Dose Of BCG Vaccine Research Articles

PIN49 ADDRESSING THE LOW IMMUNIZATION RATES IN UNDER FIVE CHILDREN IN NIGERIA: A DATA ANALYSIS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS

The global health observatory data shows that under-five death rates are the highest in the WHO African region, with 74 deaths per 1000 live births. In fact, under-five children have a 15 times higher chance of dying when compared to their peers in high-income countries. Nigeria is among the countries with the lowest immunization coverage in the region, according to the WHO estimates. In 2018 70% of the population is not vaccinated, representing an approximated 3 million people. The purpose of this presentation is to identify the risk factors of incomplete immunization in under-five children in Nigeria. Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) datasets, made publicly available by USAID were used. A cross-sectional analysis of secondary data was performed using the 2018 data. A logistic regression was performed to identify the risk factors of incomplete immunization. We focused on vaccine coverage status for BCG, Pentavalent, Polio 3, and Measles. The data analysis was performed using SAS. The analysis included a total of 6154 children aged 12 to 13 months. About 55% did not receive full immunization. Was considered having a complete immunization, children who received one dose of BCG vaccine, four doses against polio, three doses of Pentavalent vaccine, and one vaccine dose against measles. Children who had mothers with no education were 12.2 [95% CI (5.4, 27.6)] times at higher odds of having incomplete immunizations compared to those who had mothers with higher education. Added to that, children living in wealthier families were 4 [95% CI (2.4, 6.7)] times at higher odds of having incomplete immunization compared to those living in wealthier families. Parental factors influenced the immunization status of children under five. Immunization campaigns and national programs in Nigeria should take into consideration non-individual factors and focus on household-related factors.

Enhancement of the long term efficacy of BCG vaccine against experimental tuberculosis in mice through rapamycin induced modulation of CD4 and CD8 T cell functions (166.17)

Abstract BCG vaccine protects children but does not induce long-term immunity against tuberculosis. Rapamycin has been found to directly act on MTOR of T cells and extend the longevity of CD8 T cell response to viral infection in mice. We hypothesized that rapamycin co-administration during BCG vaccination may alter the quality of CD8 function to enable long-term immunity. Methods: C57Bl/6 mice were given one dose of BCG vaccine (1 million per mouse; s.c.) or BCG with doses of rapamycin (75 microgram/mg given daily for 30 days) followed by aerosol infection with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). At 4 and 8 weeks, antigen specific CD8 T cells, memory specific markers and tetramers specific for Mtb antigens-ESAT6 and TB10.4 were analysed using flow cytometry. Log10 decline of Mtb counts in lungs was determined to correlate T cell phenotype with protection after vaccination. Results: Rapamycin coadministration with BCG enhanced the expansion of antigen-specific CD8 T cells in mice that correlated with a decline in the counts of Mtb in lungs and spleens of mice. Rapamycin increased both CD8 and CD4 T cells in the lungs and spleens and enhanced central memory (Tcm) CD8 T cells in lymphoid organs. Tcm levels, in turn, correlated with an increase in expression of Eomes transcription factor by CD8 T cells. Since Eomes is a determinant of Tcm lineage, we suggest that the long-term efficacy of BCG vaccine can be enhanced through modulation of MTOR dependent pathways of T cells.

Evaluación de subpoblaciones de linfocitos T en bovinos vacunados contra la tuberculosis bovina: estudio longitudinal comparativo

The immune response to mycobacteria is complex and involves different T cell subsets. However, the key in the resistance against the bacillus is the establishment of a cell-mediated immune response. The objective of this study was to carry out a comparative analysis of different subpopulations of T lymphocytes and expression of cellular activation marker CD25 in calves vaccinated with BCG or with Mycobacterium bovis culture filtrate protein extract (CEPE) under field conditions. Three randomly assigned groups of 5 calves each were formed. One of them vaccinated subcutaneously with BCG, 104 CFU, another with 300 mg/ml of CFPE and the third group was the control. The results of monitoring the immune response were analyzed by MANOVA. The BCG induced IFN-y production in an earlier stage than the CFPE in the vaccinated groups with no statistical difference between them. The CFPE, besides inducing IFN-y production, enhanced antibody-mediated response (P<0.05). The group vaccinated with BCG showed a higher percentage of CD4 T lymphocytes in cultures stimulated with bovine PPD (P< 0.05). The rate of ys T lymphocyte activation was higher in CFPE group at d 30 post-vaccination, which increased for BCG group at d 60. Thus the dose of BCG vaccine used in the study was capable of inducing a proliferative response of CD4 T cells with higher levels of IFN-y than CFPE as immunogen, indicating a better immune system enhancement in calves vaccinated with BCG.

