Doses Of Intermittent Preventive Treatment Research Articles

Prevention of Malaria in Pregnant Women and Its Effects on Maternal and Child Health, the Case of Centre Hospitalier de Kingasani II in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

This study aimed to evaluate scientific evidence of the benefit of the use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and Intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) on the birth weight of newborns and the hemoglobin level of the mother when used to prevent malaria during pregnancy. This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on 467 hospitalized women in the Maternity Ward of Centre Hospitalier de Kingasani II, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire that was pre-tested during a face-to-face interview. Apart from basic statistics, the chi-square test was used to compare proportions. Multivariate analysis (logistic regression) was used to identify variables significantly associated with the 95% confidence interval (CI). The ITN ownership rate was 81% (95% CI: 77-84) and the ITN use rate was 66% (95% CI: 62-70). Sixty-five percent (95% CI: 60-69) reported having received at least three doses of IPT during pregnancy with sulfadoxine-pyramethemine (IPTp-SP). There was a statistically significant difference in hemoglobin levels between hospitalized women who did not use the ITN (9.4 g/dL IIQ: 8.7-9.9) and those who did (11 g/dL IIQ: 9.8-12.2). The non-use of the ITN was associated with low birth weight (aOR = 3.6; 95% CI: 2.1-6.2; p < 0.001) and anemia in pregnant women (cOR = 2.41; 95% CI: 1.16-5.01; p = 0.018). The use of ITN and taking at least three doses of ITP during pregnancy are associated with good birth weight. The number of doses of IPTp received during antenatal care is associated with the maternal hemoglobin level in the third trimester of pregnancy.

Understanding Antenatal Care Service Quality for Malaria in Pregnancy through Supportive Supervision Data in Tanzania.

Malaria in pregnancy (MiP) is associated with maternal anemia, spontaneous abortion, and infant and maternal death. In Tanzania, MiP service data are collected through routine Malaria Services and Data Quality Improvement (MSDQI) supportive supervision rounds at antenatal care (ANC) facilities. Using structured assessment tools, the U.S. President's Malaria Initiative Impact Malaria Project reviewed two annual rounds of MSDQI data (492 facilities in 2021 and 522 facilities in 2022), including ANC records and client satisfaction interviews. We assessed coverage of key MiP care components, used logistic regression to analyze uptake of the recommended three or more doses of intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp3+), and assessed client satisfaction. Coverage of most MiP care components exceeded 80%; however, only 38% of women received all components. Odds of receiving IPTp3+ were much lower among late ANC initiators than among those who initiated ANC during their first trimester (odds ratio [OR], 0.46; 95% CI, 0.38-0.57). Uptake of IPTp3+ increased almost exponentially by number of ANC visits. Women with seven visits were 30 times more likely than those with three visits to receive IPTp3+ (OR, 30.71; 95% CI, 11.33-83.22). Just 54% of clients had anemia screening and only 46% received IPTp3+. Client satisfaction with services and provider communication was high (98% and 97%, respectively); only 8% of client visits exceeded 3 hours. Increased ANC visits could boost IPTp3+ coverage. Routine MSDQI supportive supervision data are useful to assess quality of care, identify service delivery gaps, and guide policies to improve quality of MiP services.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on malaria in pregnancy indicators in Northern Uganda: a joinpoint regression analysis

ABSTRACT Background Pregnancy is both a risk factor for P. falciparum infection and development of severe malaria. In low- and middle-income countries, the COVID-19 pandemic severely impacted health systems, including utilization of maternal services. This study aimed to assess trends in delivering malaria in pregnancy-related health-care services before and during COVID-19 in Northern Uganda. Methods An interrupted time-series study comparing pre-COVID-19 (January 2018 to April 2020) and COVID-19 (May to December 2021) periods, based on the date the first COVID case was detected. The study involved 30 health facilities in Northern Uganda with 22,650 estimated pregnancies per year, 14% of which took place in hospital. Monthly data were sourced from District routinely collected indicators. Trends were analyzed by joinpoint regression models. Results From the onset of the COVID pandemic in Uganda (May 2020), we found a significant reduction in the number of women accessing a fourth antenatal care visit (from APC + 183.5 to + 4.98; p < 0.001) and taking at least three doses of intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp, from APC + 84.28 to -63.12; p < 0.001). However, we found no significant change in the trend of the total number of pregnant women managed as outpatients or hospitalized for malaria, as well as in the number of women attending their first antenatal visit and in the number of institutional deliveries. Conclusions In our study, the COVID-19 pandemic significantly reduced access to ANC visits and IPTp uptake. However, the healthcare system maintained its capacity for managing malaria cases, first antenatal visits, and institutional deliveries. Trial registration: This study has been registered on the ClinicalTrials.gov public website on 26 April 2022. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05348746.

