Doses Of Phosphorus Fertilizers Research Articles

Effect of eggshell powder and phosphorus on growth and yield of MD7 groundnut variety in spring season in Phu Xuyen, Ha Noi

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of eggshell powder and phosphorus on growth and yield of MD7 groundnut variety in the spring season in Phu Xuyen, Ha Noi. The two factor experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. The main plot consisted of three rates of eggshell powder (0, 300, 500 kg/ha). The sub-plot included three rates of phosphorus (30, 60, 90 kg/ha). The results showed that the growth and yield of plants fertilized with eggshell powder were higher than those with unfertilized eggshell powder. In addition, the growth traits and yield of MD7 groundnut variety increased with increasing phosphorus fertilizer doses from 30 kg P2O5/ha to 90 kg P 2O5/ha under the same fertilized or unfertilized eggshell powder conditions. Briefly, the results indicated that the rate of 500 kg eggshell powder/ha combined with 90 kg P2O5/ha was suitable for MD7 groundnut variety to grow, develop and produce the highest yield in the spring season in Phu Xuyen, Ha Noi.

Optimization of phosphorus fertilizer doses on growth and yield of mung bean (Vigna radiata) in northeast agro-ecology of Afghanistan

An Experiment was conducted at the Research Farm of Kunduz University during cropping season of 2023 to investigate optimization of phosphorus fertilizer doses on growth and yield of mung bean in northeast agro-ecology of Afghanistan, the experiment laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications, the experiment consist of 4 treatments: 0 kg p2o5/ha, 20 kg p2o5/ha, 40 kg p2o5/ha and 60 kg p2o5/ha, result shown the highest plant height (63.50 cm), Branches/plant (12.40), Leave area Index (2.10), minimum days to maturity (76.50), pod length (6.73 cm), Seeds/pod (9.27), pods/plant (18.33), 1000 seed weight (39.32 gr), grain yield (1.35 t/ha), straw yield (2.17 t/ha) and Biological yield (3.52 t/ha) were in phosphorus application of 60 kg p2o5/ha, these finding suggest the potential for optimizing phosphorus fertilizer application to enhance mung bean productivity and profitability in similar agro-ecological zones.

Effects of different doses of micro-organic and phosphorus fertilizers on growth and yield of red turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)

The objective of the study was to determine the appropriate doses of micro-organic and phosphorus fertilizers for good growth, high rhizomes yield and enhancing the economic efficiency of red turmeric cultivated in gray soil in Thu Duc city. The two factor experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. The main plots consisted of four doses of phosphorus fertilizer as 30, 60 (control), 90, & 120 kg P2O5/ha. The sub-plots included three doses of micro-organic fertilizer (2, 4, & 6 tons/ha) and a control with cow dung of 10 tons/ha. A common dose of 500 kg lime, 90 kg N, 120 kg K2O/ha was applied in all treatments The results showed that red turmeric was applied at the dose of 120 kg P2O5 combined with 6 tons of micro-organic fertilizer/ha exhibited the highest growth, yield and economic outcomes including a plant height of 41.2 cm, stem diameter of 16.2 mm, leaf length of 24.4 cm, leaf width of 8.5 cm, leaf count of 7.0, soil plant analysis development index of 35.6, the profit of VND 386.32 million/ha, and the benefit cost ratio of 2.4.

Nutrient uptake strategy selection by first-order roots of Juglans mandshurica under shading and phosphorus limitation

We investigated root growth of 1-year-old Juglans mandshurica seedlings under different light environments and varying doses of phosphorus fertilizer, to understand the relationship between root resource acquisition strategies and the variations of light and phosphorus availability. There were four shading intensities (full light, 65% full light, 35% full light, and 20% full light) along with three doses of phosphate fertilizer (0 (CK), 200% soil background available phosphorus, and 500% soil background available phosphorus). We measured in root morphology characteristics, architectural characteristics, and mycorrhizal colonization rates of first-order roots. The results showed that average diameter, average root length, and mycorrhizal colonization rates of first-order roots gradually decreased, and the specific root length, specific surface area, branching ratio and branching intensity showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increases of shading degree. As the phosphorus content decreased, the first-order root diameter gradually became thinner, and the mycorrhizal infection rate gradually increased. Root morphology and architecture of J. mandshurica would undergo adaptive changes under shade, adapting to the shading environment by expanding specific root length, specific surface area, branching ratio and branching intensity. Under phosphorus limitation, root system of J. mandshurica would increase phosphorus absorption through symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi. When J. mandshurica was artificially regenerate in forest land with a light transmittance of 35%, root morphology and architecture would adapt to the shading environment. The symbiosis between J. mandshurica and mycorrhizal fungi would be enhanced under phosphorus limitation, which could improve phosphorus absorption of roots.

