Dose Of Inorganic Fertilizers Research Articles

Organic Farming vs. Integrated Nutrient Management: A Comparative Review of Agricultural Productivity and Sustainability

In an era where sustainable agriculture is crucial for global food security and environmental preservation, organic farming and Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) have emerged as leading practices. This review paper offers a comprehensive comparison of these two approaches, focusing on their impact on agricultural productivity and sustainability. Organic farming, with its emphasis on reducing the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, growth hormones, and feed additives, aligns closely with the principles of sustainability. It enhances food quality, promotes soil health, and mitigates adverse environmental effects by encouraging natural recovery cycles. However, organic farming's limitations, such as lower yields and a more labour-intensive approach have prompted interest in innovative solutions that blend organic practices with modern technologies. Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) presents a compelling alternative. By combining organic, inorganic, and biological nutrient sources, INM seeks to optimize nutrient use efficiency and maintain soil health. This approach offers a flexible nutrient management strategy, balancing organic and inorganic inputs to maintain crop productivity while reducing environmental impact. Studies have shown that INM can improve soil properties, such as bulk density, porosity, and water-holding capacity, leading to enhanced crop yields and lower greenhouse gas emissions. The paper explores how INM's integrated approach not only stabilizes crop production but also supports the growth of soil microbes, providing a source of energy and organic carbon. By using a combination of specific microorganisms, organic matter, and minimal doses of inorganic fertilizers, INM can achieve a harmonious balance that reduces environmental pollution and ensures long-term soil fertility. Ultimately, this review underscores the potential of combining organic and INM practices to create a sustainable and productive agricultural system. Through a comparative analysis, the paper aims to guide researchers, policymakers, and farmers towards adopting strategies that foster agricultural sustainability without compromising productivity.

Effect of Various Nano PGR on Growth and Productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum Var. Shriram Super 252)

Nano PGR is a multifaceted field and has vast application in all spheres of life. But in agriculture the application and utility islimited. Use of nano PGR can assist to tackle these issues to some extent. by bieng more efficient and have longer lasting nutrient release and a higher water holding capacity reducing soil erosion, It also release multiple types of nutrient simultaneously. These nano particles are having high reactivity, better catalytic surface, rapid chemical reaction, rapidly dispersible and adsorb abundant water. The present study was conducted in the agricultural experimental farm of Calcutta University, Baruipur, 24 Parganas (south), West Bengal during winter season of 2016 and 2017 to study the “effect of various nano PGR on growth and productivity of wheat (Shriram super 252)” being conducted under slightly acidic lower gangetic alluvial region of West Bengal. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The treatments of the experiment was T1 was control ; T2 = NPK @ 100:50:50 and foliar spray of green Nano PGR @ 0.5ml L-1; T3 = NPK @ 75:30:30 and foliar spray of Yellow Nano PGR @ 0.5ml L-1; T4 = NPK @ 75:30:30 and foliar spray of Red Nano PGR @0.5ml L-1; T5 = NPK @ 75:30:30 and foliar spray of Green Nano PGR @ 1ml L-1; T6 = NPK @ 75:30:30 foliar spray of Yellow Nano PGR @ 1ml L-1; T7 = NPK @ 75:30:30 and foliar spray of red Nano PGR @ 1ml L-1; T8 = NPK @ 75:30:30 and foliar spray of Green Nano PGR @ 1.5ml L-1; T9 = NPK @ 75:30:30 and foliar spray of Yellow Nano PGR @ 1.5ml L-1 ; T10 = NPK @ 75:30:30 and foliar spray of Red Nano PGR @ 1.5ml L-1 .The recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer was 100:50:50 and 75:30:30 of N, P2O5 and K2O kg ha-1respectively.All the yield attributing characters showed that the usage of different doses of green nano PGR through foliar application has positive effects compared to yellow and red nano PGR and the lowest was from control.

