Thalamus Research Articles

Ictal Involvement of the Pulvinar and the Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus in Patients With Refractory Epilepsy.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) targeting the anterior nucleus of the thalamus (ANT) has been shown to be effective in treating some patients with medically refractory epilepsy. However, it remains unknown how seizures spread through the ANT relative to other thalamic nuclei. This study aimed to investigate, through simultaneous recordings from both ANT and pulvinar (PLV) nucleus, their roles in seizure propagation. Our goal was to determine whether the ANT is the primary site of seizure propagation in the human thalamus, especially for focal seizure originating in the medial temporal lobe. In a retrospective design, we studied EEGs and clinical notes of patients with refractory epilepsy who were implanted with stereo-EEG (sEEG) electrodes across cortical regions, some of which were extended to reach various sites of the thalamus (i.e., multisite thalamic recordings). We selected patients from the Stanford Comprehensive Epilepsy Center with both ANT and PLV electrodes and collected information about the timing and anatomy of seizure activity in the seizure onset zones, usually temporal, and the 2 thalamic sites. We recruited 17 (5 female, mean age 32 years) adult patients with simultaneous ipsilateral ANT and PLV recordings. In all patients, the procedure was safe without any complications. In 100% of patients, the thalamus was involved during seizures (in 88% both ANT and PLV and in 82% first the PLV). In patients with confirmed hippocampal or amygdalar onset seizures, 62% had initial involvement and 100% had subsequent involvement of the PLV nucleus. Only 31% showed initial propagation to ANT. All focal-to-bilateral tonic-clonic seizures and most of the focal impaired awareness seizures had early involvement of both ANT and PLV, with rapid spread to the contralateral nuclei. sEEG of thalamic nuclei simultaneously provides an opportunity to understand propagation patterns of seizures with respect to each thalamic subdivision at the individual level. The patterns of seizure propagation, as we report here, provide insights about the prominent involvement of the PLV nucleus during seizure propagation. This may motivate future prospective work in larger cohorts of patients to understand how thalamic propagation may predict response to resective/ablative surgery or whether personalization of DBS (for instance, PLV instead of, or together with, ANT) could improve clinical outcomes.

Multinuclear thalamic targeting with human stereotactic electroencephalography: surgical technique and nuances.

The authors recently demonstrated the utility of a novel multinuclear thalamic stereotactic electroencephalography (sEEG) approach to identify personalized seizure propagation networks through the human thalamus. In this study, they detail their strategy to efficiently sample the thalamus. The authors previously showed that a multilead orthogonal transsylvian approach allows lateral-medial sampling of bilateral anterior nuclei of the thalamus (ANTs), mediodorsal (MD) nuclei, and pulvinar (PLV) nuclei, with simultaneous capture of the opercular and insular regions. They also described a novel trans-massa intermedia trajectory to sample bilateral MD nuclei with a single electrode. For a second approach to multinuclear thalamic sampling, they designed a novel long-axis trajectory for posterior-to-anterior sampling of the lateral PLV nucleus, lateral MD nucleus, and ANT with a single electrode. Superficially, this trajectory samples from the posterior inferior temporal gyrus and then the posterior hippocampus, known as seizure network nodes. Concurrent with this long-axis trajectory, the centromedian nucleus can also be targeted with the orthogonal approach, minimizing the number of electrodes required to sample all 8 of the most relevant nuclei (4 on each side). The multinuclear thalamic sampling approaches resulted in no complications in a series of 34 patients. This study provides a strategy and specific implementation details for these approaches to identify the thalamic seizure networks that are increasingly important in the surgical treatment of epilepsy.

Functional localization of the human auditory and visual thalamus using a thalamic localizer functional magnetic resonance imaging task

Abstract Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the auditory and visual sensory systems of the human brain is an active area of investigation in the study of human health and disease. The medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) and lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) are key thalamic nuclei involved in the processing and relay of auditory and visual information, respectively, and are the subject of blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI studies of neural activation and functional connectivity in human participants. However, localization of BOLD fMRI signal originating from neural activity in MGN and LGN remains a technical challenge, due, in part, to the poor definition of boundaries of these thalamic nuclei in standard T1-weighted and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging sequences. Here, we report the development and evaluation of an auditory and visual sensory thalamic localizer (TL) fMRI task that produces participant-specific functionally-defined regions of interest (fROIs) of both MGN and LGN, using 3 Tesla multiband fMRI and a clustered-sparse temporal acquisition sequence, in less than 16 minutes of scan time. We demonstrate the use of MGN and LGN fROIs obtained from the TL fMRI task in standard resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) fMRI analyses in the same participants. In RSFC analyses, we validated the specificity of MGN and LGN fROIs for signals obtained from primary auditory and visual cortex, respectively, and benchmarked their performance against alternative atlas- and segmentation-based localization methods. The TL fMRI task and analysis code (written in Presentation and MATLAB, respectively) have been made freely available to the wider research community.

