Dorsum Linguae Research Articles

Safety and Clinical Evaluation of a Sonic Tongue Brush

BackgroundTongue coating consists of oral bacteria, desquamated epithelium, blood cells, and food residues and is involved in periodontal disease, halitosis, and aspiration pneumonia. Recently, a tongue brush with sonic vibration was developed to clean the tongue. This comparative study examined the extent of tongue coating, its effects on the tongue, bacterial count particularly on the posterior dorsum of the tongue, and the degree of pain using a manual tongue brush and the newly developed sonic tongue brush. Materials and methodsPatients’ extent of tongue coating and the quantity of bacteria were analysed before and after brushing with a sonic or manual nylon tongue brush. Moreover, the impressions of the dorsum linguae were obtained before and after brushing to establish models that were observed under a stereo microscope to evaluate tongue trauma. Pain caused during the use of these brushes was evaluated based on the numerical rating scale (NRS). ResultsThe extent of tongue coating and number of bacteria decreased in both the sonic and manual nylon brush groups after tongue cleaning; however, no significant differences were noted. Tongue trauma evaluation revealed that the tongue surface was significantly scratched in the manual brush group compared with the sonic brush group. NRS-based pain evaluation revealed no significant differences. ConclusionsThe sonic brush was equally effective in removing tongue coating and bacteria compared with the manual brush. As the sonic brush does not cause tongue trauma, it may be considered a safe and effective cleaning tool of the tongue.

What is the influence of tonsillectomy on the level of periodontal pathogens on the tongue dorsum and in periodontal pockets

BackgroundFor periodontal treatment, the full mouth disinfection approach suggests disinfection of oral soft tissues, such as tongue and tonsils concomitant to scaling and root planning since patients might benefit from treatment of these oral niches either. Periodontopathogenes in tonsillar tissue support this hypothesis. This prospective controlled clinical study investigated the change in the oral flora of patients who underwent tonsillectomy. Pockets were tested for eleven bacterial species before and six weeks after the surgical intervention.MethodsFifty generally healthy adults were included in this study. The test group consisted of 25 patients with tonsillectomy. The control group included 25 patients with otorhinolarynologic surgery without involvement of the oral cavity. Clinical parameters such as probing pocket depth, bleeding-on-probing index and plaque index were registered the evening before surgery. Also bacterial samples from the gingival sulcus and dorsum linguae were taken, and an additional sample from the removed tonsils in the test group. Six weeks after the intervention microbial samples of pockets and tongue were taken again. Data were tested for significant differences using Wilcoxon rank and Whitney-u-test.ResultsNo relevant intra- or intergroup differences were found for the change of the eleven investigated species.ConclusionBased on the results of the present study, tonsillectomy does not seem to have an immediate relevant effect on the bacterial flora of tongue or periodontium. This study design was approved by the ethical committee of Zurich (KEK-ZH-Nr.2013–0419).Trial registrationThe trial was retrospectively registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRK00014077) on February 20, 2018.

Morphological Study of the Lingual Papillae in Mellivora capensis Tongue

Background: The present study was conducted on the three Mellivora tongues, and the tongue was divided into three portions, apex, body and base. The tongue was tapered at the apex, wider in the middle and had elevation at the base, which termed torus linguae. The tongue is triangular in shape, and the length of tongue ranged between 58-60 mm. The dorsum linguae of this wild animal were characterized by presence of median groove. Methods: After killing, the Mellivora capensis were skinned and the heads were dissected to approach the tongue. The tongues were prepared for morphometric and morphological studies. Results: The morphological study revealed five types of lingual papillae (filiform, conical, fungiform, circumvallate and foliate). The filiform were numerous and scattered on the entire dorsal and lateral surfaces. They were thread like projections, and found in different forms (single, bifurcated, trifurcated and serrated end). The conical papillae were found among the filiform papillae with rounded ends. The fungiform papillae have dome or mushroom-shapes and distributed at the apex of the tongue. The circumvallate papillae were globular or circular shapes and surrounded by trench and located at posterior of tongue between the end of body and torus linguae. The foliate papillae were found on the posterio-lateral surface of the tongue, ridges-shaped and were separated by grooves. Conclusion: The present study showed five types of dorsal lingual papillae: filiform, conical, fungiform, cicumvallate and foliate.