Association Between Child Immunization and Availability of Health Infrastructure in Slums in India

To examine the association between presence of an urban health center (UHC) in proximity to a slum and immunization status of slum children in a city in India. Cross-sectional study. Slums of Agra, India. Data were obtained from a baseline survey conducted by the US Agency for International Development Environmental Health Project in 2005 in slums in Agra. The study population consisted of 1728 children aged 10 to 23 months. Information about children's immunization was obtained from interviews with mothers aged 15 to 44 years. Main Exposure Availability and proximity to a UHC that provides immunization services. Immunization status of children, which was measured as "complete" if the child had received 1 dose of BCG vaccine, 3 doses each of diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus and oral polio vaccines, and 1 dose of measles vaccine; "partial" if any 1 or more vaccines were missing; and "not" if no vaccine was received. Adjusted relative risk ratios compared children receiving complete or partial immunization with those not immunized. Adjusted models showed that presence of a UHC within 2 km of a slum was associated with more than twice the likelihood of children being completely (relative risk ratio, 2.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-3.66) or partially (relative risk ratio, 2.33; 95% confidence interval, 1.55-3.50) immunized. We found that presence of a UHC was positively associated with immunization status of children in slums. These results suggest a need for greater public attention to expand coverage of slums through UHCs.

BCG vaccine: efficacy and indications for vaccination and revaccination

To review the protective efficacy of the first and second doses of BCG vaccine and to assess its major indications and contraindications. A systematic review of the literature was made by searching PubMed and selecting studies carried out in the last 50 years. The studies were grouped according to their design (clinical trials, case-control studies, and meta-analyses) and the results were presented separately for each type of study. Other relevant topics such as BCG and HIV/AIDS, use of tuberculin skin test, issues related to vaccine scars and to the development of new vaccines were also reviewed. BCG vaccine has been used since 1921. However, the data concerning its use are variable and inconsistent. The protective efficacy of the first dose of BCG vaccine against miliary tuberculosis or tuberculous meningitis is remarkably important. Nevertheless, results regarding pulmonary tuberculosis have been inconsistent, either showing no efficacy or a protective efficacy rate around 80%. There is some evidence that a second dose of BCG vaccine does not increase its protective efficacy. Studies have shown that BCG vaccine protects against leprosy. The development of new vaccines to replace BCG in the future has been investigated. Despite the hope that a new vaccine against tuberculosis will be available in the future, BCG vaccine, in spite of its deficiencies, is today and will be for many years to come an important tool in controlling the harmful effects of tuberculosis, especially in countries where this disease has moderate to high levels of incidence.

Protection against Mycobacterium avium by DNA vaccines expressing mycobacterial antigens as fusion proteins with green fluorescent protein.

Mycobacterium avium causes disseminated disease in humans with AIDS, paratuberculosis in ruminants, lymphadenopathy in swine, and tuberculosis in birds. We constructed DNA vaccines expressing mycobacterial antigens as fusion proteins with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Plasmids p65K-EGFP, p85A-EGFP, and p85B-EGFP expressed the M. avium 65-kDa antigen, the Mycobacterium bovis BCG 85A antigen, and the M. avium 85B antigen, respectively, as EGFP fusion proteins. We visualized protein expression directly in cultured murine fibroblasts and intact muscle. p65K-EGFP expressed fusion protein in a diffuse cytoplasmic pattern, and p85A-EGFP and p85B-EGFP produced a speckled pattern. We vaccinated C57BL/6 mice with three doses of plasmid DNA and then challenged them intraperitoneally with M. avium. Negative controls received saline, and positive controls received one dose of BCG vaccine. Mice in all groups developed disseminated infection with a high burden of organisms. Compared to negative controls, mice vaccinated with p85A-EGFP had an eightfold reduction in spleen M. avium CFU at 4 weeks after infection and a fourfold reduction at 8 weeks, reductions similar to those generated by BCG vaccine. Mice vaccinated with p65K-EGFP had a fourfold CFU reduction at 4 weeks and no effect at 8 weeks. This is the first report of DNA vaccines expressing foreign antigens as fusion proteins with EGFP and the first report of successful DNA vaccination against M. avium.