in SSP treated soil at EC 8 dS m−1 and SAR 20 (mmol L)1/2. The total P (7.6%) in soil and respiration rate (1.9%) in plant was recorded maximum in DAP treated soil at EC 8 dS m−1 and SAR 20 (mmol L)1/2, and membrane stability index (44%) in plant shoot, extractable P (23%) in soil and P concentration (22%) in shoot were recorded maximum in SSP treated soil at EC 12 dS m−1 and SAR 30 (mmol L)1/2. It was concluded that SSP fertilizer perform better in salt-affected soil for growth and yield of wheat compared to other phosphatic fertilizers.

6970 Severe Symptomatic Hypophosphatemia After Intravenous Iron Therapy: An Under-recognized Adverse Reaction

Abstract Disclosure: A. Morvant: None. O. Olajide: None. Introduction: Iron deficiency is a common condition that is often treated with intravenous preparations of iron supplementation. It has been documented in the literature that ferric carboxymaltose is the form of intravenous iron supplementation that is associated with the highest incidence of hypophosphatemia, when compared to other formulations of intravenous iron therapy. This case highlights a severe case of hypophosphatemia after ferric carboxymaltose therapy that led to multiple hospitalizations and required several months of oral and intravenous phosphorus repletion. Clinical Case A 36-year-old woman presented to the ED with severe diffuse arthralgias, generalized muscle weakness, and fatigue. Laboratory analysis revealed the following: phosphorus 1.2 mg/dL (2.3-4.7 mg/dL), 25-hydroxyvitamin D 13 ng/mL (25-80 ng/mL), parathyroid hormone 220 pg/mL (16-77 pg/mL), and calcium 8.5 mg/dL (8.4-10.5 mg/dL). She was admitted and started on intravenous and oral phosphorus repletion as well as oral ergocalciferol. She was subsequently discharged home on oral phosphorus and ergocalciferol supplementation, with a phosphorus level of 1.8 mg/dL. She was readmitted one day later with persistent arthralgias, myalgias, and severe fatigue, and found to have a phosphorus level of 1.1 mg/dL. Additional laboratory studies revealed the following: FGF23 41 pg/mL (&amp;lt;59 pg/mL) and 24-hour urine phosphorus 2191 mg/24hr (400-1300 mg/24hr). The patient notably had a history of chronic severe iron deficiency anemia due to menorrhagia and had been treated with intravenous iron sucrose infusions 7 months prior to her presentation. Due to adverse reactions to iron sucrose, this was switched to ferric carboxymaltose, and she had received two doses; one month and two weeks prior to her initial presentation. She was treated again with intravenous and oral phosphorus repletion and ergocalciferol and discharged after two weeks on oral phosphorus and ergocalciferol as well as thrice-weekly intravenous phosphorus infusions in the outpatient setting. She continued intravenous phosphorus infusions for about three months, and this was subsequently discontinued without recurrent hypophosphatemia. She is currently on low doses of oral phosphorus with normophosphatemia. Conclusion: Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose therapy can lead to severe and long-lasting, treatment-resistant hypophosphatemia due to increased urinary phosphate excretion. An increased awareness about this is needed by clinicians in treating patients who receive ferric carboxymaltose and monitoring phosphorous levels is crucial.

Optimizing phosphate application to improve soil quality and reduce phosphorus loss in rice-wheat rotation