ANATOMICAL STUDY OF THE TONGUE OF INDIGENOUS COW (BOS INDICUS) IN BANGLADESH WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON PAPILLAE DISTRIBUTION

The present study was conducted on the tongue of six apparently healthy indigenous (Bos indicus) cows of different age and sex and they were collected from local market at Dinajpur district and this research work was conducted in the Department of Anatomy and Histology, Dinajpur Government Veterinary College, Dinajpur during the research period from the month of July 2003 to April 2004. After proper euthanasia, the animals were killed and then the tongues of these animals were dissected out from the carcasses and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution. In the present study it was observed that the tongue of indigenous cow (Bos indicus) of Bangladesh has three parts: the root, body and an apex. The dorsum linguae was specially more pronounced in its centre and was occupied by numerous types of masticatory and gustatory papillae. The fine rasp-like filiform papillae were more numerous and directed caudally throughout the dorsum and packed closely in front of the fossa linguae throughout the tip, whereas, the club shaped fungi form papillae were irregularly distributed all over the dorsum among the filiform papillae. The broad headed lentil shaped lenticular papillae was also found in the rostral two-thirds of the dorsum but better developed along the mid-line of the tongue. The large conical papillae of the tongue of Bos indicus occurred in the rostral two-thirds of the dorsum with a higher concentration in the middle portion of the tongue, however, the small ones occurred through out the torus. The vallate papillae of the tongue of Bos indicus were 12-20 in number on either side and dispersed in two irregular rows (25-40) in total along the caudolateral two-thirds of the dorsum. The mucosa of the root of the tongue of Bos indicus did not show any specific papillae but it was rather smooth due to diffused lymphoid tissue distribution (lingual tonsil).

방문구강보건사업 여성노인 대상자의 구강관리프로그램 효과

Objectives : This research was conducted to determine the effect of the Visiting Oral Health Care Program by examining the oral health of the elderly women, who are the beneficiaries of this Visiting Oral Care Program. Methods : This research was conducted from November of 2011 to February of 2012, in Chilgok-gun in the Kyeongbuk Province, South Korea. One hundred and twenty five (125) elderly women among the beneficiaries of the Visiting Oral Care Program within the area were randomly selected for the research. The research subjects would regularly visit the area senior citizen center, and they were divided into two groups, with 64 of them belonging to a control group, and the rest (61 people) belonged to a intervention group. The research subjects were examined for their dental health condition, and we investigated the effect of the Visiting Oral Care Program through this research. Results : 1. When they were asked about how many times they wash their dentures, the majority of the control group, 57.4% of them answered that they do it "once" a day. The majority of the intervention group answered "more than 3 times", with 35.2% of group mentioning that they wash their dentures more than 3 times a day(p<.001). 2. When the research subjects were asked to scale their overall quality of life before and after the Visiting Oral Care Program, the control group had rated 49.3 before the Service and 56.8 after the Service (p<.01), and scores for the individual factors to determine the overall quality of life has significantly improved as well (p<.01, p<.01, p<.01, p<.01, p<.01, p<.01, p<.01). 3. The oral hygiene condition after the Visiting Oral Care Program has shown improvement as well. The control group scored 64.2 for the severity of the symptoms of dental plaque before the dental care, and scored 46.8 after the dental care (p<0.1). The control group was diagnosed for the symptoms of coated tongue, and the severity of the symptoms were scaled as 3.7 before the Program and 2.0 after the Program (p<.01). Furthermore, the overall functionality of the oral cavity was improved as well. The control group showed 1.0 time increase in repetitive voluntary swallowing test (p<0.1), increased amount of sublingual saliva from 0.8mm to 1.4mm, and from 1.6mm to 2.0mm in dorsum linguae(p<0.1). Also, the control group showed an improvement in mouth opening as well, increased from 3.9 to 4.0cm after the oral care program (p<.05). When compared the result with the examination after the Visiting Oral Care Program, the two groups showed a significant difference with the control group showing a significant improvement compared to the intervention group(p<.01, p<.01, p<.01, p<.01, p<.05). 4. The correlation between the dental hygiene condition and the functionality of oral was made for the result of examining the beneficiaries for Visiting Oral Care Program. The amount of saliva showed a negative correlation with the severity of dental plaque (p<.05), and a positive correlation with the repetitive voluntary swallowing count (p<0.1). Also, mouth opening showed a positive correlation with repetitive voluntary swallowing count (p<.05). Conclusions : After the Visiting Orall Care Program, the beneficiaries of the program experienced improvement in their quality of life related to oral health, overall oral hygiene and functionality of oral.