Projection-specific circuits of retrosplenial cortex with differential contributions to spatial cognition.

Retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is a brain region involved in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. It has reciprocal connections with a diverse set of cortical and subcortical brain regions, but the afferent structure and behavioral function of circuits defined by its projection-specific sub-populations have yet to be determined. The corticocortical connections between RSC and secondary motor cortex (M2), as well as corticothalamic connections between RSC and anterodorsal thalamus (AD) have been hypothesized to function as semi-independent, but parallel pathways that impact spatial information processing in distinct ways. We used retrograde and anterograde viral tracers and monosynaptic retrograde rabies virus to quantitatively characterize and compare the afferent and efferent distributions of retrosplenial neuron sub-populations projecting to M2 and AD. AD-projecting and M2-projecting RSC neurons overlap in their collateral projections to other brain regions, but not in their projections to M2 and AD, respectively. Compared with AD-projecting RSC neurons, M2-projecting RSC neurons received much greater afferent input from the dorsal subiculum, AD, lateral dorsal and lateral posterior thalamus, and somatosensory cortex. AD-projecting RSC neurons received greater input from the anterior cingulate cortex and medial septum. We performed chemogenetic inhibition of M2- and AD-projecting RSC neurons and examined its impact on object-location memory, object-recognition, open-field exploration, and place-action association. Our findings indicate that inhibition of M2-projecting RSC neurons impairs object location memory as well as place-action association, while the RSC to AD pathway impacts only object-location memory. The findings indicate that RSC is composed of semi-independent circuits distinguishable by their afferent/efferent distributions and differing in the cognitive functions to which they contribute.

Disorganized thalamic subregional functional connectivity in bipolar I disorder.

Thalamus plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric conditions due to its strategic position and intricate connectivity with the cerebral cortex, limbic system, and other subcortical structures. In the present study, the potential involvement of the thalamus and subregions of the thalamus are explored in bipolar disorder (BD). In particular, functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging was performed on 73 adult patients with BD-I and 78 healthy controls (HCs). Seed-based thalamus and thalamic subregional functional connectivity (FC) were compared between the BD-I patients and HCs. Compared to HCs, patients with BD-I showed higher FC between the left thalamus and right lingual gyrus and altered FC between the dorsal thalamus and the default mode network and prefrontal regions, which may be correlated with mania symptomatology. In patients with BD-I, the anterior subregions of the thalamus had higher FC than the posterior subregions. No significant difference in gray matter volume or local functional activity was found in the thalamus and thalamic subregions between BD-I and HC. These findings provide evidence of disorganized thalamocortical FC in BD-I, suggesting that the thalamus and its subregions may play important and specific roles in the neural circuitry of BD.

Functional Localization of the Human Auditory and Visual Thalamus Using a Thalamic Localizer Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Task.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the auditory and visual sensory systems of the human brain is an active area of investigation in the study of human health and disease. The medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) and lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) are key thalamic nuclei involved in the processing and relay of auditory and visual information, respectively, and are the subject of blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI studies of neural activation and functional connectivity in human participants. However, localization of BOLD fMRI signal originating from neural activity in MGN and LGN remains a technical challenge, due in part to the poor definition of boundaries of these thalamic nuclei in standard T1-weighted and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging sequences. Here, we report the development and evaluation of an auditory and visual sensory thalamic localizer (TL) fMRI task that produces participant-specific functionally-defined regions of interest (fROIs) of both MGN and LGN, using 3 Tesla multiband fMRI and a clustered-sparse temporal acquisition sequence, in less than 16 minutes of scan time. We demonstrate the use of MGN and LGN fROIs obtained from the TL fMRI task in standard resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) fMRI analyses in the same participants. In RSFC analyses, we validated the specificity of MGN and LGN fROIs for signals obtained from primary auditory and visual cortex, respectively, and benchmark their performance against alternative atlas- and segmentation-based localization methods. The TL fMRI task and analysis code (written in Presentation and MATLAB, respectively) have been made freely available to the wider research community.

Neuroscience of the Human Thalamus Related to Acute Pain and Chronic 'Thalamic' Pain.