Malaria-Related Psychosocial Factors, Past Antenatal Care-Seeking Behaviors, and Future Antenatal Care-Seeking Intentions by Maternal Age in Malawi and Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Young women in sub-Saharan Africa are a group at increased risk for malaria in pregnancy. Early antenatal care (ANC) seeking makes it more likely that women will receive the recommended doses of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy. This study used data from national Malaria Behavior Surveys conducted in Malawi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) in 2021 to explore the association between intention to attend ANC in the first trimester for a future pregnancy (early ANC intention) and psychosocial factors among women aged 15-49 years. Eight psychosocial factors related to ANC and based on the ideation model were included, including knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy. The study used multivariable logistic regression models controlling for demographic characteristics to evaluate associations between early ANC intention and the individual ideational factors and the composite measure. Analysis included 2,148 women aged 15-49 years (Malawi: 827, DRC: 1,321). Antenatal care ideation was lower among young (aged 15-20 years) than among older (aged 21-49 years) women in Malawi. Young mothers with higher ANC ideation were more likely to intend to attend ANC early in their next pregnancy in both countries. Specific ideational factors associated with intention to attend ANC early varied by country and included positive attitudes, knowledge of ANC, and positive self-efficacy. In Malawi and the DRC, youth-friendly social and behavior change interventions to increase ANC-related ideation could increase future early ANC attendance among young women to improve malaria and birth outcomes.

Factors affecting the uptake of optimal doses of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy using sulfadoxine pyrimethamine in Ghana: new evidence from the 2019 malaria indicator survey

Factors affecting the uptake of optimal doses of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy using sulfadoxine pyrimethamine in Ghana: new evidence from the 2019 malaria indicator survey

Effects of Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPT) of Malaria on the Birth Weight of Babies at Delivery in Dschang, West Region of Cameroon

Malaria is an important public health concern among pregnant women, approximately 32 million of them are at risk annually. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), malaria represents annually more than 10.000 maternal deaths and 200.000 neonatal deaths too. Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPT) is used to reduce disease in pregnancy and their effects on the newborn. Today the WHO recommends that at least three doses of IPT should be taken by pregnant women during Antenatal Care Visit (ANC), this should be taken every month from the sixteenth week of pregnancy till parturition.

Antenatal interventions to reduce risk of low birth weight related to maternal infections during pregnancy

BackgroundMaternal infections during pregnancy have been linked to increased risk of adverse birth outcomes, including low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth (PTB), small for gestational age (SGA), and stillbirth (SB). ObjectivesThe purpose of this article was to summarize evidence from published literature on the effect of key interventions targeting maternal infections on adverse birth outcomes. MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and CINAHL Complete between March 2020 and May 2020 with an update to cover until August 2022. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and reviews of RCTs of 15 antenatal interventions for pregnant women reporting LBW, PTB, SGA, or SB as outcomes. ResultsOf the 15 reviewed interventions, the administration of 3 or more doses of intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy with sulphadoxine–pyrimethamine [IPTp-SP; RR: 0.80 (95% CI: 0.69, 0.94)] can reduce risk of LBW compared with 2 doses. The provision of insecticide-treated bed nets, periodontal treatment, and screening and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria may reduce risk of LBW. Maternal viral influenza vaccination, treatment of bacterial vaginosis, intermittent preventive treatment with dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine compared with IPTp-SP, and intermittent screening and treatment of malaria during pregnancy compared with IPTp were deemed unlikely to reduce the prevalence of adverse birth outcomes. ConclusionsAt present, there is limited evidence from RCTs available for some potentially relevant interventions targeting maternal infections, which could be prioritized for future research.

