Dose Of Active Substance Research Articles

The productivity and spring barley grain quality depending on mineral fertilizer systems

The research purpose is to study the effect of systematic application of various doses of mineral fertilizers on productivity, grain quality, value of spring barley productivity elements, determine an optimal doses of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the arid conditions of the Middle Volga region. Improving nutrition with the use of fertilizers contributed to an increase in productivity values. The average yield was 0.18–0.76 t/ha. The use of maximum doses of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium did not increase productivity in arid conditions. Nitrogen plays a leading role in increasing barley productivity. The agronomic effectiveness of fertilizers depended on the doses of active substances. An increase was 2.1–5.8 kg of barley grain per 1 kg of active substances. The most stable increase was observed when applying N60Р0-60К0-30. Rational doses are as follows: nitrogen 60–90 kg a.e./ha when applying P60K30, phosphorus 30–60 kg a.e./ha when applying N60K30, potassium 30 kg a.e./ha when applying N60Р60. The best option is N60Р0-60К0-30.

Influence of fungicides on toxigenic properties of phytopathogenic fungi

Fusarium infection promotes losses of yield and death of plants. Fusarium infections are dangerous because grains contain fusariotoxins that cause intoxication in humans and animals, as well as necrosis of plant tissues and changes in plant growth. Fungicides inhibit the growth of mycelium, but strobilurins are known to promote the production of mycotoxins by fungi, and triazoles, on the contrary, reduce the production of deoxynivalenol. The toxigenic effect of fungicides was assessed by biotest method. Wheat grains were germinated with the addition of disinfected culture fluid. The culture fluid after the cultivation of Fusarium oxysporum with addition of azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin in small doses was toxic for grains. The death of a significant part of the grains was noted in it. The fungistatic effect of small doses was not expressed. Therefore, the adaptation of the fungus was realized as a change in metabolism. High doses of azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin in culture fluid increased seed germination. Those doses had a fungistatic effect. The addition of carbendazim increased the fungistatic effect and decreased the toxicity of the strain. Development of combined fungicides with sufficient doses of active substances reduces the risk of inhibition of the growth of the protected crops.

Evaluation of interleukin-6 concentration in the liver of Albino Swiss mice after intoxication with various doses of patulin

Abstract Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by many species of the fungi. The toxic action of patulin mainly affects the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. The aim of our work was to assess the toxic effect of patulin, based on the analysis of interleukin IL-6 concentrations in the liver of test animals loaded with different doses of this mycotoxin. The research was conducted on mice which were assigned to 6 groups receiving different doses of active substances. After decapitation, their livers were taken for laboratory testing. Our studies have shown that chronic intoxication with patulin at 0.1 LD50 leads to a statistically significant increase in IL-6 concentration in the liver of the animals. We also found that the loading of experimental animals with a single dose of patulin in the amount of 0.5 LD50 and 0.2 LD50 also leads to a statistically significant increase in this interleukin in the examined organ. There was no difference in its concentration compared to the control group only after the single dose of the lowest concentration of patulin, while the highest average IL-6 concentration was recorded in the liver of animals loaded with the highest single dose of patulin. After applying, one-time doses of this mycotoxin in the amount of 0.2 LD50 and 0.1 LD50, the mean concentrations of IL-6 in the liver in animals from these groups were statistically significantly lower. In conclusion, the analysis of the obtained results confirms the fact of the hepatotoxic effect of patulin.

Respimat® (a New Soft Mist Inhaler) Delivering Fenoterol plus Ipratropium Bromide Provides Equivalent Bronchodilation at Half the Cumulative Dose Compared with a Conventional Metered Dose Inhaler in Asthmatic Patients

Background: Respimat^®, a possible alternative to the conventional metered dose inhaler (MDI), is a novel, reusable, propellant-free, multidose soft mist inhaler. Respimat slowly releases a metered dose of active substance as a soft mist with a high proportion of the dose in the fine particle fraction, leading to improved lung deposition following inhalation when compared with the conventional MDI. Objectives and Methods: The equipotent bronchodilating efficacy and safety of a combination of fenoterol hydrobromide and ipratropium bromide (F/I) in cumulative doses delivered by either Respimat or pressurised MDI was assessed in a randomised, controlled, double-blind (within device) 4-way crossover study. Forty-three patients with stable asthma (mean FEV₁ 62% predicted) responsive to F/I inhaled cumulatively 16 puffs on each of 4 test days (1 + 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 puffs at 50-min intervals) via Respimat delivering 50/20, 25/20 or 25/10 µg F/I per puff or via MDI delivering 50/20 µg F/I per puff. Results: Cumulative doses of 400/160 and 400/320 µg F/I via Respimat produced bronchodilation (evaluated by average increase in FEV₁ 45–245 min after first inhalation) equivalent to that achieved with a cumulative 800/320 µg F/I via MDI (mean increase in FEV₁ above baseline 0.76, 0.73 and 0.71 litres, respectively). The tolerability of the F/I combination via Respimat was also comparable to that of twice the dose delivered via MDI. Conclusion: Therefore, a fenoterol hydrobromide/ipratropium bromide combination delivered by Respimat is as safe and effective as the MDI at half the cumulative dose, on acute administration to patients with asthma.