豚の舌の悪性肥満細胞腫の1例

A malignant mastocytoma of the tongue was encountered in a sow. Greyish-white nodules, varying from 0.5 to 2.0 cm in diameter, fused to form irregularly shaped papulous masses on the dorsum linguae. Tumor nodules were primarily distributed in the submucosal portion and invaded surrounding tissues. Larger nodules located at the periphery of the tumor mass had necrotic areas. Neoplastic mast cells had round or ovoid nuclei with slight atypia, hyperchromasia and a few mitotic figures. Polyhedral broad cytoplasm contained metachromatic granules visualized by toluidin blue stain. Electron microscopy revealed that mast cell granules of this tumor were composed of fine grains. Microscopic metastatic foci were clearly detected in the submandibular lymph nodes. In the liver, there were small mast cell foci among uneven interlobular connective tissue septa as seen in typical cases of so-called fibrotic hepatosplenomegaly or systemic mastocytosis of pigs. These findings appear to be suggestive for revealing the true nature and correlation among mast cell disorders in this species.

Spontaneous calcified tongue lesions in DBA mice.

Large numbers of spontaneously occurring polypoid or slightly elevated lesions were observed in the tongue, mainly the dorsum linguae near the margo linguae, of DBA mice. Histologically the lesion consisted of granulation tissue with focal calcification, and involved superficially the tongue muscle. Often the calcareous deposits were encircled by multinuclear giant cells. The frequency of the calcified tongue lesion was high in lines of DBA/2 (DBA/2NCrj, DBA/2NJcl and DBA/2J), and DBA/1 (DBA/1Jcl and DBA/1J); the SM/J, BALB/c, C57BL/6 and C3H/He strains did not have the lesion. Among hybrid mice, CDF1, a hybrid of DBA/2 and BALB/c, a few had the lesions but no BDF1 mice, a hybrid of DBA/2 and C57BL/6, had any. The frequency was high in the hybrids of DBA/1 and SM/J. These results seem to indicate that the occurrence of the tongue calcified lesions was controlled by polygene.

Formation of nitrite from nitrate at the dorsum linguae.

Nitrate-reducing activity in the human oral cavity was demonstrated at the dorsum linguae; no nitrite formation was detected at other positions, such as the hard palate, soft palate, lingual abdomen and buccal surface. Furthermore, sufficient nitrite to account for the nitrite present in human saliva was formed very quickly at the dorsum linguae.Assuming that the activity at the dorsum linguae was due to the action of a tissue enzyme present there, we analyzed this reaction kinetically. The substrate concentration at which maximum velocity was observed was approximately 0.05M and the Michaelis constant, Km, was approximately 0.012M.

Influence of ions and chemical substances on the response of the frog's tongue to mechanical stimulation

1. 1. The fungiform papillae responded to the mechanical stimulation of either an air puff or a Frey's hair. but the filiform papillae did not. 2. 2. The integrated neural response to an air puff was greatest along the margin and at the apex of the dorsum linguae. 3. 3. More than three quarters of the mechanosensitive fibers responded to CaCl 2 application and one third responded to NaCl application. Mono- and divalent cations had various influences on the response to mechanical stimulation. 4. 4. Glucose and sucrose dissolved in distilled water depressed the response, but when dissolved in Ringer's solution had no effect. HCl and quinine-HCl depressed the mechanical response.

A Case of Choristoma in the Tongue

A case of choristoma originating in the tongue which was histologically composed of bony and cartilage tissue was described.The patient was 50 year-old male with chief complain of a painless mass in the dorsum linguae which continously increased in size of 3 years duration.After the removal of this tumor being the size of large pea, the patient was healed completely. The choristoma arising from the dorsum linguae is rare and had not been reported in Japan. Then histological and embryological findings of this tumor were discussed.