Interventions for malaria prevention in pregnancy; factors influencing uptake and their effect on pregnancy outcomes among post-natal women in a tertiary facility in the Volta Region of Ghana.

Malaria in pregnancy is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes including maternal anaemia and low birthweight. Uptake of preventive interventions is sub-optimal in sub-Saharan Africa including Ghana. Understanding local-level factors that influence uptake of these interventions can enhance control. The study assessed uptake of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria during pregnancy using sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) and insecticide-treated net (ITN) use, their determinants and effects on pregnancy outcomes. A cross-sectional study involving 349 post-partum women was conducted from 25 August 2022 to 9 October 2022 at the Ho Teaching Hospital. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on participant socio-demographics, ITN use, number of doses of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine received, knowledge of malaria in pregnancy, haemoglobin levels and birth weight among others. Summary statistics were reported as frequencies, percentages and means. Associations between exposure and outcome variables were assessed using logistic regression methods and odds ratios reported with 95% confidence intervals. Statistical significance was concluded at p < 0.05. More than 80% (291) of respondents received ⩾3 doses of intermittent preventive treatment using sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine and 64.8% (226) slept under ITNs the night before the survey. Age >25 years, employment, good knowledge of malaria in pregnancy, parity ⩾2 and initiating antenatal care visits in the first trimester facilitated the uptake of these interventions. Receiving ⩾3 doses of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine was associated with having normal-weight babies (adjusted odds ratio 2.80, 95% CI: 1.07, 7.34; p = 0.036) while ITN use was associated with having term babies (adjusted odds ratio 2.72, 95% CI: 1.24, 5.90; p = 0.013) and normal maternal haemoglobin concentration at term (adjusted odds ratio 1.57, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.47; p = 0.044). The interventions were beneficial against low birthweight and preterm births which predispose to neonatal deaths and poor cognitive function in children. Malaria in pregnancy health campaigns should be intensified, especially among younger-aged primigravidae, to increase their knowledge of the condition as a way to further improve uptake of these preventive interventions.

Malaria in pregnancy control and pregnancy outcomes: a decade’s overview using Ghana’s DHIMS II data

BackgroundMalaria in pregnancy control interventions have been implemented through antenatal care services for more than 2 decades in Ghana. The uptake of these interventions has seen steady improvement over the years. This has occurred within the context of decreasing global trends of malaria infection confirmed by decreasing malaria in pregnancy prevalence in Ghana. However, not much is known about how these improvements in interventions uptake and reduction in malaria infection prevalence have impacted pregnancy outcomes in the country. This study aimed at describing trends of maternal anaemia and low birth weight prevalence and uptake of malaria in pregnancy control interventions over the last decade using data from Ghana’s District Health Information Management System (DHIMS II).MethodsData from Ghana’s DHIMS II on variables of interest covering the period 2012 to 2021 was analysed descriptively using Microsoft Excel 365. Results were computed as averages and percentages and presented in tables and graphs.ResultsThe prevalence of maternal anaemia at booking and at term and low birth weight increased marginally from 31.0%, 25.5% and 8.5% in 2012 to 36.6%, 31.9% and 9.5% in 2021 respectively. Severe anaemia prevalence at booking and at term remained under 2% over the study period. Women making at least 4 ANC visits, receiving at least 3 doses of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria and an insecticide-treated net increased from 77.0%, 41.4% and 4.1% in 2012 to 82%, 55.0% and 93.3% in 2021, respectively. Malaria test positivity rate reduced from 54.0% to 34.3% between 2014 and 2021 while women receiving iron and folate supplementation for 3 and 6 months rose from 43.0% and 25.5% to 89.7% and 61.8%, respectively between 2017 and 2021.ConclusionMaternal anaemia and low birth weight prevalence showed marginal upward trends over the last decade despite reduced malaria infection rate and improved uptake of malaria in pregnancy control interventions. There is room for improvement in current intervention implementation levels but the complex and multi-factorial aetiologies of maternal anaemia and low birth weight need urgent investigation and quantification to inform policy and practice.