Influence of Integrated Nutrient Management Practices on Soil Fertility and Yield of Fodder Maize in Chennai

Field experiments were conducted to study the influence of fodder maize (Zea mays L.) by adopting different bulky organic manures and fertilizer levels on the soil fertility status and fodder yield of maize. The study was conducted during rabi season of 2019 and 2020 at the Department of Agronomy, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai. An experiment was laid out in split plot design. Main plots consisted of different organic manure treatments viz., No manure, farm yard manure (25 t ha-1), vermicompost (12 t ha-1) and poultry manure (12 t ha-1). Sub plots consisted of varying level of fertilizer treatments viz., No fertilizer, 125% RDF, 100% RDF, 75% RDF. The blanket recommendation of fertilizer to fodder maize is 60 kg N ha-1: 40 kg P2O5 ha-1: 20 kg K2O ha-1. The organic manures were applied as per the N equivalent basis to inorganic nutrient recommendation. The results revealed that all the soil parameters, green and dry fodder yield were significantly affected with the application of organic manures and fertilizer levels. Organic sources of nutrients tended to improve soil physico-chemical properties viz., bulk density, water holding capacity, porosity and organic carbon. The highest organic carbon content was noticed with the application of poultry manure (0.50 %) followed by poultry manure. The post harvest available soil nutrients was high in fodder maize grown with poultry manure along with 125% recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer to fodder maize recorded higher soil available nitrogen (109.48 kg ha-1), phosphorus (15.46 kg ha-1) and potassium (118.65 kg ha-1). Significantly higher green and dry fodder yield of maize was recorded with application of poultry manure along with 75 % recommended dose of fertilizer. Hence, application of organic manures specifically poultry manure along with low level of fertilizer improved the soil fertility and thus increased the green fodder yield of maize.

Effect of Hairamin and Fertilizer Application on Grain Yield and Its Attributes in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties

A field experiment was conducted at the Research farm of the Department of Agriculture, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, Ambala during Rabi season of 2021. Response of three wheat varieties to integrated nutrient management involving Hairamin (protein hydrolysate from human hair) and inorganic fertilizers (NPK) for grain yield and its attributes was studied in a field experiment. The soil was sandy loam, well-drained, alkaline (pH 7.23), low in nitrogen, medium in phosphorus, and high in potassium, with an electrical conductivity of 0.89 d/Sm. Eight treatments comprising a control and seven combination application of Hairamin, Azotobecter and recommended dose of inorganic fertilizers were evaluated in three wheat varieties “DBW 222", "HD 2967" and "PBW 723” in a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The T7 treatment, 75% recommended N, P, K dose throughout synthetic fertilizers and appropriate dose of Hairamin foliar spray, exhibited highest grain yield, biological yield and harvest index. This treatment was shown to be statistically comparable to T6 (50% recommended N, P, K dose throughout synthetic fertilizers and appropriate dose of Hairamin Foliar spray). This increase in yield was reflected in higher expression of yield attribute in traits namely (ears per running meter row length, spikelets ear-1, grains ear-1, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, straw yield, biological yield and harvest index). Therefore, use of Hairamin as bio-stimulant with reduced fertilizer doses is recommended for sustainable wheat production.

Respons Tanaman Sawi Hijau (Brassica juncea L.) Pada Pemberian Pupuk Organik Cair Eceng Gondok (Eichhornia crassipes) Dan Pupuk Anorganik

This study aims to determinate the effect of the interaction between water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) liquid organic fertilizer on mustard greens (Brassica juncea) fertilizer that affects the yield of mustard greens and determine the dose of inorganic fertilizer that affects crop yield mustard greens. This research was conducted in the village of Motoling, Kec. Motoling, south Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi. The design of this study used a factorial randomized block design (RBD) with factor I, namely the dose of water hyacinth liquid organic fertilizer, and factor II, namely the dose of inorganic fertilizer. The variables observed were: plant height, number of leaves, leaf lenght, leaf width and wet weight. The results showed that the interaction between water hyacinth liquid organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizers had an effect on the fresh weight of mustard green plants and had no effect on plant height, number of leaves, leaf length dan leaf width of mustard green plants.