How to determine the optimal dosage of phosphorus (P) fertilizer input for an agricultural field is important to maintain soil quality and crop production while minimizing environmental impact. In this study, we set up a 5-year rice-wheat rotation with contrasting P fertilization treatments (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 150 kg P2O5 ha−1, hereafter, P0, P25, P50, P75, P100, and P150, respectively) per season to explore the relationship between the amount of P input and crop yield, P use efficiency (PUE), balance of P accumulation and loss, ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF), and soil quality. Our results indicate that increased P amounts significantly boosted rice and wheat production of both straw and grain, but the tendency slowed down when the input was over 75 kg P2O5 ha−1. The PUE declined with increased P input and soil P balance of 50 kg P2O5 ha−1 for wheat and 100 kg P2O5 ha−1 for rice. Runoff emerges as the main pathway for soil P loss and escalates with higher P application rates. We emphasize increasing ridge height and controlling water input for basal fertilizer to minimize P loss. The application of P fertilizer increased the soil P pool, with labile P (L-P) and moderately labile P (M-P) increasing by 13–114 % and 23–111 %, respectively, compared to P0. The transformation of M-P to L-P in paddy soil is associated with an increased abundance of Actinobacteria. Low P applications (P25 and P50) increased EMF by 3.27 and 3.58 times, while high P applications (P75, P100, and P150) decreased EMF. Furthermore, P application significantly improved the soil quality index (SQI) compared to P0. The impact of abiotic factors on yield and P loss is more significant than that of biotic elements, with the SQI serving as a dependable indicator for predicting yield. Central to minimizing P loss while maximizing yield is the reduction of Resin-P content and the maintenance of NaOH-Pi levels, suggesting that organic materials may be a good alternative strategy. These findings provide valuable data and theoretical support for optimizing P application in rice-wheat cropping systems, promoting a mutually beneficial scenario for agricultural production and ecological protection.

Evaluating chickpea varietal performance under different levels of phosphorus application

Chickpea, a vital legume crop, faces yield limitations due to factors like climatic conditions, nutrition deficiency in soil etc. Therefore, the knowledge of adoptive varieties to prevailing climatic conditions and enhancement yield by nutrient management is essential. The present investigation was carried out to assess the effect of varying levels of phosphorus on growth and yield of chickpea, at Agricultural Research Farm of SGRR University, Dehradun during Rabi season of 2022-23. The treatments of experiment comprise two chickpea varieties viz., PG-186 (V1) and Type 9 (V2) and five levels of phosphorus application i.e., 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 kg P2O5/ha which were replicated thrice in factorial randomize design. The growth and yield parameters were recorded during different crop growth stages to get the response of treatments. The recorded data shows that the variety Type 9 perform better than variety PG-186 in most of the growth and yield attributing characters. Among the phosphorus doses the application of 45 kg P2O5/ha was perform best among all other treatments. The interaction effects of variety Type 9 with 45 kg P2O5/ha (V2T4) showed maximum growth and yield attributing characters over the other treatment combinations like plant height (46.66 cm), number of branches per plant (5.67), dry matter accumulation in plant (30.67 g), 1000 seeds weight (140.00 g) and seeds yield per hectare (14.30 q/ha). Based on experimental findings it can be concluded that variety Type 9 with application of 45 kg P2O5 /ha is best among all other treatments for higher yield of chickpea at Doon valley of Uttarakhand.

Effects of Phosphorus Fertilizer, Poultry Manure Applications with Bacillus megaterium M-3 Inoculation on Yield and Yield Components of Common Vetch (Vicia sativa)

Phosphorus is considered one of the essential elements for legumes as it increases nitrogen fixation due to nodulation. Hence, for high productivity in legumes, it should be added as inorganic or organic fertilizer to soils containing insufficient phosphorus. Especially in recent years, using inorganic and organic fertilizers together has gained importance in terms of sustainable agriculture, considering plant growth and soil and environmental health together. The effects of three different doses of phosphorus fertilizer (0, 50, 100 kg P2O5 ha-1), and two different doses of poultry manure (0, 3 t ha-1) applications with two different doses (B0 or B1) of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (Bacillus megaterium M-3) inoculation on hay yield and yield components of common vetch were examined in this study. In fact, while the highest hay yield and crude protein rate were obtained by bacterial inoculation together with phosphorus fertilizer application, the effect of poultry manure application on yield and yield parameters was variable. Instead, the applications had no significant effect on the number of main branches, ADF and NDF rates. Consequently, the application of 100 kg P2O5 ha-1 together with Bacillus megaterium inoculation can be recommended for high hay yield in common vetch under irrigated conditions in areas with poor or medium soils in terms of phosphorus.