Effect of Active Si on Phosphate State in Sod-Podzolic Soils

Samples of the upper horizon of sod-podzolic virgin and arable soil were incubated with lime or superphosphate, then amorphous silicon dioxide was introduced in doses from 50 to 5000 kg/ha and incubated again for 2 weeks. The content of water-soluble and acid-soluble forms of silicon in soils was determined and the fractional composition of phosphorus compounds was analyzed. It is shown that an increase in the concentration of monosilicon acid in the soil solution of sod-podzolic soil initiated the processes of transformation of phosphorus compounds, leading to a decrease in the proportion of insoluble forms of phosphorus and an increase in the phosphorus content available to plants. The introduction of lime or phosphorus fertilizer contributed to the strengthening of these transformational processes, which is important for the development of recommendations for the practical application of silicon fertilizers and the reduction of doses of phosphorus fertilizers.

Effect of Increasing Phosphorus Doses Application on Some Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties of Soil, Under Long-Term Experiment Conditions.

Phosphorus (P) fertilizers are produced from rock phosphate (apatite); however, they are low-mobility in soil for plant nutrient absorption and uptake. In addition, the rock phosphate quantity is a limited source for future P fertilizer. At the same time, high phosphorus fertilization will cause environmental pollution (such as eutrophication in rivers). Also, a great proportion of applied P fertilizer remains in the soil, reducing the viable soil organisms. Therefore, the effect of different doses of P on some properties of soil (physical, chemical, and biological) is not entirely understood in the literature under long-term experiment conditions. Also, phosphorus fertilizer applications indirectly decrease the plant growth and yield. Under long-term experimental conditions, this research aims to understand the effect of increasing P doses on some physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. The hypothesis to be tested is that under long-term field experiment conditions, increasing doses of phosphorus fertilizer negatively affect the soil properties. The field experiment was established in 1998 and has continued uninterruptedly to the present time under maize and wheat rotations. Four doses of P fertilizers were applied; such as 0, 50, 100 and 200 kg P2O5 ha-1 application with three replications. P2105 Maize (Zea mays L.) species seeds were sown in June 2022 and harvested in November 2022. At harvest, the soil samples were taken at 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm depth in each plot. Soil pH, EC and available P were analyzed as soil chemical properties. The number of mycorrhizal spores and Soil Organic Matter (by walkley-black method) were determined as soil biological properties. Furthermore, soil bulk density (BD), water stable aggregated (WSA) and mean weight diameter (MWD) were analyzed as soil physical properties. Phosphorus application in increasing doses negatively affects the soil physical properties (such as WSA, MWD and BD) under long-term field experiment condition. The research finding showed that depending on increasing P doses application soil WSA and MWD were decreased but BD was increased. While depending on increasing P doses application soil organic carbon is increased, however, the numerical value of mycorrhizal spores and root colonization was decreased. The results are revealed that for sustainable and eco-friendly crop production, 50 and 100 kg P2O5 ha-1 P fertilizer can be used in maize production.

Effects of Different Soil Tillage Methods, Phosphorus Fertilizer Doses and Bacteria Inoculation on Yield and Yield Components in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

This study was conducted to determine the effect of different soil tillage methods, phosphorus levels and bacteries on the yield and yield components in chickpea under Muğla/Turkey conditions in 2017 and 2018. Chickpea variety Inci was used as materials in this study. The study was conducted at split-split plot design with the three replication. Soil tillage methods was in main plots, phosphorus doses in subplots and bacteria application in sub-sub plots. According to finding of this study, reduced tillage system for chickpea production was the most efficient tool for obtaining the high yield performance. It is seen that phosphorus fertilizer applications cause an increase in yield in chickpea. In general, the application of rhizobia and phosphate solubilizing bacteria separately supported the yield increase in the plant. As a result, only rhizobia application, 60 kg ha-1 P2O5 and reduced tillage gave the highest yield.

Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizer Doses on Agro Morphological Parameters of Wheat Varieties in Vertisol Region in India

Wheat is the most important food grain, with more than a third of the world's population eating it as a staple diet for the optimum use of different nutrients. A field experiment was carried out at ICAR-IISS Bhopal to identify different wheat varieties that provide the highest yield under nutrient stress conditions. In this experiment, we studied the different morphological parameters in nine wheat varieties, i.e., plant height, plant dry weight, biological yield, and grain yield. With three replications, the experiment was set up in a split-plot design. There were 36 treatments in total, including three nitrogen levels and three P levels with nine genotypes, in each replication. In each replication, all of the treatments were split separately. T1 was the control treatment, and T2 was the optimum dose treatment. T3 was 50% nitrogen with a full phosphorus dose, and T4 was 50% phosphorus with 100% nitrogen doses. In sub-optimal doses of N and P (T3 and T4), T3 produced a higher biomass yield than T4, averaging all the selected nine varieties of wheat, whereas T4 had a higher grain yield than T3. The study's current findings, which showed that higher nitrogen fertilizer doses enhanced leaf area, plant dry weight, maximum biomass, and grain production, were consistent with this. Because nitrogen affects photosynthesis, the amount of photo assimilates the plant produces, the partitioning of dry matter, and organ development, it may have an impact on seed output along with phosphorus.

The influence of nitrogen nutrition on the formation of the balance of nutrients in the agrocenosis of winter wheat

Аim. To study the influence of doses and methods of applying nitrogen fertilizers on the peculiarities of the use and balance of nutrients in the agrocenosis of winter wheat and to form a paradigm of an ecologically balanced fertilization system on leached chernozem. Меthods. Short-term field and analytical. Results. For the first time, under the conditions of sufficient moisture in the Forest Steppe of Ukraine, for the cultivation of winter wheat on leached chernozem, a fertilization system that forms a balanced balance of nutrients in the soil and ensures a grain yield of more than 6.5 t/ha has been substantiated. It was established that with a biological harvest, winter wheat takes the most nitrogen from the soil at the ratio N:P:K = 2.7:1:1.9. It was found that the formation of a balanced nitrogen balance in the soil depended mainly on the doses of nitrogen fertilizers and did not depend on the methods of their application. The potassium balance significantly depended on the removal of straw from the field and the doses of potash fertilizers, the phosphorus balance – on the doses of phosphorus fertilizers. Conclusions. Nitrogen was removed by plants mainly as part of grain yield, potassium – as part of by-products. In the control without fertilizers, removal of nitrogen by grain (4.77 t/ha) was 94 kg/ha, phosphorus – 33, potassium – 25, straw (5.35 t / ha) – 26, 10 and 57 kg/ha, respectively. The most ecologically stable fertilization system was that anticipated leaving winter wheat straw on the field and applying mineral fertilizers in a dose of N110Р60K60, where 60 kg / ha of nitrogen as ammonium sulfate was applied on the frozen soil surface, 30 kg/ha as ammonium nitrate on the soil surface or as urea foliarly in the phase of emergence into the tube (IVth stage of organogenesis) and 20 kg/ha as urea foliarly in the phase of milk-wax maturity (VIIIth stage of organogenesis) on the background of P60K60 applied under deep plowing. Under such conditions, an almost balanced balance of nutrients was achieved in the soil with nitrogen deficiency – 20–22 kg/ha and the accumulation of phosphorus and potassium reserves in the amount of 14–15 and 24 kg/ha, respectively. Obtaining a grain yield of more than 6.5 t/ha based on sustainability requires the application of mineral fertilizers in the dose of N130Р50K40 and under the condition that winter wheat straw remains on the field. In the case of removal of straw from the field, a deficiency of nitrogen and potassium was formed in the soil in the amount of 62–64 and 63 kg/ha with a balanced phosphorus balance, which is evidence of an ecologically unstable fertilization system.