1345Uptake of Intermittent Preventive Treatment for malaria during pregnancy with Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine in Malawi

Abstract Background This study aimed to estimate the proportion of and identify factors associated with uptake of ≥ 3 doses of Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria during pregnancy with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) among pregnant women in Malawi after adoption of the 2012 updated WHO IPTp-SP policy. Methods The 2015–16 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey dataset was re-analysed. Only 1069 women were included in the analysis from 1219 women who had live births, born after July 2015. Logistic regression was used in data analysis considering complex survey sample design. Results Of the 1069 women, 447 (42%) received ≥3 doses (optimal) of IPTp-SP, while 47% managed to attend ≥4 antenatal care (ANC) clinics. Only 52% received optimal SP doses among those who made ≥4 ANC visits. The number of ANC visits was associated with the optimal uptake of SP. Women who attended ANC three times only and those who visited ANC at most twice were less likely to receive optimal doses than those who managed to attend ANC ≥4 times during pregnancy (AOR = 0.71, 95% CI 0.49–1.02) and (AOR = 0.12, 95% CI 0.06–0.21) respectively. Conclusions There is low uptake of optimal SP doses in Malawi. This seems to be associated with the number of ANC visits. However, there is limited effectiveness of increased number of ANC visits on the uptake of optimal SP doses. Key messages Increased number of ANC visits is not enough to increase uptake of optimal doses of IPTp-SP. There is need for continued and varied efforts.

The impact of malaria during pregnancy on low birth weight in East-Africa: a topical review

BackgroundGlobally, approximately 15% of all babies are born with low birth weight (< 2.5 kg) and ≥ 90% of them are born in low- and middle-income countries. Malaria infection in pregnancy remains a public health concern as it can affect both the mother and the newborn. Notably, it increases the risk of newborns with low birth weight. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends intermittent preventive treatment with ≥ 3 doses of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) during pregnancy in areas with moderate to high malaria transmission in Africa. The aim of this topical review is to give an overview of the impact of malaria infection during pregnancy on low birth weight, with focus on East Africa where malaria is endemic.MethodsEleven studies were selected according to a predefined set of criteria.ResultsThree studies showed a significant reduction in the prevalence of low birth weight with intermittent preventive treatment with SP, whereas four studies found no significant impact of such treatment on low birth weight. The number of SP doses and compliance to this treatment may in part explain these discrepancies. Pregnant women with frequent symptomatic malaria infection had significantly higher risk of placental malaria.ConclusionThe WHO recommendation of ≥ 3 doses of intermittent preventive treatment with SP during pregnancy seem effective in preventing low birth weight, but treatment compliance is a challenge. Malaria prophylaxis is important during pregnancy, especially in endemic areas of malaria, such as East Africa.

Determinants of intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine\u2013pyrimethamine in pregnant women (IPTp-SP) in Mali, a household survey

BackgroundIn malaria endemic regions, intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) is recommended for all pregnant women during prenatal consultation, from the fourth month of pregnancy up to the time of delivery. The Government of Mali is aiming for universal coverage of IPTp-SP. However, coverage is still low, estimated to be 18% for completion of three doses (IPTp-SP3). The objective of this study was to identify the factors that influence IPTp-SP adherence in the Health District of Sélingué, Mali.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional survey with 30 clusters, proportional to village size, with two stages of sampling. Data were collected electronically with Magpi software during face-to-face interviews/surveys. The data were analysed with SPSS version 20. A descriptive analysis and bivariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed. An equity analysis examined the effect of distance from health care facility on completion of three or more antenatal visits (ANC3 +) and three or more doses of intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp-SP3 +).ResultsOf the 1,021 women surveyed, 87.8% (n = 896) attended at least one ANC visit. Of these, 86.3% (n = 773) received at least one dose of IPTp-SP. Compliance with three or more doses of IPTp-SP was 63.7%. The determinants statistically related to ANC3 + were the early initiation of ANC (OR = 3.22 [1.22, 10.78]), and the presence of a community health centre (CHC) in the village (OR = 9.69 [1.09, 86.21]). The ability to read (OR = 1.60 [1.01, 2.55]), the early initiation of ANC (OR = 1.46 [1.06, 2.00], knowledge of the utility of the drug (OR = 2.38 [1.24, 4.57]), and knowledge of the recommended dose of the drug (OR = 6.11 [3.98, 9.39]) were related to completion of three or more treatments (IPTp-SP3 +).ConclusionThe early initiation of ANC was a positive determinant of the completeness of both ANC3 + and IPTp-SP3 + . This study shows that a successful implementation of the IPTp strategy can be achieved by improving access to prenatal care at community health facilities, and strengthening patient-provider communication to ensure adequate knowledge on dosing of IPTp-SP and the benefits to mother and child.