IMPACT OF DIFFERENT ZINC APPLICATION METHODS AND PHOSPHORUS DOSES ON GROWTH, YIELD AND GRAIN ZINC CONTENTS OF WHEAT

Wheat is a staple crop of around half of the world's population. About 30 percent of the world’s population is suffering from Zn deficiency. Zn deficiency problems can be encountered by agronomic and genetic biofortification. Phosphorus (P) is an important plant macronutrient and has an antagonistic relationship with Zn. A field study was performed to evaluate the impact of different Zn application methods and P doses on growth, yield, and grain Zn contents of wheat at the Agronomic Research Farm, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan, using a high accumulation wheat variety Zincol-2016. Three doses of P (100, 150, and 200% of recommended P) along with three Zn application methods (seed priming, soil mixing, and foliar application) were applied to wheat using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates under split-plot arrangement. All agronomic practices were kept normal and uniform for all treatments. Parameters including growth, yield, and Zn content in wheat grains were monitored using standard protocols. The results were evaluated using Fisher’s analysis of variance at a 5% probability level. A comparison of means of treatments was performed using the least significant difference (LSD) test. The highest value of SPAD reading (56.38) was noted in treatment where Zn was applied as priming and P was applied at 200%. Maximum crop growth rate (63.17) was observed in P3 where Zn was applied as mix in soil. Maximum spike length (14.25), spikelets per spike (17.67), and Zn concentration were observed in P3 as a result of foliar application of Zn. Highest grain weight per spike (1.89g), no. of tillers (691.01), grain yield (4.09 t ha-1), biological yield (11.01 t ha-1), harvest index (36.54%) and NDVI (0.42 were observed in P3 where Zn was applied as soil mix.

The Comparative Effects of Phosphorus-Enriched Organomineral Fertilization on Some Chemical Properties of Calcareous Soils

ABSTRACT Phosphorus is a very important plant nutrient for the development of plants and its production is not unlimited in the world. In addition, excessive use can lead to soil and water pollution. In this respect, phosphorus should be used effectively in plant production, especially in calcareous soils. The aim of this study was to comparatively determine the effects of phosphorus-enriched organomineral fertilization (p-OMF), chemical phosphorus fertilization (CF), and organic fertilization (OF) on some chemical properties of a calcareous soil. The experiment was established in Söke county of Aydın province in the Southwest of Türkiye. In this study, four doses of dairy manure (DM1: 10, DM2: 20, DM3:30, and DM4: 40 t ha−1) in OF, four phosphorus doses (P1: 10, P2: 20, P3:30, and P4: 40 kg P ha−1) in the CF system, and sixteen different doses of OMF formed by the combinations of these two fertilizers were applied excluding control. According to the main research findings, p-OMFs increased the soil organic matter (SOM), salinity, total nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) by 60.1%, 20.9%, 22.1%, 140%, and 17.2%, respectively. They also decreased soil pH by 4%. As a result, it was determined that the most effective organomineral fertilizer combination that maintains soil properties at appropriate levels in calcareous soils is DM3+P2 (30 t ha−1 dairy manure +20 kg P ha−1).

Impact of Potassium Fertilization on Growth and Yield of Small Millets

Aims: To evaluate the impact of varying potassium application levels on the growth and yield of small millets and to assess the economic viability of potassium fertilization in small millet farming. Methodology: A split plot design experiment was carried out, featuring four crops as the main treatments: C1 - Proso millet, C2 - Barnyard millet, C3 - Kodo millet, and C4 - Browntop millet. Potassium fertilizer was applied at four different rates (0, 10, 20, and 30 kg/ha) as sub-treatments. Throughout the cropping period, various morpho-physiological traits were monitored, including plant height (cm), tiller count per plant, and yield-related metrics such as the number of panicles per plant, 1000-grain weight (g), and biomass production per plant (g). At harvest, yield data and yield attributes were recorded, followed by an economic analysis. Results: The results indicated that, Proso millet showed a plant height increase from 75.85 to 94.37 cm, number of productive tillers (4.73) with high potassium doses, while Barnyard millet reached a maximum height of 119.13 cm, grain yield significantly increased from 1547 kg/ha without potassium to 2055 kg/ha with the highest potassium dose. Barnyard millet (achieving the highest gross return of Rs 61650/ha and a B: C ratio of 2.20 with the highest potassium dose. Conclusion: Application of potassium 20 kg/ha, along with the recommended dose of nitrogen and phosphorus, recorded 31.8% higher yield, greater tolerance to lodging, reduced pest and disease incidence and remunerative economics in millet cultivation.