Integrated effect of manures and fertilizers with the allelopathy of Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) on the yield performance of rice

Allelopathy plays an important role in weed control and crop productivity. In light of these, an experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh under the Old Brahmaputra Floodplain (AEZ-9) during the period from July 2021-June, 2022 to assess the combined effect of Fimbristylis dichotoma residues with manures and fertilizers on rice yield performance in boro season. The experiment consisted two rice varieties viz., BRRI dhan29 and BRRI dhan89; and six treatments of the combination of residues with manures and fertilizers viz., Control; Residues @ 3 t ha-1 + Recommended doses of inorganic fertilizers; Residues @ 3 t ha-1 + Tricho-compost @5 t ha-1; Residues @ 3 t ha-1 + Tricho-compost @1.5 t ha-1 + 25% less than recommended doses of inorganic fertilizers; Residues @ 3 t ha-1 + Tricho-compost @2.5 t ha-1 + 50% less than recommended doses of inorganic fertilizers; Residues @ 3 t ha-1 + Tricho-compost @3.75 t ha-1 + 75% less than recommended doses of inorganic fertilizers. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The highest grain yield was produced in T4 (Residues 3 t ha-1 +Trichocompost @1.5 t ha-1 + 25% less than recommended fertilizers treatment). From the above results it was found that the variety BRRI dhan29 and T4 (Residues 3 t ha-1 +Trichocompost @1.5 t ha-1 + 25% less than recommended fertilizers treatment) treatment exhibited the superior effect. The current study's findings indicate that the combination of manures and fertilizers increases yield and yield-contributing characteristics, and that Fimbristylis dichotoma residues have an herbicidal impact for inhibiting weed growth.

Influence of Nutrient Regulation on Ricebean (Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi and Ohashi) Growth and Dry Matter

Aims: Within the realm of sustainable agriculture and its attendant issues, there exists a compelling need for a viable approach to cropping systems that integrates pragmatic and economically sound crop management tactics. This is imperative to uphold land productivity and secure a lasting provision of crops for human consumption. Acknowledging the pivotal contribution of organic manure when combined with chemical fertilizers in crop cultivation and the safeguarding of soil well-being, a research inquiry was formulated for a noteworthy cropping sequence.
 Study Design: Randomized block design.
 Place and Duration: School of Agricultural Sciences, Nagaland University, Medziphema. Duration: 2019-2021.
 Methodology: The study took place from 2019 to 2021 at the School of Agricultural Sciences (SAS), Medziphema Campus in Nagaland. The primary aim was to assess the lasting impact of both manure and fertilizers on yield and soil condition in a ricebean system over this two-year duration. In the second week of April in both 2019 and 2020, Dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata), a green manure crop, was sown using seeds. After a 30-day decomposition period, this green manure was incorporated into the soil. Soil samples were collected from the upper 0-15 cm layer of each experimental plot and analyzed. The experimental field was laid out in randomized block design with three level of organic manures i.e., poultry manure (PM), pig manure (PGM) and farm yard manure (FYM) along with doses of inorganic fertilizers : 100% RDF, 75% RDF, 50% RDF. The treatment combinations included T1 : GM (Sesbania) + PM (0.7 t ha-1) + 100 % RDF; T2: GM (Sesbania) +PM (0.7 t ha-1) + 75 % RDF; T3: GM (Sesbania) + PM (0.7 t ha-1) + 50 % RDF ; T4: GM (Sesbania) + PGM (0.7 t ha-1) + 100 % RDF; T5: GM (Sesbania) +PGM (0.7 t ha-1) + 75% RDF; T6: GM (Sesbania) + PGM (0.7 t ha-1) + 50 % RDF; T7: GM (Sesbania) +FYM (4 t ha-1) + 100 % RDF; T8: GM (Sesbania) + FYM (4 t ha-1) + 75 % RDF; T9: GM (Sesbania) +FYM (4 t ha-1) + 50 % RDF.
 Results: In treatment T1, which involved the application of a blend of green manure and poultry manure at a rate of 0.7 tons per hectare, coupled with a full dose of RDF, exhibited outstanding outcomes in ricebean cultivation. This resulted in elevated seed yields, improved seed quality, sustained soil health, and maximized economic gains for farmers in the foothill conditions of Nagaland.
 Conclusion: The substantial enhancement in ricebean growth parameters can be credited to the rich nutrient content and beneficial micronutrients present in poultry manure. combining Recommended Dose of Fertilizers (RDF) with poultry manure, known for its ability to boost nodule formation in legumes, improved soil fertility, fostered beneficial microbial activity, and promoted legume health, ultimately leading to higher yields. In contrast, farmyard manure (FYM) outperformed pig manure due to its balanced nutrients, microbial activity, organic matter, and positive impact on soil quality, creating an optimal environment for plant growth. Poultry manure's capacity to stimulate nodule formation, enhance soil fertility, and support legume health resulted in increased nitrogen fixation and improved yields in leguminous crops, fostering early root development and robust growth in ricebean crops.