The Effect of Different Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizer Doses on the Herbage Yield and Quality Properties of Atriplex nitens Schkuhr

Alternatif yem bitkisi olarak tercih edilen Selvi sirken (Atriplex nitens Schkuhr) bitkisinde ot verim ve kalite değerleri üzerine gübreleme konusu ile ilgili öncesinde yürütülmüş bir çalışmaya rastlanılmamıştır. Mevcut çalışma ile fosfor (0, 5, 10, 15 kg da-1) ve azotlu (0, 5, 10, 15 kg da-1) gübre dozları kombinasyon halinde uygulanarak, dal sayısı, ana sap kalınlığı, bitki boyu, ham protein oranı, yaş ot ve kuru ot verimi, ham protein verimi, asit çözücülerde çözünmeyen lif (ADF) oranı, nötr çözücülerde çözünemeyen lif oranı (NDF) ve nispi yem değeri (NYD) üzerine etkisi belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla 2020 yılında Iğdır Üniversitesi Tarımsal Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkez Müdürlüğüne ait sulu deneme arazisinde tesadüf bloklarında faktöriyel düzenlemeye göre üç tekerrürlü bir çalışma planlanmıştır. Analiz sonuçları sadece fosforlu gübre dozları ve ikili interaksiyonun (ADF ve NYD) incelenen parametreler üzerine önemli bir etkisinin olduğunu göstermiştir. Araştırma sonucunda fosforlu gübre dozu arttıkça verim unsurlarının arttığı, kalite değerlerinin ise düştüğü görülmüştür. Buna göre dekara 15 kg saf fosforlu gübre uygulamalarından en yüksek yaş ot verimi (17379.6 kg da-1), kuru ot verimi (4899.3 kg da-1) ve ham protein verimlerinin (427.15 kg da-1) elde edildiği saptanmıştır. İkili interaksiyon açısından ise en düşük ADF içeriği (%38.87) ve en yüksek NYD (94.22) sırasıyla N10P5 ve N15P0 uygulamalarından elde edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak Selvi sirken bitkisinin azotlu gübrelemeye tepkisinin bulunmadığı ancak fosforlu gübrelemeye tepkisinin yüksek olduğu ortaya konmuştur.

Comparative Response of Fermented and Non-Fermented Animal Manure Combined with Split Dose of Phosphate Fertilizer Enhances Agronomic Performance and Wheat Productivity through Enhanced P Use Efficiency

Low availability of native soil phosphorus (P) is a major constraint limiting sustainable crop production especially in alkaline calcareous soils. Application of organic manure in this regard has gained attention of the scientific community. Yet, the potential of fermented animal manure in improving P use efficiency and subsequent crop yield has not been assessed. This pot experiment was designed to study the performance of wheat under application of non-fermented and fermented animal manure in combination with 0, 45 or 90 kg·ha−1 phosphorus in the form of diammonium phosphate (DAP). Results show that non-fermented animal manure and split dose of phosphorus fertilizer improved plant quantitative attributes including plant growth, yield and nutrient uptake parameters. However, the placement of fermented animal manure combined with the full amount of P (90 kg·ha−1) fertilizer gave the mean highest value of fertile tillers per pot (12) and their grain yield (5.2 g). Moreover, plant physiological parameters were enhanced with fermented animal manure and the recommended rate of P fertilizer compared with the control. Likewise, the biochemical properties of wheat grain such as fat, fiber, ash and protein contents were increased by 1.24, 2.26, 1.47 and 11.2%, respectively, in plants receiving fermented animal manure and P fertilizer (90 kg·ha−1). Furthermore, co-application of fermented animal manure with P (90 kg·ha−1) into soil improved phosphorus uptake from 0.72 to 1.25 g·pot−1, phosphorus usage efficiency from 0.715 to 0.856 mg·pot−1, and soil phosphorus extent from 7.58 to 16.1% over controls. It is thus inferred that this new approach resulted in release of P from fermented manure that not only reduced fixation but also enhanced the growth, yield, physiology and nutrient uptake in wheat.

Response of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) under Different Phosphorus Management Options in Central Dry Zone of Karnataka