Determinants of uptake of first dose of intermittent preventive treatment among pregnant women in a secondary health Centre in Maiduguri, Nigeria

BackgroundStudies on uptake of first dose of intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) are lacking, despite it being a predictor of subsequent doses. This study aimed at assessing the determinants of uptake of first dose of IPTp among pregnant women at the State Specialist Hospital, Maiduguri.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted, in which respondents were selected using a systematic random sampling method, and structured questionnaires were used to obtain information from them. Chi-squared test was used to determine factors associated with uptake of first IPTp dose, while a further multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine its predictors.ResultsThree hundred and eighty respondents answered the survey, whose ages ranged from 15 to 45 years, and 86.8% were multigravid. Sixty five percent of them were aware of IPTp, and 34.7% believed that IPTp could be harmful to their pregnancies. Over a half of the respondents (52.9%) believed that taking all their IPTp medicines was very good for their pregnancies, while 45.0% felt that taking their IPTp medicines was very pleasant. Only two respondents (0.5%) stated that it was very untrue that their significant others thought that they should take all their IPTp medicines. Half of the respondents said it was very easy for them to take all their IPTp medicines even if they were experiencing mild discomforts while taking them. Less than a half (42.37%) had received their first dose of IPTp. In bivariate as well as multivariate analysis, only higher level of knowledge was significantly associated with uptake of first IPTp dose. Those with better knowledge of IPTp were about twice more likely to have taken their first dose of IPTp, compared to those with lower knowledge of IPTp (AOR = 1.85; 95% CI: 1.17–2.92).ConclusionsKnowledge of IPTp as well as its uptake, were sub-optimal in this study. Since knowledge of IPTp significantly predicts uptake of the first dose of IPTp, there is the need to implement health education campaigns to raise the awareness of pregnant women and their families on the need to receive and comply with it.

Intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in pregnancy: Is directly observed therapy still necessary? A prospective cohort study in a tertiary hospital, Southern Nigeria

Objective: Malaria is a major cause of indirect maternal death. In the last two decades several efforts have been made to combat the menace of this disease especially among pregnant women and children in developing countries. Directly observed therapy (DOT) was recommended to enhance the uptake of intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) of malaria with sulfadoxine – pyrimethamine among pregnant women. Due to challenges involved in the practice of DOT especially with regards to shortage of man power and clean water in rural areas, there is need to evaluate impact of DOT on the effectiveness of treatment. Material and Methods: A cohort study was carried out among 320 healthy pregnant women receiving ante natal care with equal assignment of subjects. The study group (160) received two doses of IPT by DOT while 160 matched controls were given prescription for self- drug administration at home. Malaria tests were done using microscopy method and the hemoglobin values determined using centrifuge one month after the second dose of IPT. Umbilical cord blood samples were obtained for a repeat microscopy at delivery. Results: The results showed that there were no statistical significant differences in the venous blood parasitemia, placental parasitemia and anaemia between the DOT group and the control group (P = 0.215; P = 0.100; P = 0.966) respectively. Lower social class was the main predictor of anaemia in pregnancy (P = 0.032). Conclusion: The delivery of IPT through DOT may not influence uptake in some settings. Effort may need to be channeled into ante natal education and women empowerment.