The Effects of Bio-Fertilizer by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria on the Growth and Productivity of Barley under Deficit of Water Irrigation Conditions

Bio-fertilizers are the most important and effective method used to reduce the quantities of chemical fertilizers consumed and reduce dependence on them in agricultural production to avoid their harmful effects on the environment and public health as well as reduce the cost of agricultural production in light of increasing pollution and under adverse conditions for production and climate change. A bio-fertilizer depends primarily on the use of beneficial microorganisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to improve the uptake of nutrients, improve plant growth, productivity, and grain yield. Crop production faces many challenges, and drought is one of the majority of the significant factors limiting crop production worldwide, especially in semi-arid regions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of AMF and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB), plus three rates of the recommended dose of phosphorus (RDP) fertilizer on yield, yield components, and nutrients uptake, in addition to evaluating the beneficial effects of these combinations to develop Phosphorus (P) management under three levels of irrigation water, i.e., three irrigations (normal or well-watered), two irrigations (moderate drought), and one irrigation (severe drought) on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The results showed that the treatment with AMF bio-fertilizer yielded the highest values of plant height, spike length, spike weight, number of grains/spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, straw yield, biological yield, and harvest index. Moreover, the grain and straw uptake of nitrogen (N), P, and potassium (K) (kg ha−1) in the two seasons under the three levels of irrigation, respectively, were superior followed by the inoculation by PSB. While the treatment without bio-fertilizer yielded the lowest values of these traits of barley, the treatment with bio-fertilizer yielded the increased percentage of the grain yield by 17.27%, 17.33% with applying AMF, and 10.31%, 10.40% with treatment by PSB. Treatment with AMF or PSB (Phosphorien), plus rates of phosphorus fertilizer under conditions of irrigation water shortage, whether irrigation was performed once or twice, led to an increase in grain yield and other characteristics compared to the same fertilization rates without inoculation. The results of this study showed that the use of bio-fertilizers led to an increase in plant tolerance to drought stress, and this was demonstrated by an increase in various traits with the use of treatments that include bio-fertilizers. Therefore, it is suggested to inoculate the seeds with AMF or PSB plus adding phosphate fertilizers at the recommended dose under drought conditions.

Improving restoration outcomes of boreal Sphagnum-dominated peatlands after peat-extraction: The key role of phosphorus fertilization

Fertilization is a common and effective restoration practice for some ecosystems. However, there are still knowledge gaps about the long-term effectiveness and impact of phosphorus fertilization during the restoration of degraded boreal Sphagnum peatlands using the Moss Layer Transfer Technique. Data gathered from 114 peatland sectors restored 1 to 25 years ago, encompassing around 2900 surveyed plots in Eastern Canada, were analyzed to investigate the influence of fertilization on plant re-establishment (cover, height, and aboveground biomass accumulation) and community composition. Fertilization with a low phosphorus dosage (1.64 g P m−2) of granular phosphate rock (P2O5; NPK 0–13-0) proved to accelerate peatland vegetation recovery by favoring a shift in plant community composition towards a Sphagnum dominance. This shift was encouraged by the fast colonization of Polytrichum strictum after fertilization, a nurse plant that stabilizes the peat substrate and facilitates the subsequent establishment of Sphagnum. Phosphorus fertilization increased by 42 % Sphagnum cover 25-year post-restoration and increased approximately by 15 % aboveground biomass accumulation 20-year post-restoration. Conversely, without fertilization, the success of restoration and long-term vegetation trajectories were uncertain. Phosphorus fertilization led to an increase in plant richness in the first 5 to 10 years after restoration and enhanced spatial heterogeneity in species composition throughout the later stages of restoration (20–25 years), suggesting that fertilization may foster dynamic, diverse plant communities. This study emphasizes fertilization's key role in restoring boreal Sphagnum peatland plant communities, especially in areas prone to episodes of freeze-thaw cycles, strongly advocating for the mandatory inclusion of phosphorus fertilization in the restoration process.