Supplement to the Histological Observation on the Sensory Nerve Supply of the Human Tongue

The dorsum linguae is probably the part best supplied with sensory fibres in the whole body, but the distribution and the terminal mode of these fibres are not uniform in all the different types of the lingual papillae.The sensory terminations found in the filiform papillae comprise uncapsulated glomerular terminations and rather complex branched terminations formed of terminal fibres showing frequent change in size. In the fungiform papillae, the types of terminations are similar to those found in the filiform papillae above, but the glomerular terminations are somewhat less abundant than in the latter. But as the epithelium of these papillae nearly always contains taste-buds and does not show cornification as in the case of that on the filiform papillae, intraepithelial fibres of fine size are found in this epithelium. Beneath the taste-buds, branched terminations formed of thick terminal fibres frequently changing size are found in most cases, and finer intra- and extra-gemmal fibres are sent out from these.The number of sensory fibres coming into the foliate and the vallate papillae is smaller than of those in the filiform and the fungiform papillae, and these form only a few uncapsulated glomerular terminations but mostly relatively simple branched terminations composed of rather fine terminal fibres. These terminations terminate beneath the epithelium, particularly in relation with the taste-buds. Not rarely, however, branched terminations originating in very thick fibres and rather complex in form are found spread out over large areas. A very large number of vegetative fibres are found also running into these papillae, forming terminal reticula in every part of their stock.The facies inferior linguae containe only so-called mucous papillae, so that the sensory fibres in its mucous membrane are much less abundant than those on the dorsum linguae. Comparativeiy large papillae are found in the lateral margins and near the median line of the inferior surface, and some sensory fibres are found running into them to form sensory terminations very similar to those in the filiform papillae above in type but simpler in architecture than these, but most of the smaller papillae are devoid of sensory fibres. Taste-budded papillae are not scarce on this side of the tongue either; in these are found sensory terminations of the same type as those in the fungiform papillae but worse developed than the latter. More rarely, some interesting capsulated glomerular terminations resembling the genital nerve bodies Type I were discovered subepithelially in this part.Such genital body-like capsulated terminations could be found in the propria of the dorsum linguae too. These are usually large in size than those found in the bacies inferior linguae.Sensory terminations are also found along the ducts of the gl, apicis linguae. These comprise not only rather complex branched terminations composed of branched fibres showing frequent change in size but also uncapsulated glomerular terminaions. A part of their terminal fibres run further into the epithelium of the ducts.The most interesting fruit of my study reported herein was the discovery of a rather large number of very peculiar complex branched terminations in the submucosa and the lingual muscle tissue of the apex linguae. These terminations are originated in 1 or 2 thick sensory fibres each, which, upon reaching the terminal area rich in specific cell nuclei, branch out into many branch fibres showing frequent change in size in their utterly irregular looped courses and form neurofibrillar expansions during their courses or at their ends. Thus, they resemble the Type I sensory terminations concerned with the blood-pressure falling reflex, but some are more resembling the genital nerve bodies Type III found in the tunica albuginea of the human penis.

On the Nerve Supply of the Dorsum Linguae and the Facies Inferior Linguae in Newborn Dog