Background: Phosphorus is considered as the second most important plant nutrient because of its significant role in various biochemical activities such as photosynthesis, respiration, root growth, energy storage, cell division etc. Phosphorus is required in greater amounts for pulse crops because of high demand in energy transfer molecules used in nitrogen fixation. Application of proper dose of phosphorus fertilizer is very crucial in deciding the productivity of the groundnut. The bioavailability of the phosphorus fertilizers mainly depends on the soil properties viz., pH, organic carbon, amount of Fe and Al oxides, CaCO3 and microbial load in the soil. In this context, the present study was designed to know the growth and yield parameter of groundnut by using appropriate combination of microbial culture with different levels of phosphorus at central dry zone of Karnataka. Methods: Field experiments were carried out for three consecutive years during 2018, 2019 and 2020 at Zonal Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Babbur farm, Hiriyur, Karnataka, India to study and understand the efficiency of DGRC culture (microbial culture) with different levels of phosphorus on groundnut under kharif season. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replication and ten treatments consisting of seed treatment with DGRC culture inoculants @ 20g/ kg groundnut seed (cv. TMV-2) with different doses of phosphorus (20 kg, 40 kg and 60 kg/ha). Result: Three years pooled results indicated that there was a significant response of pod yield (2457 kg/ha) and higher economics like gross return (Rs. 1,15,138/ ha), net return (Rs. 73,115/ha) and B:C ratio (2.76) were also profitable with the application of 40 kg/ha of P + DGRC culture as compared to other treatments. Furthermore, higher nutrient uptake viz., N (99.60 kg/ha), P2O5 (16.68 kg/ha) and K2O (58.86 kg/ha) were recorded in application of 40 kg/ha of P+DGRC culture.

CHEMICAL FERTILIZATION THROUGH FERTIRRIGATION IN THE EVALUATION OF THE BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WATERMELON FRUITS

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of splitting in three different doses of phosphorus and potassium, combined with each other, and it was applied fertirrigation in watermelon crop, and to evaluate their effects on fruit quality. The statistical was in a complete randomized block design, and the treatments were arranged in a factorial scheme (3 x 3) in subdivided splits, resulting in 9 treatments with tree replications, totaling 27 plots in the experimental area. In the horizontal plots the three doses of phosphorus fertilization (100, 150 and 300 kg.ha-1 of P2O5) were randomly allocated, and in the subplots the three potassium doses (50, 100 and 200 kg.ha-1 of K2O), were applied in fertirrigation. The cultivar used was Crimson Sweet. Seventy-Six days after planting (DAP) the biochemical characteristics of watermelon fruits were evaluated: total soluble solids (TSS), total treatable acidity (TTA) and potential of hydrogen (pH). According to the results, it was verified that only the chemical value of the TSS fruits, presented significant statistical differences between the studied doses because of the different source of fertilization K and P increased the soluble solid contents, the content of reducing sugars, and decreased pH. It was observed the different doses of K and P did not influence in the fruit quality parameters when it was analyzed separated: TTA and pH but the TTA values are according to consumer market standards. The best doses in order to economy of fertilizer were (150 kg ha-1 de P2O5 e 50 kg ha-1 of K2O).

Efficacy of ZnO Nanoparticles as a Remedial Zinc fertilizer for soya bean and wheat corps

The main objective of nano-fertilizers applications in agriculture is to minimize mineral fertilizers losses and increase yields to support agricultural production. Thus, this investigation was conducted in Gemmayze Station, El-Gharbia Governorate, Egypt, during the two growing seasons of 2017 and 2018 to investigate the efficacy of zinc nano particles on yield, quality and as a remedial zinc nano-fertilizer for soya bean and wheat corps. To confirm the size, shape, surface structure, crystalline composition, and analysis of elemental proportion, synthesized zinc nanoparticles have been characterized. ZnO nanoparticles were either applied foliar spray or soil addition at different concentrations (0, 5 and50 mg L-1). In this experiment, three amounts of phosphorus were used (0, 50 and 100% of the prescribed dose). The obtained results showed that the foliar application of ZnO nanoparticles was effective for enhancing crop production compared to soil application one. In addition, foliar spray led to improve the quality of crop, and the highest increase of yield was noticed by using 50 ppm ZnO nanoparticles under maximum recommended dose of phosphorus fertilizer (100%P). This increase reached to 1.4- folds than control treatment under maximum P application (100%). However, the increment reached 1.9-folds than zero zinc with zero P application. ZnO nanoparticles improved crop yields quality in terms of protein, carbohydrate, crude lipid and N, P, K and Zn of soybean and wheat. The results showed slight decrease in nitrogen and potassium concentration in the soil with increasing ZnO nanoparticles concentration in both type’s application (foliar spray and soil addition).