Seed Priming Boosts Plant Growth, Yield Attributes, Seed Chemical and Antioxidant Composition in Lentil under Low-Phosphorus Field Conditions

AbstractAlthough legumes can meet nitrogen requirements via symbiotic nitrogen fixation, they must acquire phosphorus from the rhizosphere through their roots. Additionally, the fixation of phosphorus with various cations in soils reduces its availability, thereby decreasing its effectiveness and increasing production costs. This study was conducted during the 2021-22 and 2022-23 growing seasons to investigate the effects of seed pre-treatment (priming) and phosphorus doses on plant growth, yield attributes, and seed chemical composition in lentil at Siirt, Türkiye. Six seed priming treatments and four phosphorus doses were used in the study. The research was laid out in split-plot randomized complete block design with four replications. According to the results, phosphorus fertilizer increased seed yield, but there was no statistical difference between 15 and 60 kg P2O5 ha− 1. Seed priming had a synergistic effect, allowing for higher seed yield when combined with phosphorus fertilizer, especially silicon priming resulting in high seed yield even at low phosphorus fertilizer doses. This result also indicated that seed priming improved phosphorus efficiency. The highest seed yield and net income were obtained by 6 kg P2O5 ha− 1 with silicon priming treatment. Moreover, seed priming with salicylic acid, beneficial bacteria and silicon boosted growth and yield attributes, and seed chemical composition. Silicon priming increased the total antioxidant content in seeds while salicylic acid priming provided opportunities for both the increase of total antioxidants and phenolics. In conclusion, seed priming is an easy-to-implement and economical method for reducing phosphorus fertilizer and an effective way for higher profitability in lentil cultivation.

Study of Nitrogen and Phosporus Doses on The Growth and Yield of Rice Plant (Oryza sativa L.) Mekongga Variety Used

The rice plant (Oryza sativa L.) is the main food commodity in Indonesia, but its production has not shown a significant increase. To increase rice productivity, especially in rainfed areas, it is necessary to optimize the use of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Facing the challenges of low fertility and limited water availability, endophytic bacterial consortia can help increase nutrient availability and plant growth. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus doses and their interactions on the growth and yield of the Mekongga rice variety in rainfed land where a consortium of endophytic bacteria was applied. The treatments carried out were designed as a factorial experiment in a Randomized Completely Block Design, namely the Nitrogen factor consisting of four dose levels: 0, 92, 184, 276 kg/ha and the Phosphorus factor consisting of four dose levels: 0, 72, 144, 216 kg/ha with three repetitions. The results showed that differences in nitrogen doses had a significant effect on the number of grains per panicle of rice plants, but did not have a significant effect on other growth and yield parameters of rice plants. Varying phosphorus doses and combinations of nitrogen and phosphorus doses did not have a significant effect on all growth and yield parameters of the Mekongga rice variety.

Assessment of seed, biodiesel and oil yield of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) under differential phosphorus doses

Assessment of seed, biodiesel and oil yield of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) under differential phosphorus doses

Pengaruh Dosis Phospor Dan Pupuk Cair Pada Tanaman Bunga Kol (Brassica Oleracea Var. Botrytis L)