The filiform papillae in the dorsum linguae of newborn dog are small-sized and of short cylindrical form; they are still in a low stage of development and consequently the number of the sensory fibres coming into their stocks is also very small. These fibres form undranched and simple branched terminations beneath the epithelium. The stem fibres are usually medium-sized, but sometimes thick stem fibres are also present and send out terminal fibres which show conspicuous change in size and some windings in their courses. The above findings are not much different from what has been reported on the same papillae of the adult dog. Neither intraepithelial fibres nor corpuscular terminations have been found in the filiform papillae.The fungiform papillae were much larger than the filiform papillae and their epithelium often contains taste-buds. In most of these papillae, a single nerve bundle runs through the basis into the stock and sends out nerve fibres radially toward the epithelium. The nerve fibres consist of fine vegetative and thick sensory fibres, of which the former end in STOHR's terminal reticula, but the latter end in unbranched and simple branched terminations beneath the epithelium. These sensory terminations are somewhat more complex than those in the filiform papillae above. The fungiform papillae contain some intraepithelial fibres of simplest unbranched type, but bifurcated intraepithelial terminations are not rare either. The sensory nerve supply to the taste-buds in these papillae is very poor indeed, some of the taste-buds being utterly devoid of any sensory fibre. No corpuscular termination was found in these papillae either.The foliate papillae on the tongue of the newborn dog were rather typically formed and taste-buds were abundant in the epithelium not only on the sides of the surrounding furrow but also on the side facing directly the oral cavity.The circumvallate papillae are small both in size and in number. Taste-buds are contained in the epithelium facing the oral cavity and in a smaller and variable number in the epithelium lining the sides of the surrounding furrow. The epithelium of the oral-cavity side was not yet found anywhere depressed, as observed in such papillae of the adult dog.Basal plexus containing REMAK's hemiganglion cells is formed in the basis of the foliate and the circumvallate papillae. This plexus consists of a larger number of fine vegetative fibres and somewhat fewer thick sensory fibres. The former end in very well-developed terminal reticula in the papillary stocks, while the latter fibres, much more numerous than in the fungiform papillae, spread out radially toward the epithelium and end beneath it. The sensory terminations are mostly of simple branched type, complex ones being as yet unformed. These sensory terminations come into very intimate relation with the vegetative fibres and terminal reticula. They are most often formed just beneath the taste-buds and their terminal fibres often run into the epithelium to end in intra- and extra-gemmal fibres. The terminal fibres frequently show marked change in size and within the epithelium, often end bluntly or in small knobs.The facies inferior linguae of the newborn dog is generally surfaced by a thin smooth non-cornified stratified flat epithelium. The propria here is also rather thin, and the papillae growing out of the propria into the epithelium are usually very ill developed, but somewhat larger papillae are found near the median line. A few longitudinal mucous folds are formed on the facies inferior.The facies inferior contains only very ill-developed proprial plexus, and consequently, the sensory fibres therein are also very scanty. The sensory terminations here too are of unbranched and simple branched types only

On the Microscopic Anatomy and the Sensory Nerve Supply of the Tongue in Flying-Squirrel

The mucous membrane of the tongue of flyig-squirrel may be called rather rich in sensory nerve supply, but far lese rich than the same of man and other higher mammals studied hitherto. The foremost part of the dorsum linguae and the entire facies inferior linguae with poorly developed propria contain only very poor proprial plexus and consequently the number of sensory fibres cming from this plexus is very few. Only the fungiform papillae found sporadically in the foremost part of the dorsum linguae have often well-developed proprial plexus under them. The propria is well developed in the middle and the psoterior parts of the dorsum linguae and the radix linguae, permitting good development of the proprial plexus.The sensory supply to the filiform papillae is very poor in the foremost part but grows better in the parts more to the rear of the dorsum linguae and falls off a little again in the radix linguae. So, the sensory innervation of the papillae in these parts runs parallel with the size of the papillary stocks. Namely, the very ill-developed filiform papillae found in the foremost part are devoid of sensory fibres, except the few somewhat stouter papillae found in this part into which 1 or 2 sensory fibres run and end in unbranched terminal fibres therein. The considerably well-developed filiform papillae in the middle part of the dorsum linguae are always supplied with sensory fibres which end in simple and complex branched terminations; the terminal fibres of these often show very perceptible change in size and sometimes end after penetrating the epithelium very slightly. The filiform papillae with the largest stocks found in the hinder part of the dorsum linguae are the best provided with sensory fibres and their terminations among all the filiform papillae. These terminations include not a few uncapsulated simple glomerular terminations. The filiform papillae in the radix linguae are somewhat worse developed than those in the preceding part.Into a fungiform papilla, a rather thick nerve bundle composed of a few medium-sized sensory fibres and many fine vegetative fibres comes in and spreads out in the top part of the stock. The sensory fibres end in unbranched and simple branched terminations beneath the taste-budded epithelium, and only a very few of the terminal fibres in intra- or extra-gemmal fibres. The vegetative fibres end in terminal reticula as always.In the lateral margins of the rear part of the dorsum linguae of flying-squirrel are found formations taking place of the foliate papillae in the upper and lower walls of the longitudinal deep furrow located there. The propria of both the walls contains complex ground plexus sometimes containing a number of REMAK's hemiganglion cells. This plexus consists of numerous fine vegetative fibres and a fewer thick sensory fibres, of which the former end in well-developed terminal reticula beneath the taste-budded epithelium, while the latter form simple and complex subepithelial branched terminations with terminal fibres often enough of thick size and not rarely ending intra- or extra-gemmally.The vallate papillae on the tongue of this animal are very few but well developed and have very well-devloped ground plexus containing some REMAK's hemiganglion cells in their basis; these plexus containing numerous fine vegetive fibres and fewer sensory fibres run into the papillary stocks and spread out the nerve fibres toward the taste-budded epithelium, beneath which the terminations are formed, just in the manner as in the taste-budded furrows. The sensory terminal fibres here too often form intra- and extragemmal fibres. Well-formed branched sensory terminations composed of thick terminal fibres are found in a rather large number in the taste-budless epithelium in the basis and the encircling wall of the vallate papillae and the terminal fibres from these terminations frequently end inside the epithelium.