Malaria knowledge and experiences with community health workers among recently pregnant women in Malawi

BackgroundThe World Health Organization recommends three or more doses of intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) to mitigate the negative effects of malaria in pregnancy (MIP). Many pregnant women in Malawi are not receiving the recommended number of doses. Community delivery of IPTp (cIPTp) is being piloted as a new approach to increase coverage. This survey assessed recently pregnant women’s knowledge of MIP and their experiences with community health workers (CHWs) prior to implementing cIPTp.MethodsData were collected via a household survey in Ntcheu and Nkhata Bay Districts, Malawi, from women aged 16–49 years who had a pregnancy resulting in a live birth in the previous 12 months. Survey questions were primarily open response and utilized review of the woman’s health passport whenever possible. Analyses accounted for selection weighting and clustering at the health facility level and explored heterogeneity between districts.ResultsA total of 370 women were interviewed. Women in both districts found their community health workers (CHWs) to be helpful (77.9%), but only 35.7% spoke with a CHW about antenatal care and 25.8% received assistance for malaria during their most recent pregnancy. A greater proportion of women in Nkhata Bay than Ntcheu reported receiving assistance with malaria from a CHW (42.7% vs 21.9%, p = 0.01); women in Nkhata Bay were more likely to cite IPTp-SP as a way to prevent MIP (41.0% vs 24.8%, p = 0.02) and were more likely to cite mosquito bites as the only way to spread malaria (70.6% vs 62.0% p = 0.03). Women in Nkhata Bay were more likely to receive 3 + doses of IPTp-SP (IPTp3) (59.2% vs 41.8%, p = 0.0002). Adequate knowledge was associated with increased odds of receiving IPTp3, although not statistically significantly so (adjusted odds ratio = 1.50, 95% confidence interval 0.97–2.32, p-value 0.066).ConclusionsWomen reported positive experiences with CHWs, but there was not a focus on MIP. Women in Nkhata Bay were more likely to be assisted by a CHW, had better knowledge, and were more likely to receive IPTp3+ . Increasing CHW focus on the dangers of MIP and implementing cIPTp has the potential to increase IPTp coverage.

Correlates of uptake of optimal doses of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for prevention of malaria during pregnancy in East-Central Uganda

BackgroundIn 2012, the World Health Organization recommended that pregnant women in malaria-endemic countries complete at least three (optimal) doses of intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp) using sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) to prevent malaria and related adverse events during pregnancy. Uganda adopted this recommendation, but uptake remains low in East-Central and information to explain this low uptake remains scanty. This analysis determined correlates of uptake of optimal doses of IPTp-SP in East-Central Uganda.MethodsThis was a secondary analysis of the 2016 Uganda Demographic Health Survey data on 579 women (15–49 years) who attended at least one antenatal care (ANC) visit and had a live birth within 2 years preceding the survey. Uptake of IPTp-SP was defined as optimal if a woman received at least three doses; partial if they received 1–2 doses or none if they received no dose. Multivariate analysis using multinomial logistic regression was used to determine correlates of IPTp-SP uptake.ResultsOverall, 22.3% of women received optimal doses of IPTp-SP, 48.2% partial and 29.5% none. Attending ANC at a lower-level health centre relative to a hospital was associated with reduced likelihood of receiving optimal doses of IPTp-SP. Belonging to other religious faiths relative to Catholic, belonging to a household in the middle relative to poorest wealth index, and age 30 and above years relative to 25–29 years were associated with higher likelihood of receiving optimal doses of IPTp-SP.ConclusionsIn East-Central Uganda, uptake of optimal doses of IPTp-SP is very low. Improving institutional delivery and household wealth, involving religious leaders in programmes to improve uptake of IPTp-SP, and strengthening IPTp-SP activities at lower level health centers may improve uptake of IPTp-SP in the East-Central Uganda.