Productivity, nutrient indices and soil nutrient status of short grain aromatic rice-green gram system as influenced by integrated nutrient management strategies

New age challenges of irrational use of fertilizers under monocropping of rice calls for integrative nutrient management strategy along with establishment of rice based cropping system. A field study was carried out in 2017–18 and 2018–19 at Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India to investigate the integrated nutrient management strategies on productivity, nutrient indices and soil nutrient status in short grain aromatic rice-green gram cropping system. The experiment was set up in split plot design with six nutrient management strategies in rice were taken in main plot in randomized block design and three nutrient management strategies in green gram were taken as sub plot in split-plot design in sequence. Results revealed that application of 50% NPK+ 50% Recommended Dose of Nitrogen (RDN)-FYM to rice followed by 75% NPK + Rhizobium + Phosphorus Solubilizing Bacteria to green gram recorded the highest rice equivalent yield and production efficiency in 2017–18 and 2018–19 followed by 50% NPK+ 50% RDN-FYM to rice followed by 100% NPK to green gram. Application of 50% NPK+ 50% RDN-FYM to rice and 75% NPK + Rhizobium + PSB to green gram recorded the highest partial factor productivity of nitrogen, nitrogen utilization efficiency and nitrogen uptake efficiency in the system. Soil nutrient status of the cropping system improved with balanced application of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients compared to mineral fertilizers only. Thus, supplementing FYM and sesbania as organic manures along with reduced dose of inorganic fertilizers improved sustainability of rice-green gram system along with improving soil fertility.

Influence of Soil and Foliar Application of Nutrients on Growth and Yield of Black Gram (Vigna mungo L)

Aims: This study aims to scrutinize the intricacies of nutrient management to optimize the cultivation of black gram (Vigna mungo L.) during the Rabi season of 2022-2023 in Coimbatore. The primary objectives include evaluating the efficacy of various treatments, such as recommended doses of inorganic fertilizer (RDF), rhizobium, and Phosphobacteria microbial inoculants as soil applicants, as well as TNAU Pulse Wonder, nano urea, and DAP as foliar sprays.
 Study Design: A meticulous Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications was employed to explore diverse treatments. This design allowed for a systematic investigation into the impact of different nutrient management strategies on the growth and yield of black grams.
 Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Coimbatore, and the Rabi season of 2022-2023 was chosen for its duration. The experimental setup was established at the research farm under the auspices of the Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences.
 Methodology: A total of ten treatments were tested, including various combinations of RDF (25:50:25), rhizobial culture, phosphobacteria, TNAU Pulse Wonder, nano urea, and DAP. Plant growth metrics, such as plant height and leaf count, were measured at 60 days after sowing (DAS). Yield attributes, including pod count, seeds per pod, and test weight, were also evaluated. Economic scrutiny included the calculation of the cost of cultivation, gross return, net income, and benefit-cost ratio.
 Results: Treatment T7, consisting of 75% RDF, rhizobial culture, phosphobacteria, and 1% TNAU Pulse Wonder, demonstrated substantial efficacy in enhancing plant growth metrics. At 60 DAS, this treatment exhibited an appreciable increase in plant height (39.89 cm) and leaf count (15.33). Moreover, T7 positively impacted crucial yield attributes, with elevated pod count (24.33), seeds per pod (9.33), and test weight (4.98 g). Economic scrutiny identified T7 as the epitome of economic viability, featuring a cost of cultivation at 30,240 INR, gross return of 125,587.80 INR, net income of 95,347.80 INR, and a commendable benefit-cost ratio of 4.15.
 Conclusion: These findings underscore the profound significance of strategic nutrient management paradigms for fostering sustainable and economically robust black gram cultivation. The identified treatment T7 stands out as a promising approach to optimize yields and economic returns in black gram cultivation, offering valuable insights for future agricultural practices.