On the Sensory Nerve Distribution in the Mucous Membrane of the Cavum Oris and the Pars Nasalis Pharyngis of Cat in the Last Fetal Stage

In a fetus of cat of the last stage, the tongue papillae are already in nearly full formation. The filiform papillae comprise small and large types, the former found in the peripheral parts of the tip of the dorsum linguae and the latter in the other parts, including the radix linguae.The small-sized filiform papillae have stocks growing out from the propria into the epithelium and protrude into the oral cavity with their horn-teeth. The large-sized filiform papillae have conspicuous furrows between them and well-developed stocks, but are lower in statue and lose their horn-teeth in the rear parts of the tongue.The development of the stocks of the small-sized filiform papillae being poor, the number of sensory fibres innervating them is very small, only the better-developed papillary stocks among them being provided with incoming sensory fibres, which end in unbranched and simple branched terminations. Their terminal fibres are usually fine and show little change in size in their courses before they end in sharp or blunt pints subepithelially or sometimes intraepithelially.The papillary stocks of the large-sized filiform papillae being better developed, sensory fibres as well as vegetative fibres are found always in them. Most of the sensory fibres end in subepithelial simple branched terminations, but their terminal fibres show frequent change in size and marked winding courses and end sharply or bluntly.The fungiform papillae are found not only in the peripheral but also the more central parts of the dorsum linguae too. The fungiform papillae found amidst the small filiform papillae are much smaller than those amidst the large filiform papillae. A fungiform papilla is always bounded off from the filiform papillae around it by a distinct circular furrow, and is covered on the top side by a non-cornified stratified flat epithelium containing taste-buds but thinner than that facing the furrow. In the basis of their stock, a nerve plexus is sometimes formed containing hemiganglion cells, but usually a mere thick nerve bundle runs up through the stock and spreads out subepithelially. This bundle contains thick sensory and thin vegetative fibres, the former usually ending in simple branched terminations, but more rarely in rather complex branched terminations originating in very thick fibres and having terminal fibres frequently changing in size and winding in their courses. Besides, intraepithelial and especially extra- and intragemmal fibres are in marked development. The vegetative fibres always end in terminal reticula spread out beneath the tastebuds and interestingly enough, in close relation with sensory terminations. The same may be said of the vegetative fibres in the vallate and the foliate papillae mentioned below.The vallate papillae are covered by a thin stratfied flat epithelium and many taste-buds are found in it on the sides facing the furrow as well as the oral cavity, and a smaller number of them are seen in the outer wall of the surrounding furrow, too. The foliate papillae are found in the rear lateral parts of the dorsum linguae. These have a furrow only on their medial side in adult cat, but in fetal cat, another furrow is found on their lateral side too. Taste-buds are present not only in the epithelium facing these furrows but also in that facing the oral cavity. The tastebuds in the wall of the medial furrow alone are found in adult cat too, but those in the other parts above seemingly degenrate away gradually after birth.In fetal cat, the vallate and the foliate papillae have already basal plexus containing REMARK's hemiganglion cells formed in their basis. The sensory fibres and the vegetative fibres emerging thence spread out fan-wise toward the epithelium. As in the fungiform papillae, their terminations comprise unbranched and simple branched subepithelial and intraepithelial or intra- and extragemmal terminations.