Cauliflower is a vegetable that has commercial value and excellent prospects for public consumption. According to the Central Statistics Agency of the Republic of Indonesia, cauliflower production has decreased from 2019 to 2021, therefore it is necessary to improve maintenance, one of which is by providing Phosphorus fertilizer to increase productivity. This will increase the rate of photosynthesis to produce high productivity and the correct dose of liquid organic fertilizer (POC) to maximize growth in the vegetative and generative phases thereby increasing the yield of cauliflower plants. This research aims to determine the effect of giving various doses of Phosphorus and POC fertilizers on the growth and yield of cauliflower plants. The research was carried out in the village, Girilayu, Matesih, Karanganyar from February to May 2024. Using the Complete Randomized Block Design (RAKL) method consisting of 2 treatment factors and 3 replications. The first factor is the dosage of Phosphorus (P) fertilizer P1: 100 kg/ha, P2: 150 kg/ha, P3: 200 kg/ha. The second factor is the dose of POC (C), C1: 4 cc/L, C2: 8 cc/L, C3: 12 cc/L. The results research showed (1) Giving various doses of Phospor fertilizer had a very real effect on fresh stover, dry stover, plant diameter, plant weight per plant, and crop weight per plot. However, it does not have a real effect on plant height and number of leaves. (2) Giving various doses of POC had a very real influence on fresh stover, dry stover, plant diameter, and plant weight per plant had a real influence on crop weight per plot and had no real influence on plant height and number of leaves. (3) The interaction between treatments had a very real influence on fresh stover, dry stover, and plant weight per plant, and had no real influence on plant height, number of leaves, plant diameter, and weight per plant plot. (4) The highest results were obtained in the branch pruning treatment 3 weeks after planting with an NPK fertilizer dose of 200 kg/ha, namely a plant weight of 11,997.4 grams per plot (26,644 kg/ha).

Effect of phosphorus and zinc application on zinc transformation and phyto-availability of zinc fraction in rice soil

Application of high dose of phosphorus (P) changes the soil chemical properties which may lead to redistribution of Zn fractions in soil. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of added zinc (Zn) and P on Zn transformations in a New Alluvial soil (Aeric Haplaquept), together with dry matter yield and Zn uptake by rice plants. The treatments included four levels of P (0, 40, 60, and 80 kg ha−1) and three levels of Zn (0, 5, and 10 kg ha−1). Although P application increased the dry matter yield of rice, Zn concentration and uptake was decreased significantly at higher dose of P application. Application of P caused a decrease in all the fractions of soil Zn except amorphous and crystalline Fe-oxide bound zinc. The order of preponderance of different zinc fractions followed the order, water soluble plus exchangeable (WE-Zn) < carbonate bound (Car-Zn) < organically bound (Org-Zn) < manganese oxide (MnOx-Zn) < crystalline sesquioxide (CFeOx-Zn) < amorphous sesquioxide (AFeOx-Zn) < residual Zn (Res-Zn). Residual Zn was the most dominant form of Zn, contributing about 69.07% to total Zn. Correlation data indicated that those fractions are in a state of dynamic equilibrium among different fractions and governs the plant-available Zn in soil. Path coefficient analysis of different Zn-fractions with Zn-uptake in rice plant showed that among the all pools of Zn, Org-Zn fraction plays the most vital role in contributing to Zn uptake by plants.

Adjusting Irrigation and Phosphate Fertilizer to Optimize Tomato Growth and Production

The efficient use of phosphate fertilizers and optimization of the amounts of irrigation water can maximize tomato growth and fruit production. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different phosphorus (P) doses and sources on the growth and production components of tomato plants of the cultivar Gaúcho Melhorado Nova Seleção subjected to different irrigation water percentages. To achieve this, we set up an experiment using a factorial design to test the effects of four doses of P2O5 (corresponding to 25%, 50%, 100%, and 200% of the recommended dose), two P sources (monoammonium phosphate—MAP and organomineral—OM), and four irrigation water percentages (50%, 75%, 100%, and 125% of field capacity). Tomato plant growth improved when water was supplied at a percentage close to 100% of field capacity, with increased plant height, leaf length, and number of flowers observed (increases of 11.95%, 7.33%, and 13.87%, respectively, compared to 50% of field capacity). However, both excess and deficit irrigation resulted in morphological changes in tomato plants. Additionally, we observed that OM was more effective than MAP in increasing plant diameter and number of flowers, with increases of up to 36.4% and 227.6%, respectively, when using OM. Conversely, tomato growth was negatively affected by higher doses of MAP doses, suggesting that 25% of the recommended dose may yield the best growth rates. We verified that tomato plants can compensate for low phosphorus doses by increasing productivity with higher water amounts (125%–42.40 t ha−1), but high phosphorus doses result in greater fruit production with lower water percentages (50%–41.52 t ha−1).