Arbuscular Mycorrhizas and Phosphorus Fertilizer Affect Photosynthetic Capacity and Antioxidant Enzyme Activity in Peppermint Under Different Water Conditions

In order to investigate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizas and phosphorus levels on photosynthetic capacity and enzyme activity in peppermint under different water conditions, an experiment was conducted during the 2017–2018 growing seasons. The experimental treatments comprised water deficiency at three levels (a1: irrigation after 70 mm evaporation from pan of Class A, a2: irrigation after 110 mm evaporation from pan of Class A, and a3: irrigation after 150 mm evaporation from pan of Class A), phosphorus fertilizer at three levels (without phosphorus fertilization, 25% recommended phosphorus amount, and 50% recommended phosphorus amount), and different mycorrhiza species (nonmycorrhizal inoculation, <em>Rhizophagus intraradices</em>, <em>Funneliformis mosseae</em>, <em>Glomus hoi</em>, and mixture of all three species). Results showed that water stress significantly reduced chlorophyll <em>a</em>, chlorophyll <em>b</em>, total chlorophyll, and essential oil yield, but increased the stomatal resistance of peppermint. The essential oil yield of peppermint was significantly reduced by severe water deficit (a3). However, inoculation with <em>R. intraradices</em>, <em>G. hoi</em>, and a mixture of all three species under severe water deficit, increased the essential oil percentage of peppermint by 21%, 21%, and 31.5%, respectively. Application of 50% recommended phosphorus fertilizer increased the yield of essential oil by 18.9%. In addition, menthol increased by 24.1% (highest) under a3 irrigation, using 25% of the optimal dosage of phosphate fertilizer and nonmycorrhizal inoculation. The maximum catalase and peroxidase activity was obtained in the treatment of <em>G. hoi </em>mycorrhizal fertilizer, after application of 25% recommended dose of phosphorus fertilizer and a2 and a3 irrigation.

Влияние высоких доз суперфосфата на групповой и фракционный состав фосфатов темно-серой лесной почвы

Abstract. The purpose of the work was to study the effect of high doses of superphosphate on the yield of forage beans and the composition of phosphates in dark gray forest soil. Research methods. The studies were carried out in a microfield experiment. Doses of superphosphate are calculated taking into account the increase in the phosphorus content from medium to very high. The total phosphorus content was determined after calcining the soil, and the mineral group was determined in the natural state of the soil in an extract of 0.2n sulfuric acid, the fractional composition was determined by the method of S. Chang and M. Jackson. Results. High doses of superphosphate (the degree of phosphorus supply is high and very high) without the introduction of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers significantly reduce the productivity of beans. The optimal content of mobile phosphorus is an increased degree of supply (101–150 mg/kg according to Kirsanov). High doses of superphosphate double the total phosphate content in relation to the original soil, mineral phosphates make up 77 %, organophosphates – 22.8–23.3 %. Analysis of the fractional composition of mineral phosphates showed that the use of water-soluble phosphorus fertilizers increases the amount of phosphates of all fractions. The fraction of loosely bound phosphates increases from 5 mg/kg of soil (medium supply) to 14 mg/kg at a very high level. From the total amount of mineral phosphates, calcium phosphates occupy 20–23 %, aluminum phosphates – 12.5–14.9 %. The share of ferrophosphates practically does not change with the dose of superphosphate and is 25.3–25.7 %. The fraction of poorly soluble phosphates is the most significant: with an increased degree of supply, the content of phosphates is equal to 438 mg / kg and increases with a very high degree of supply up to 529 mg/kg of soil, this is 37.1–38.8 % of the total amount of the mineral group of phosphates. The scientific novelty lies in the calculation of the dose of phosphorus fertilizer, taking into account the stepwise transition from one degree of provision to another, from medium to high, high and very high. This approach to calculating the doses of fertilizers makes it possible to differentiate the doses of nitrogen-potassium fertilizers.

English

Intensive application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers can lead to negative consequences, such as a decrease in Zn content, as well as an increase of Cd in plants. In a long-term field experiment, we studied the influence of the increasing doses of phosphorus fertilizers on the concentration of Zn and Cd in the soil and corn plants (stem and leaves). The obtained results show that the application of the increasing doses of phosphorus significantly decreased the pH reaction of the soil, but did not affect the amount of total and potentially available Zn in the soil. Zinc was accumulated in the corn stem to a higher extent on the unfertilized treatment with respect to corn stem exposed to other fertilizing treatments. Bearing in mind the fact that phosphorus fertilizers contain a different concentration of Cd, results have shown that the long-term application of the increasing doses of phosphorus has led to higher amounts of Cd in the soil and in corn as well, in the plots fertilized with 100 and 150 kg P2O5/ha. However, those values are far below the maximum permissible recommendation.