Sensory Innervation of Dorsum Linguae in Goat

The filiform papillae of the dorsum linguae of goat are far poorer in development than in man, are covered by stratified epithelium with horn-teeth, have narrow stems and only very poorly developed secondary papillae. The sensory nerve fibres innervating them, therefore, are very poor in number and their terminations are represented only by unbranched or simple branched terminations and none of the terminal fibres running so far as into the secondary papillae.Numerous specific large papillae are found paving the tongue surface posterior to the transverse furrow of the middle portion of the dorsum linguae. These papillae are of flat cylindrical form, have very thick epithelia, show incomplete hornification of the surface and have many elongated secondary papillae growing out of the comparatively well-developed papillar stems. These specific papillae come to resemble closer the filiform papillae in structure as we go the more lateralwards and finally pass over into genuine filiform papillae. The development of sensory fibres in these specific papillae is very poor, as in the filiform papillae, so that they end generally in unbranched or simple branched terminations. Unlike the filiform papillae, however, these large papillae often contain unbranched terminations ending deep in the secondary papillae, and even in the epithelium forming intraepithelial fibres. Such a better innervation is possible as these specific papillae are better developed than the filiform papillae.The fungiform papillae of goat are not essentially different from those on the human tongue, and are accordingly far better innervated sensorily than the above filiform papillae. A large number of sensory fibres are found running into their stems and ending subepithelially in branched terminations therein. Comparatively complex branched terminations are not rare here. A small number of unbranched intraepithelial fibres are also observed.Taste-buds are often formed in the epithelium facing the oral cavity of the fungiform papillae, especially often in the papillae in the tip part of the dorsum linguae. The sensory fibres supplied to these taste-buds, however, are rather poor in development, some taste-buds devoid of any sensory innervation being found in many places. The sensory fibres, where presnt, usually end in branched terminations directly beneath the taste-buds, but not rarely some of them run further to form intra- and extragemmal fibres.Not only in the above lingual papillae, but also we often find unbranched and simple branched terminations formed in the propria of the mucous membrane, particularly often close beneath the epithelium.Finally, it is very intereresting that not rarely some very specific simple endbodies are found in the lamina propria as well as the various lingual papillae of the goat dorsum linguae. This end-body, encased in a thin connective tissue capsule, consists of an outer light zone and an inner bulb, which contain numerous special cell nuclei resembling SCHWANN's nuclei in nature. These nuclei are particularly abundant in the inner bulb. One or sometimes two myelinated sensory fibres run into the inner bulb and sometimes form club-like terminations therein by gradual fibrillar swelling or simple branched terminations. These specific end-bodies are specific to non-human mammals and probably represent receptors of very delicate feelings, as are the human complex sensory end-bodies.

On the Innervation, Especially Sensory Innervation of Mucous Membrane of the Oral Cavity of Cat

In the mucous membrane of the oral cavity in cat also the end formation of vegetative nerve fibres is always represented by the STOHIR's terminal reticulum.The so-called BOEKE's accessory fibres are not sympathetic but motor in nature in the lingual muscles of cat too.No muscular spindle was found in the feline lingual muscles.The oral cavity is a part most well provided of sensory fibres in the body, but in cat, their development is far poorer than in man, in proportion to the poorer development of papillae in the former.The filiform papillae in cat are somewhat different from those in man, consisting of small-sized and large-sized types, of which the former are rich all over the dorsum linguae and the latter exist in the hinder part of the dorsum linguae down to the radix linguae. The papilla stocks of these papillae are poorer in development than in man even by the large-sized ones, so that the sensory innevation of them is also poorer. In the papillae, however, where the stocks are strongly formed, even in the small-sized ones, comparatively many sensory fibres are found running into them, while some of the large-sized papillae are devoid of sensory fibres.The sensory terminations in filiform papillae in cat consist of unbranched and simple branched ones. A medium-sized or a thick fibre, after losing its myelin sheath, ends sharply or rarely in simple ring shape, without branching or after branching out into 2-5 rami, and often showing change in size during its course. No intraepithelial nor corpuscular terminations were found in these papillae.The fungiform papillae in cat are small-sized in the fore and larger in the back of dorsum linguae, are always marked off from the filiform papillae by a clear-cut groove and are covered with a non-corneating stratified flat epithelium. The epithelium on the top of a papilla of this kind is thin and contains 2-3 taste-buds in small-sized and 3-5 in large-sized papillae, namely showing a far better development than in man. The innervation is therefore also very powerful, basal plexus being conspicuously formed under the major papillae. The thin vegetative fibres and the thick sensory fibres originating in such a plexus diffuse upwards into the papilla stock, in particular, beneath the gemmal epithelium. Often enough, however, no such a plexus is found formed, but a thick nerve bundle runs upward toward the top of the stock, to show fibril diffusion there. The sensory terminations here comprise, beside the unbranched and the simple branched, also intraepithelial, in particular, intra- and extra-gemmal fibres, even these often branching out into rami. The sensory fibres to the taste-buds nearly almost accompany vegetative terminal reticulum, but the latter is presumed to stand in common control over the blood capillaries distributed in this part.The circumvallate papillae in cat are fewer than those in man and resemble those in dog in structure. The epithelial lining them on the side facing the oral cavity as well as the encircling groove are thin gemmal ones, cotaining many taste-buds in the latter. Interestingly enough, the epithelium of the wall outside the groove is sometimes also richly provided with taste-buds, unlike such an epithelium in dog. The foliate papillae in cat are conspicuously formed in the transitional part of the lateral edge of the dorsum linguae into the arcus glossopalatinus. These are large papillae next to the circumvallate. A furrow is one-sidedly formed only on the median side, the outer side passing over directly into the thick epithelium of the arcus from the thin top epithelium. Many taste-buds are contained in the epithelium facing the furrow, but very few are found in the top epithelium and the wall epithelium.The circumvallate and the foliate papillae have each basal plexus containing a few REMAK's hemiganglion cells at their bases.

