Dorsum Of Forearm Research Articles

Confocal Raman spectroscopy as a tool to assess advanced glycation end products on solar-exposed human skin

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) consist of a complex and heterogeneous class of compounds frequently associated with the skin aging process. The formation of AGEs and its accumulation in the body have been related as the pathophysiological key to important age-related diseases, such as diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer’s disease. In addition, AGEs are also related to skin aging as result of ultraviolet (UV) light exposure in both senescent and photo aged skin. Thus, establishing novel approaches for spatially assessing AGEs appears as a potentially useful strategy toward the investigation of the mechanistic role of these compounds in aging-related processes. Herein, we propose a direct and non-destructive approach to assess the biological changes on the human skin highly exposed to solar irradiation. Confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS) was used to evaluate the presence and the differences in the AGEs content, by using reference spectra of the major AGEs present in human skin. Two different groups were considered from volunteers who had a daily history of high sun exposure: samples collected from the inner face of the arm (sun-protected or low direct sun exposure, SP) and samples from the forearm dorsum (sun-exposed or high direct sun exposure, SE). In this study, the main AGEs products were found to be carboxymethyl-lysine (CML), glucosepane (GLU) and pentosidine (PEN) for both groups; while CML were predominant at the stratum corneum and epidermis, GLU and PEN were found to be the main AGEs in dermis. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed a high discrimination rate in the stratum corneum region at around 93.8 %, while in the layers of the epidermis and dermis this value was found to be 68.8 %, according to the degree of discrimination of SP and SE groups. In sum, this investigation shows that CRS is able to assess AGEs in vivo and non-invasively on human skin and provided a better understanding on the effects and changes resulting from skin chronological aging caused by glycation under conditions of high exposure to UV irradiation.

A study of the extensor tendons of the hand from point of view of evolution

IntroductionBoth anatomists and the surgeons need to have knowledge of anatomy of extensor muscles and their variations but the analysis of characteristics of each of these muscles can also improve our understanding of evolution of modern human beings. Methods100 upper limbs preserved in 10% formalin were dissected to study the extensor muscles on the dorsum of forearm and hand. Results28% incidence of variation was observed. Variant muscles such as extensor carpi radialis tertius (4%), extensor digitorum brevis manus (2%) and extensor medii proprius(4%) were observed. Duplication and triplication of extensor digitorum communis tendons to the 2nd, 3rd and 4th digits was noted. A 28% incidence of absence of extensor digitorum communis tendon to the little finger was observed. DiscussionPresent study attempted to explain the presence of these extra muscles on the basis of their actions. Increased supination and pronation movements have been associated with more number of muscles/tendons in the extensor carpi radialis muscle and could explain the formation of extensor carpi radialis tertius muscle observed in the present study. The need to extend wrist and throw an object in a precise direction which was the need of the primate evolving to be the human being, could explain the extra extensors seen over the wrist and digits. A very well developed extensor mechanism is needed for precise functioning of the hand. The present study attempts to link together the functioning of individual extensor muscles to the trajectory of events involved in evolution of primates.

The Effect of Kinesio Taping on Handgrip and Active Range of Motion of Hand in Children with Cerebral Palsy.

Abstract Objective: Kinesio taping is a relatively new technique which uses in rehabilitation of neurologic disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of kinesio taping on hand grip and active range of motion of hand in children with Cerebral Palsy.Materials and Methods: In experimental study with pre-test and three post-test, Thirty two children with cerebral palsy randomly were placed in experimental (n=17) and control group (n=15). Kinesio taping was applied on dorsum of forearm and hand. Evaluation was performed initially, two days after taping and two days after tape removal. Goniometer was used to evaluate active range of motion of wrist extension. Also, vigorimeter was used to evaluate of grip strength.Results: In all variable, data showed that in pre-test there is no difference between groups but in post-tests; initially after application of taping with p<0.05, two days after application of taping with p<0.05 and follow-up (two days after removed taping) with p<0.05 were significantly differences between trial and control group.Conclusion: Kinesio taping in neurorehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy can be a useful option to promote power or grip strength and active range of motion of wrist and thumb.

The Effect of Kinesio Taping on Handgrip and Active Range of Motion of Hand in Children with Cerebral Palsy.

Kinesio taping is a relatively new technique, which uses in rehabilitation of neurologic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Kinesio taping on hand grip and active range of motion of hand in children with cerebral palsy (CP). In this experimental study with pre-test and three post-tests, 32 children with CP randomly were placed in experimental (n=17) and control group (n=15).Kinesio taping was applied on dorsum of forearm and hand. Evaluation was performed initially, two days after taping and two days after tape removal. Goniometer was used to evaluate active range of motion of wrist extension. In addition, vigorimeter was used to evaluate of grip strength. In pre-test, there was no difference between groups but in post-tests; initially after application of taping with P<0.05, two days after application of taping with P<0.05 and follow-up (two days after removed taping) with P<0.05 were significant differences between trial and control group. Kinesio taping in neurorehabilitation of children with CP can be a useful option to promote power or grip strength and active range of motion of wrist and thumb.

Measurement of lymphatic function with technetium-99m-labelled polyclonal immunoglobulin

A reliable method for measuring lymph flow in physiological units would be valuable, especially in conditions in which it is uncertain whether lymph flow is increased or decreased. The requirements of a radiopharmaceutical for such measurement include stable radionuclide labelling and rapid access to lymphatic vessels following tissue injection but no access to blood vessels. A soluble macromolecule is likely to come closest to meeting these requirements. Technetium-99m-labelled human polyclonal immunoglobulin (HIG) was therefore investigated firstly in comparison with 99mTc-labelled human serum albumin (HSA) in patients undergoing routine lymphoscintigraphy and secondly with respect to injection site in a group of volunteers with post-mastectomy oedema (PMO). Subcutaneous injection of 99mTc-HIG into the web space of a distal extremity gave images in which lymphatic vessels were more clearly defined compared with images obtained after injection of 99mTc-HSA. Lymph nodes were also more clearly defined, suggesting specific retention of HIG, possibly through Fc-mediated binding. Peripheral blood sampling showed a delayed arrival in blood of radioactivity after 99mTc-HIG compared with 99mTc-HSA, although ultimately, the blood recovery of 99mTc-HIG was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of 99mTc-HSA. Clearance rates of radioactivity from the injection site were not significantly different, however, between the two agents. In patients with PMO, web space injection of 99mTc-HIG gave excellent images of normal lymphatic vessels, of lymph nodes and of abnormal lymph drainage such as dermal backflow in swollen arms. In contrast, neither lymphatic vessels nor lymph nodes were visualised after injection into the skin of the dorsum of the distal forearm. Although there was no difference in clearance rates from the injection sites between normal and swollen arms with either agent in PMO, clearance was significantly faster following injection into the web space (0.11% per minute for normal and swollen arms combined) than into the forearm (0.053% per minute; P < 0.05). These results suggest that (a) 99mTc-HIG is a potentially useful agent for measuring lymph flow and lymph node function; but (b) injection into the dorsum of the forearm is not a useful method of administration for these measurements; and (c) clearance rates from the injection site do not support the notion that PMO is the result of decreased lymph flow. Further studies are warranted to evaluate 99mTc-HIG as an agent for assessment of lymphatic function, especially with respect to measurement of lymph flow and possibly also for the evaluation of lymph node Fc-mediated immunocompetence.