The Status of Soil Microbiome as Affected by the Application of Phosphorus Biofertilizer: Fertilizer Enriched with Beneficial Bacterial Strains.

Regarding the unfavourable changes in agroecosystems resulting from the excessive application of mineral fertilizers, biopreparations containing live microorganisms are gaining increasing attention. We assumed that the application of phosphorus mineral fertilizer enriched with strains of beneficial microorganisms contribute to favourable changes in enzymatic activity and in the genetic and functional diversity of microbial populations inhabiting degraded soils. Therefore, in field experiments conditions, the effects of phosphorus fertilizer enriched with bacterial strains on the status of soil microbiome in two chemically degraded soil types (Brunic Arenosol—BA and Abruptic Luvisol—AL) were investigated. The field experiments included treatments with an optimal dose of phosphorus fertilizer (without microorganisms—FC), optimal dose of phosphorus fertilizer enriched with microorganisms including Paenibacillus polymyxa strain CHT114AB, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain AF75BB and Bacillus sp. strain CZP4/4 (FA100) and a dose of phosphorus fertilizer reduced by 40% and enriched with the above-mentioned bacteria (FA60). The analyzes performed included: the determination of the activity of the soil enzymes (protease, urease, acid phosphomonoesterase, β-glucosidase), the assessment of the functional diversity of microorganisms with the application of BIOLOGTM plates and the characterization of the genetic diversity of bacteria, archaea and fungi with multiplex terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and next generation sequencing. The obtained results indicated that the application of phosphorus fertilizer enriched with microorganisms improved enzymatic activity, and the genetic and functional diversity of the soil microbial communities, however these effects were dependent on the soil type.

Fatty acid composition, diosgenin and trigonelline contents of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum): effects of phosphorus fertilizer

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of phosphorus fertilizer treatments (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha−1 P2O5) on crude oil, diosgenin, and trigonelline contents and on fatty acid composition of fenugreek plants. Experiments were conducted in a randomized block design with four replications. Results revealed under different phosphorus fertilizer doses that crude oil content varied between 4.75 and 5.54%, diosgenin content varied between 0.43 and 0.52% and trigonelline content varied between 0.74 and 0.97%. The highest diosgenin and trigonelline contents were obtained under the 30 kg ha−1 P2O5 treatment and the highest crude oil content was observed under the 60 kg ha−1 P2O5 treatment. With regard to fatty acid composition, C18:2, C18:3, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1 and C20:0 were identified as the major components and C14:0, C16:1, C17:0, C17:1, C20:1 and C22:0 were identified as the minor ones. Linoleic acid (C18:2) content varied between 42.78 and 43.44% and linolenic acid (C18:3) content varied between 26.77 and 29.21%. Except for linolenic acid (C18:3), the highest contents of all the other major components were observed with the 90 kg ha−1 P2O5 treatment.

Suitability of NDVI index to pea condition evaluation at diverse phosphorus fertilization

In this 3-year study the suitability of the normalized differenced vegetation index (NDVI) to the evaluation of pea plant infestation by aphids and expected seeds yield was investigated. The effect was assessed in the conditions of the increasing doses of phosphorus fertilization (0, 70, and 140 kg P2O5 ha–1) and in the different pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris) occurrence on six various cultivars of pea. Independent of the dose, the phosphorus fertilization supported the occurrence of aphids on pea plants of Batuta, Model, and Protecta cultivars where in Tarchalska and Mecenas cultivars only the standard dose (70 kg ha–1) showed such effect. NDVI index was not clearly, unambiguously correlated to the intensity of A. pisum occurrence. Such factors as the deficiency or excessive amount of phosphorus, as well as meteorological conditions and the cultivar of host plant had the greater effect on its value than the presence of aphids. All this testifies that the NDVI index is not reliable indicator of aphid occurrence on pea, however it can offer a promising method to select the cultivars under sub-opitmal conditions. The seed yield was strongly related to agronomical factors (fertilization, cultivars) and plant (NDVI) variable, while marginally to environmental variable (aphids).