Improving microbial properties in Psamments with mycorrhizal fungi, amendments, and fertilizer

Psamments is sandy soil with a texture class of fine loamy sand or coarser in all layers, deposited sands such as dunes in beach lands with low soil biological fertility. Adding mycorrhizal, soil amendments, and inorganic fertilizers could improve soil fertility. This research aimed to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal, soil amendments, and inorganic fertilizers on soil organic carbon (SOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP), and root infections in Psamments. This research was a pot experimental in screenhouse, arranged in a factorial completely randomized design with three factors: three of mycorrhizal doses, M0 = 0 spore pot-1, M1 = 3 spores pot-1 and M2 = 6 spores pot-1; three types of soil amendments, P0 = non amendment, P1 = cow dung 60 t ha-1, P2 = rice husk biochar (RHB) 25 t ha-1; and two doses of inorganic fertilizer, A0 = 0 kg ha-1, A1 = 100 kg ha-1 NPK (15:15:15) fertilizer, replied three times. The results showed that mycorrhizal combination with RHB and inorganic fertilizer increased MBC up to 23 times than control. The combination of mycorrhizal-cow dung-inorganic fertilizer was the highest of total-GRSP (4.4 times) and mycorrhizal dose 6 spores pot-1 with both amendments and inorganic fertilizer increase root infection up to 90%. It was proven that mycorrhizal with soil amendments and inorganic fertilizers could improve the microbial properties of Psamments.

Production Potential and Shelf-Life of Shallot as Affected by Inorganic Fertilizers Complemented with Organic Fertilizer and Rice Husk Charcoal in Dryland

Shallot (Allium cepa L.) is one of the important horticultural commodities with high economic value in Indonesia. The extent of planting areas in marginal land requires technological innovation for the development of shallot such as improvement and location-specific technological innovation. This research aims to observe the effect of various doses of inorganic fertilizers complemented with organic fertilizer and rice husk charcoal on the production and shelf-life of shallot. The study was conducted from March to June 2019 in East Lombok using a completely randomized block design with 1 factor and 5 levels of treatment: A1 (farmer’s practices: 0 kg/ha organic fertilizer; 0 kg/ha rice husk charcoal; 300 kg/ha urea; 250 kg/ha NPK+Zn; and 100 kg/ha SP-36), A2 (10,000 kg/ha organic fertilizer; 10,000 kg/ha rice husk charcoal; 75 kg/ha urea; 62.5 kg/ha NPK+Zn; and 25 kg/ha SP-36), A3 (10,000 kg/ha organic fertilizer; 10,000 rice kg/ha husk charcoal; 150 kg/ha urea; 125 kg/ha NPK+Zn; and 50 kg/ha SP-36), A4 (10,000 kg/ha organic fertilizer; 10,000 kg/ha rice husk charcoal; 225 kg/ha urea; 187.5 kg/ha NPK+Zn; and 75 kg/ha SP-36) and A5 (10,000 kg/ha organic fertilizer; 10,000 kg/ha rice husk charcoal; 300 kg/ha urea; 250 kg/ha NPK+Zn; and 100 kg/ha SP-36). Results showed that plant height and leaf number were not significantly different in various treatments. The bulb number showed that at the age of 20 and 70 days after sowing, the highest value was shown in the A3, and the lowest value was shown in A1 and A2 treatments. Meanwhile, treatment of A5 can reduce weight loss of the prospective seeds.