Effect of group versus individual antenatal care on uptake of intermittent prophylactic treatment of malaria in pregnancy and related malaria outcomes in Nigeria and Kenya: analysis of data from a pragmatic cluster randomized trial

BackgroundEvery year, malaria in pregnancy contributes to approximately 20% of stillbirths in sub-Saharan Africa and 10,000 maternal deaths globally. Most eligible pregnant women do not receive the minimum three recommended doses of intermittent preventive treatment with Sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP). The objective of this analysis was to determine whether women randomized to group antenatal care (G-ANC) versus standard antenatal care (ANC) differed in IPTp uptake and insecticide-treated nets (ITN) use.MethodsProspective data were analysed from the G-ANC study, a pragmatic, cluster randomized, controlled trial that investigated the impact of G-ANC on various maternal newborn health-related outcomes. Data on IPTp were collected via record abstraction and difference between study arms in mean number of doses was calculated by t test for each country. Data on ITN use were collected via postpartum interview, and difference between arms calculated using two-sample test for proportions.ResultsData from 1075 women and 419 women from Nigeria and Kenya, respectively, were analysed: 535 (49.8%) received G-ANC and 540 (50.2%) received individual ANC in Nigeria; 211 (50.4%) received G-ANC and 208 (49.6%) received individual ANC in Kenya. Mean number of IPTp doses received was higher for intervention versus control arm in Nigeria (3.45 versus 2.14, p < 0.001) and Kenya (3.81 versus 2.72, p < 0.001). Reported use of ITN the previous night was similarly high in both arms for mothers in Nigeria and Kenya (over 92%). Reported ITN use for infants was higher in the intervention versus control arm in Nigeria (82.7% versus 75.8%, p = 0.020).ConclusionsG-ANC may support better IPTp-SP uptake, possibly related to better ANC retention. However, further research is needed to understand impact on ITN use.Trial registration Pan African Clinical Trials Registry, May 2, 2017 (PACTR201706002254227).

Factors associated with the uptake of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy in the Bamenda health districts, Cameroon

IntroductionThe World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that in malaria endemic areas with moderate to high transmission rates, pregnant women presenting for antenatal clinic (ANC) should receive at least three doses of intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) for malaria between the 16th and 36th weeks of pregnancy at intervals of 4 weeks between doses. Several challenges remain in effective implementation of IPTp policy making the targeted coverage (80%) of the third doses of IPTp far from being achieved. The main objective of this study was to assess factors associated with the uptake of IPTp among pregnant women attending ANCs in the Bamenda Health District.MethodsTo reach our objectives, we carried out a cross-sectional study following informed consent with thirty-nine (39) healthcare workers (HCW) and four hundred (400) pregnant women who were either in the third trimester of pregnancy or had recently given birth in any of thirty-six (36) health facilities (HF) within the Bamenda Health District (BHD) from May to August 2014. All sites within the BHD were included. The participants were selected by simple random sampling. The principal research instrument was a structured and pre-tested questionnaire that was designed to capture socio-demographic data and data related to stage of pregnancy and knowledge about IPTp. Data was entered using Ms Excel and analysed using SPSS v20.0. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) was used to report findings. We used Chi-Square test to compare the categorical variables (Fischer’s exact test was used in cases were conditions for Chi-Square test were not met).ResultsUptake for at least one dose of IPTp was 95.3% (381/400) and 54.9% (209/400) had received all three doses, 15.5% (59/400) received only one dose and 4.8% (19/400) did not receive any of the doses of IPTp. Knowledge about IPTp was associated with an increase uptake of IPTp (P<0.001). All health care providers were knowledgeable about the importance and use of IPTp. However, 35.9% reported not receiving any training on IPTp. Among the health providers, 28.2% did not know when to start IPTp and 43.59% did not know when to stop IPTp. Out of all the health care providers, 30.77% complained of medication (sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine) stock out and 84.62% practiced the policy of direct observed therapy.ConclusionThe uptake of the third dose of IPTp is poor in the Bamenda Health District and this may be attributed to medication stock out and inadequacy of routine trainings for the health providers. The good practice observed was that of direct observed therapy by HCWs. Patient knowledge about IPTp in our study was associated with better uptake of IPTp. Encouraging education of pregnant women on the importance of IPTp, providing routine training to HCWs and promoting direct observation of therapy may improve on IPTp uptake during pregnancy.