Foliar phosphorus concentration modulates the defensive mutualism of an endophytic fungus in a perennial host grass

Abstract Grasses hosting Epichloë endophytes are protected against herbivores due to the production of various fungal alkaloids. Previous research has found that high foliar phosphorus concentrations reduce the level of the alkaloid ergovaline, thereby reducing the endophyte‐mediated herbivore resistance. Yet, the impact of phosphorus on ergovaline biosynthesis versus its influence on endophyte growth and synthesis of other fungal alkaloids remains unresolved. Our objective was to elucidate these relationships. We grew endophyte‐symbiotic and non‐symbiotic Festuca arundinacea plants and fertilised them with different doses of phosphorus. Later, half of the plants from each treatment were challenged with larvae of the generalist chewing insect Spodoptera frugiperda. We assessed the relationships between foliar phosphorus levels, fungal mycelium and alkaloid concentrations, as well as their impacts on larvae performance, herbivore‐caused damage and plant biomass. Endophyte mycelial biomass in plant tissue was found to be independent of foliar phosphorus concentration. The alkaloids lolines and peramine showed a linear relationship with mycelial biomass but no correlation with foliar phosphorus. Surprisingly, high ergovaline concentrations were positively associated with an interaction between endophyte mycelial biomass and foliar phosphorus concentration. Although herbivory increased loline concentration, only high concentrations of ergovaline and peramine were related to reduced S. frugiperda larvae weight gain. However, endophyte presence did not reduce herbivory damage on plants. Contrary to expectation, we did not find a negative but a positive association between concentrations of foliar phosphorus and ergovaline alkaloid, through its interaction with endophyte mycelial biomass. Alternatively, our findings suggest that phosphorus plays a crucial role in modulating the Epichloë‐mediated defensive mutualism, primarily through its effects on ergovaline rather than on endophyte concentration or production of other alkaloids. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Multifunctional microorganisms and phosphorus dosages in soybean-maize and soybean-rice successions under no-till systems in the cerrado

Multifunctional phosphate solubilizing microorganisms can contribute to reducing phosphorus doses without affecting the grain yield of crops. The aim of this work was to evaluate agricultural production systems involving soybean-maize and soybean-rice successions, inoculation of beneficial microorganisms and application of phosphorus doses with a view to sustainable intensification of agriculture and soil health and fertility in the Cerrados region. The experimental design was a randomized block design in a 2x4 factorial scheme with four replications. The treatments were composed of the combination of two phosphorus doses, 50% (45 kg ha-1 of P2O5) and 100% (90 kg ha-1 of P2O5) of the recommended dose with four uses of multifunctional microorganisms: 1. BRM 32111 (Burkholderia sp.), 2. BRM 32114 (Serratia marcescens), 3. co-inoculation (BRM 32111 + BRM 32114), and 4. control (no application of microorganisms). The microorganisms provided significant increases in the 100-grain weight and grain yield of soybeans, dry matter and nutrient accumulation of rice and maize, reduction of phytopathogenic fungus propagules, and increased accumulation of nutrients and activity of the enzymes Betaglicosidase and Arilsulfatase in the soil. Applying 50% phosphorus reduced the 100-grain weight and grain yield of soybean, dry matter and nutrient accumulation of rice, propagules of Trichoderma spp., and the nutrients in the soil. The soybean-maize succession showed higher levels of Arylsulfatase than the soybean-rice succession. The highest soybean yields were obtained by applying BRM 32114 with 50% and co-inoculation with 100% phosphorus.