EFFECTS OF NPK AND POULTRY MANURE RATES ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND YIELD OF SOYBEAN (Glycine max L. Merril)

Pot experiments wereconducted in 2021at the screen house to evaluate the effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) and poultry manure (PM) rates on the growth and yield of soybean (TGx1835-10E). The treatments consisted of Nitrogen Phosphorus and Potassium (NPK 15:15:15) rates (0g, 0.6g, 1.2g and 2.4g) and Poultry Manure (PM) rates (0g, 3g, 6g and 12g) which were combined in factors to give sixteen treatment combinations and Control with neither fertilizer. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design and replicated six times.Soil and PM were analyzed for physico-chemical parameters using standard procedures for pH, O.C, O.M, P, N, Na, Ca, Mg, K, EC and particle size distribution. Data collected includes; growth performance at 64 days after planting (DAP) for; plant height, root length, number of leaves, number of branches, chlorophyll content, leaf area, shoot dry weight) and yield attributes (number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod, economical yield, biological yield, harvest index) and these data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were separated using Tukey. Result indicated that the combined application of PM and NPK significantly (p<0.05) increased plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, leaf area, chlorophyll content, shoot dry weight, harvest index and economic yield of soybeanthan the sole application of either PM or NPK and the control. No significant difference was however recorded for number of pods, number of seeds and biological yield. The use of balanced doses of inorganic and organic fertilizers improved growth and yield qualities of soybean.

Effect of various doses of basal and foliar application of nitrogen and potassium with trace elements on summer groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)

The present field study was carried out during summer season of 2020 and 2021 at Jaguli Instructional Farm, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal to study the effect of solid and foliar grade of N and K along with trace elements in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with 3 replications. In main plot; F0, control; F1, 50% RDN and K; F2, 75% RDN and K and; F3, 100% RDN and K and sub-plot T1, Starter dose of N and K @2% with 10:20 ratio + micronutrient mixture of Fe, B, Zn and Mo foliar spray at 30 DAE; T2, Booster dose of N and K @2% with 5:40 ratio + micronutrient mixture of Fe, B, Zn and Mo foliar spray at 45 and 60 DAE; and T3, Starter dose + Booster dose. Growth and yield attributes of groundnut were significantly influenced by application of inorganic fertilizer and maximum were recorded with 100% of RDN and K. Foliar applications of RDN and K with a micronutrient mixture responded better at later stages (45 and 60 DAE) than at an earlier stage (30 DAE). Higher groundnut pod yield was obtained with basal application of 100% of RDN and K but performed statistically same response to the treatment 75% of RDN and K. The pod yield increased by 5–12% with each incremental dose of inorganic fertilizer, while it decreased in control. Booster dose of N and K gave higher pod and oil yield to starter dose. Maximum BCR of 2.38 and 1.99 was found in 100% of RDN and K and in booster doses of N and K. Inorganic fertilizer as basal and foliar application + micronutrients increased the groundnut pod yield but foliar application was not substitute to any quantity of inorganic fertilizer.

Identifikasi Bakteri Pelarut Kalium Indigenus Asal Perkebunan Nanas

The use of relatively high doses of inorganic fertilizers to increase yields in plantation-scale pineapple (Ananas comosus) cultivation can lead to new problems, such as being toxic to plants, polluting the environment, and increasing production costs. The utilization of rhizosphere microbes, such as potassium solubilizing bacteria (KSB) is expected can reduce the dose of inorganic K fertilizer application because it can dissolve potassium-fixed Al and Fe soil so that it is available to plants. This study aims to assess and characterize the potential of BPK in pineapple plantation areas. KSB evaluation was carried out based on the Potassium Solubility Index (IKK), besides that, it also carried out the characterization of bacteria that have the potential as CPC isolates. CPC was isolated from planting blocks with low and high production levels in the vegetative (V) and generative (G) phases with 5 replications. As many as 20 isolates from the CPC population on pineapple plantations were successfully isolated in this study. The lowest K solubility index of 0.6 was obtained in isolate RV1 and the highest, namely 1.2 in isolate RG1. Among these isolates, RG1 is Gram-positive and grows optimally at pH 5, temperature 30°C. Based on the results of the phylogenetic analysis, it is known that this potassium solubilizing isolate has the same level of similarity with the bacterium Bacillus subtilis.
 