Factors affecting uptake of\u2009\u2265\u20093 doses of Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine for malaria prevention in pregnancy in selected health facilities, Arusha region, Tanzania

BackgroundTanzania adopted the revised World Health Organization policy in 2013 recommending a minimum of ≥3 doses of Intermittent Preventive Treatment during pregnancy with Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) to protect against malaria. A study in Tanzania in 2014 reported low (9%) uptake. We investigated health workers knowledge about IPTp-SP and factors that influenced uptake of > 3 doses of IPTp-SP among pregnant women.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study in 2017 among post-delivery women and health care workers from nine randomly-selected public health facilities in three Districts of Arusha Region. Probability proportional to size methodology was used to determine number of participants per facility. We used a structured questionnaire to collect socio-demographic and obstetric data, information on doses of SP received, and knowledge of SP for IPTp. Health care workers were interviewed about their knowledge for IPTp- SP and challenges encountered in its uptake and use.ResultsWe interviewed 556 persons (median age 26 years, range 16–42 years) with the response rate of 99.3%. Of these, 484 (87.1%) had > 3 Antenatal Care (ANC) visits. A total of 402 (72.3%) were multigravida with 362 (65.1%) having given birth at least once. Of the 556 participants, 219 (39.4%) made their first ANC booking at < 17 weeks of pregnancy and 269 (48.4%) had received > 3 doses of SP-IPTp. Factors associated with uptake of > 3 doses of IPTp-SP included having secondary or higher education [Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) =1.6, 95%CI 1.1–2.4], attending ≥4 ANC visits [AOR = 3.1, 95%CI 2.1–4.6], having first antenatal booking at < 17 weeks [AOR = 1.8, 95%CI 1.4–2.3], and adequate knowledge on IPTp-SP [AOR = 2.7, 95%CI 1.9–3.9]. Among 36 health care workers interviewed, 29(80.6%) had adequate knowledge about IPTp-SP. SP was available in seven (87.5%) of the visited health facilities and was administered under Direct Observed Therapy (DOT) in six (75%) facilities. Health care workers reported that stock outs of SP was a challenge.ConclusionsFewer than half of the women interviewed reported uptake of > 3 doses of IPTp-SP. That is below the Tanzania national target of 80%. Making > 4 ANC visits, having secondary or higher education, making an early first ANC visit and having adequate knowledge on IPTp-SP promoted uptake of > 3 doses. Further qualitative studies are needed to explore factors that might contribute to low uptake of SP.

Factors associated with uptake of optimal doses of intermittent preventive treatment for malaria among pregnant women in Uganda: analysis of data from the Uganda Demographic and Health Survey, 2016

BackgroundThe Uganda National Malaria Control Programme recognizes the importance of minimizing the effect of malaria among pregnant women. Accordingly, strategies including intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy using sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) have been scaled up. Uptake of IPTp-SP among pregnant women in Uganda, aged 15–49 years who had had a live birth 2 years preceding the 2016 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS) was determined and factors associated with the uptake of optimal IPTp-SP doses were identified.MethodsThis was a secondary analysis of the UDHS 2016 dataset. The outcome variable was uptake of IPTp-SP doses among women 15–49 years old who had had a live birth 2 years preceding the survey. Independent variables were residence type, age, marital status, education, wealth status, region of residence, parity, number of antenatal care (ANC) attendance, timing to first ANC visit, and exposure to messages through radio. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with the uptake of optimal IPTp-SP doses.ResultsUptake of three or more doses of IPTp-SP was 18%. The likelihood of taking optimal doses of IPTp-SP was increased among those who had attained a secondary-level education (aOR: 1.5, 95% CI 1.04–2.15), those who attended ANC ≥ 4 times (aOR: 1.34, 95% CI 1.12–1.60), and those exposed to radio messages (aOR: 1.23, 95% CI 1.02–1.48). Among those in the age category > 34 years (aOR: 0.70, 95% CI 0.53–0.92), and those who attended first ANC in the third trimester of pregnancy (aOR: 0.58, 95% CI 0.38–0.87) the odds of uptake were decreased.ConclusionsEducation status, exposure to radio messages about health and frequency of ANC attendance were associated with increased uptake while timing of first ANC attendance and being > 34 years were associated with decreased uptake. The findings suggest a need to strengthen behaviour change communication among women of child-bearing age in order to improve uptake of IPTp-SP during pregnancy.