Sensory innervation of the fore part of dorsum linguae in hedgehog.

Sensory innervation of the fore part of dorsum linguae in hedgehog.

Innervation especially sensory innervation of facies inferior linguae in human adult.

The epithelium of facies inferior linguae mostly is much thinner than that of dorsum linguae, the formation of the papillae being correspondingly weaker, especially as the rear parts are approached. But, in the marginal parts the epithelium is thicker, and large papillae provided with secondary papillae or especially with taste-buds are observable accordingly. As the epithelium of the vicinity of.the median line is thick too, comparatively large papillae or taste-buds.papillae can be seen also here. However, all of the papillae seen in facies inferior linguae even do not admit protrusion of epithelium over the surface, in contradistinction to the papillae in dorsum linguae, and the epithelial surface is kept always smooth and even. The epithelium of the plica fimbraiata is thinnest and the papillae are of poorest development, vet a very few of small taste-buds are provable. The plexus formed in the subepithelial layer consists of thick sensory and fine vegetative fibres, the latter finally passing into the Stohr's terminalreticulum. The sensory fibres are of much weaker development than in dorsum linguae, but are rather well-developed in accordance with the development of the papillae. So, the development of sensory terminations in marginal parts and the vicinity of the median line is considerable. The sensory terminations in facies inferior linguae may be divided into simple unbranched and branched terminations, complex branched terminations, non-capsulated and capsulated glomerular terminations, and special terminations for taste-buds. Of the sensory terminations found in the large papillae without tastebuds, glomerular terminations, especially capsulated ones, and plexuslike terminations may be mentioned as of special interest, though they are much lower numerically than in dorsum linguae. The former consist of thick sensory fibres, which after losing the myelin, show peculiar change in size and a winding course and terminate in simple glomerular arrangement. They are in general capsulated and provided with numerous special nuclei in the inner bulb. Plexus-like terminations are composed of two or three thick sensory fibres dividing into two or three branches, which show the irregular plexus-like terminal arrangement. The development of sensory fibres for the samil papillae is very weak in comparison with the above, and many of them even lack sensory fibres. And in small papillae where sensory fibres enter, their terminal mode is simple, mostly represented by unbranched or simple branched terminations. However, there are found not rarely corpusclar, especially simple noncapsulated glomerular terminations, and two or three such bodies can be found in one small papilla, though in a small quantity. In the large taste-bud papillae, plexus is formed at the base, and the sensory fibres penetrate the papillae, being accompanied by vegetative fibres, mostly to pass into simple arborized or undetermined terminations, but partly into corpusclar, especially into non-capsulated glomerular terminations. These bodies are frequently formed just beneath the tastebuds, sometimes sending out intra- and extragemmal fibres. The small taste-bud papillae are very often devoid of sensory fibres, but sometimes sensory fibres run into them with vegetative fibres, to pass into non-capsulated glomerular terminations in the tip of the papillae, more rarely sending out intragernmal fibres. As detailed above, since the morphological development of sensory fibres for the taste-buds found in facies inferior linguae is incomparably weaker than in the papillae circumvallatae, it may be assumed that they are also functionally much degenerated ones.