 Keywords: Bacillus, indigenous, potassium, solubilizing index, temperature

Percentage of Flower and Fruit Fall, and Red Chili Production in Ultisol Applied Biostimulants and Inorganic Fertilizers

Ultisol has main problem of low nutrient availability causing a high percentage of flowers and fruit fall and reducing red chili production. This study aimed to find out effectiveness of biostimulants in reducing percentage of flower and fruit fall, use of inorganic fertilizer doses, and their role in increasing production red pepper in Ultisol. The method used experimental and randomized block design with 9 treatments. The treatment used application of flush biostimulants and without watering into soil with various doses inorganic fertilizers. The fertilizer doses were 100%, 75%, and 50% based on fertilization recommendations. The study results showed that application of biostimulants combined with inorganic fertilizers of various doses had a significant effect on fruit weight/plant and red pepper production, but had an insignificant effect on the percentage of flowers and fruits, as well as number of fruits/plant. Application of biostimulants and various doses of inorganic fertilizers tended to increase fall of flowers, number of fruits/plant, and the percentage of fruit fall. Biostimulants combined with inorganic fertilizers were able to reduce fertilizer use as much as 50%. Production of red pepper with application of biostimulants and 50% of inorganic fertilizers reached 5.36 tons/ha. The results of the economic feasibility analysis of red chili peppers were 1.69 R/C and 0.69 B/C ratio, meaning that the cultivation of red chili with application of biostimulants was profitable and worthy of development. So, application of biostimulants is able to reduce fertilizers by 50% and increase production of red peppers.

The role of rhizosphere microbes as phosphate solubilizing bio fertilizers in shallot: a review

Crops need nutrients to grow, develop, and produce yields, both in macro and micronutrients form. One of the essential macronutrients is phosphorus (P). Phosphorus is required by plants to produce plant biomass. Andisols are often used as agricultural lands in the highlands of the tropics. This soil type has high P retention and low available P. Andisol contains clay minerals with up to 97.8% P-retention. Therefore, this condition led to low P availability, but high total P in the soils. There was a tendency to increase the dose of inorganic fertilizers, especially P fertilizer in this area. A survey reported that shallot Andisol farmers applied P fertilizer about five times of shallot recommendation rate, however, the production has not increased, yet. The high rate of chemical fertilizers causes land degradation and environmental pollution. One of the solutions to increase phosphorus availability is by improving P solubility which increases P uptake by plants. Increasing P solubility is environmentally friendly and can be done by utilizing phosphate-solubilizing microbes which are often found in the plant rhizosphere. The use of phosphate-solubilizing microbes for plants today can be found in bio-fertilizers. This method could maintain soil health and give a good impact to the plant growth and production. This review would determine the use of phosphate-solubilizing microbes to manage P deficiency in Andisol soils. Some study cases about the effect of phosphate-solubilizing microbes on plant performances would also be addressed. Currently, it is hoped that farmers will begin to implement environmentally friendly agriculture by giving phosphate-solubilizing bio fertilizers to escalate available P and production.

Influence Of Fertilization And Mulching Techniques On Yield, Weed Management And Economics Of Elephant Garlic (Allium Ampeloprasum L.)

The experiment comprised four doses of organic and inorganic fertilizers and four different types of mulches viz. no mulch, rice straw mulch, Saccharum spp. mulch, black polyethylene mulch laid out on factorial randomized complete block design replicated thrice. The major challenge in the study was the efficient management of weeds through eco-friendly technologies involving mulches. The studies revealed that high yields in elephant garlic can be achieved by fertilizing it with N:P: K @120:60:60 kg/ha + FYM @ 24 t/ha and mulching it with rice straw. The study pointed out the effectiveness of locally available rice straw as a potential mulch for improving the micro-climate of elephant garlic and thereby enhancing its important horticultural traits. The highest benefit-cost ratio of 1:4.0 was however obtained in treatment having N:P:K @120:60:60 Kg/ha, FYM @24 t/ha in combination with rice straw mulch which resulted in a high net income of ₹ 1139007 with a gross income of ₹ 1423575 at cultivation cost of ₹ 284568. The study will be helpful in checking of weed menace in closed spaced crop of Alliums spp. and will help in increasing the farm income of the growers.

Combination of inorganic and bio-organic fertilizer on growth and production of Paddy Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The excessive use of inorganic fertilizers by farmers in Riau Province is quite worrying about the decline in soil quality. Based on this, this study aims to obtain the best combination dose of inorganic fertilizer N, P, K with bio-organic fertilizer on the growth and production of rice. The research was conducted experimentally using a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 6 treatments and 4 replications so that 24 experimental units were obtained with the treatments being tested were P0= 100% inorganic fertilizer + petroganic; P1= 100% inorganic fertilizer; P2= 100% inorganic fertilizer + 100% sludge compost; P3= 75% inorganic fertilizer + 100% sludge compost; P4= 75% inorganic fertilizer + 100% sludge compost + biofertilizer; P5= 50% inorganic fertilizer + 100% sludge compost + biofertilizer. The results showed that the application of a combination of inorganic fertilizers N, P, K with bio-organic fertilizers had not been able to increase plant height and weight of milled dry grain, but can give the same results as the application of 100% N, P, K on rice grain parameters and 1000 grain weight in a combination of 75% inorganic fertilizer, 4 tons/ha of compost, and 10 ml of biofertilizer.

Mycorrhizae utilization in palm oil nurseries to reduce inorganic fertilizer dose

Fertilization in palm oil nurseries is an invaluable tending activity to obtain healthy and robust seedlings. This research aims is to identify the dose percentage level of the inorganic fertilizer which can be reduced by applying mycorrhizae in oil palm nurseries. The research design used a non-factorial completely randomized design, as the treatment factor was the dose of fertilizer in oil palm nurseries. There are 5 levels of treatment, namely P0 (100% of the standard dose + 50 g mycorrhizae), P1 (75% of the standard dose + 50 g mycorrhizae), P2 (50% of the standard dose + 50 g mycorrhizae), P3 (25% of the standard dose + 50 g mycorrhizae), and P4 (0 inorganic fertilizer + 50 g Mycorrhizae). Each treatment was arranged in four replications. The data were analyzed using ANOVA, if F-count > F-table then it is continued with Duncan Multiple Range Test. The observation variables included plant height, number of leaves and stem diameter, root length, canopy dry weight, roots dry weight, and P uptake. The results showed that there were significant differences in plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, roots dry weight, canopy dry weight and P uptake in leaves as well as, while the observations of root length showed no significant difference. The application of 50 grams of mycorrhizae with a 50-75% standard dose of fertilization resulted in optimal seedling growth. Mycorrhizae utilization can reduce the application of inorganic fertilizers up to 25-50%.

Bio-formulation in combination with inorganic fertilizer improves crop growth, productivity and economics of kharif groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Red and Laterite soils

ABSTRACT Indiscriminate application of inorganic chemicals has resulted in soil health deterioration and decline in crop produce in nutrient poor Alfisols of India. We conducted an experiment to find out the influence of different level of inorganic fertilizer and bio-formulations on nutrient uptake, crop growth and productivity of kharif groundnut in the Red and Laterite soils during 2018, 2019 and 2020. It was hypothesized that judicious application of inorganic fertilizer and bio-formulation would result in better nutrient uptake, improving nut yield and net income. We found that higher dose of inorganic fertilizer along with liquid bio-formulations yielded better results in terms of nutrient uptake, crop growth, yield and quality in groundnut. An increase of 43.2% and 57.5% in haulm and kernel N uptake; 67.6 and 98.1% in haulm and kernel P uptake; 47.4% and 57.6% in haulm and kernel K uptake was recorded, respectively, when 100% recommended dose of NPK (F4) was coupled with liquid NPK bio-formulation + Zn-solubilizing bacteria (B2) over control and was most economical (higher B:C ratio, 2.73). Groundnut being an exhaustive crop, responded well to higher levels of inorganic fertilizer and bio-formulations.