The association of posterior thalamic strokes with the presence of chronic 'thalamic' pain, was described in the early 1900s and revisited in a recent review of these patients. Acute pain in corporal structures is associated with the spinothalamic tract (STT) which originates in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, while that associated with cranial structures is associated with the spinal division of the trigeminal nucleus. These pathways terminate in the ventral posterior nucleus (VP) including its posterior and inferior subnuclei, and its core which is classically associated with tactile and haptic functions. In medial nuclei (medial dorsal and intralaminar) receptive fields are large and stimulation evokes diffuse unpleasant sensations and pain while neurons in these nuclei subserve cognitive processes of attention, alerting, and conditioning. In the lateral nuclei neurons have small receptive and projected fields and high resolution of responses to somatic stimuli. Neurons in the lateral nuclei respond to stimuli producing pain, temperature, and visceral sensations while stimulation evokes similar sensations. Small strokes in VP core versus structures located inferior and posterior are associated with 'thalamic' pain and decreased tactile, painful and cold sensations, and with decreased evoked potentials for painful (laser) heat and median nerve stimulation (electrical). Lesions of VP, but not Vmpo, are associated with 'thalamic' pain, contrary to the recent 'disinhibition' model. We review the evidence that the lateral nuclei are associated with multiple processes including tactile, nociceptive, visceral and thermal content of stimuli, while the medial nuclei are related to cognitions about those stimuli.

Primary Central Nervous System Burkitt's Lymphoma in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report and Literature Review.

The objective of this research is to examine the therapy and outlook of pediatric primary central nervous system Burkitt lymphomas. This study involves a retrospective analysis of the clinical data of a child with primary central nervous system Burkitt lymphoma who underwent treatment in our department. In addition, pertinent literature was reviewed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the topic. The patient was admitted to the neurosurgery department with symptoms of headache and vomiting. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed multiple lesions in the right frontal and temporal lobes, dorsal thalamus, and posterior medulla oblongata. Most of the tumor mass was surgically removed from the right ventricle and diagnosed as Burkitt lymphoma. Abnormal lymph nodes were not found outside of the central nervous system. The patient achieved complete remission (CR) after receiving 6 cycles of treatment (R-AA-BB-CC-AA-BB-CC) based on the regimen of the Southern Pediatric Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment Collaboration Group 2017. As of November 23, 2023, the patient remained alive with no evidence of recurrence. Primary central nervous system Burkitt lymphoma is rare in children, and there is no universally accepted treatment protocol. However, the regimen outlined by the South China Children's Cancer Group-Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in 2017 (SCCCG-NHL-2017) can serve as a useful reference for treating pediatric non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

1H-MRS reveals abnormal energy metabolism and excitatory-inhibitory imbalance in a chronic migraine-like state induced by nitroglycerin in mice

BackgroundChronic migraine is closely related to the dysregulation of neurochemical substances in the brain, with metabolic imbalance being one of the proposed causes of chronic migraine. This study aims to evaluate the metabolic changes between energy metabolism and excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in key brain regions of mice with chronic migraine-like state and to uncover the dysfunctional pathways of migraine.MethodsA chronic migraine-like state mouse model was established by repeated administration of nitroglycerin (NTG). We used von Frey filaments to assess the mechanical thresholds of the hind paw and periorbital in wild-type and familial hemiplegic migraine type 2 mice. After the experiments, tissue was collected from five brain regions: the somatosensory cortex (SSP), hippocampus, thalamus (TH), hypothalamus, and the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC). Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) was employed to study the changes in brain metabolites associated with migraine, aiming to explore the mechanisms underlying metabolic imbalance in chronic migraine-like state.ResultsIn NTG-induced chronic migraine-like state model, we observed a significant reduction in energy metabolism during central sensitization, an increase in excitatory neurotransmitters such as glutamate, and a tendency for inhibitory neurotransmitters like GABA to decrease. The TNC and thalamus were the most affected regions. Furthermore, the consistency of N-acetylaspartate levels highlighted the importance of the TNC-TH-SSP pathway in the ascending nociceptive transmission of migraine.ConclusionAbnormal energy metabolism and neurotransmitter imbalance in the brain region of NTG-induced chronic migraine-like state model are crucial mechanisms contributing to the chronicity of migraine.

Thalamocortical contributions to hierarchical cognitive control.

Cognitive flexibility relies on hierarchically structured task representations that organize task contexts, relevant environmental features, and subordinate decisions. Despite ongoing interest in the human thalamus, its role in cognitive control has been understudied. This study explored thalamic representation and thalamocortical interactions that contribute to hierarchical cognitive control in humans. We found that several thalamic nuclei, including the anterior, mediodorsal, ventrolateral, and pulvinar nuclei, exhibited stronger evoked responses when subjects switch between task contexts. Decoding analysis revealed that thalamic activity encodes task contexts within the hierarchical task representations. To determine how thalamocortical interactions contribute to task representations, we developed a thalamocortical functional interaction model to predict task-related cortical representation. This data-driven model outperformed comparison models, particularly in predicting activity patterns in cortical regions that encode context representations. Collectively, our findings highlight the significant contribution of thalamic activity and thalamocortical interactions for contextually guided hierarchical cognitive control.

Fast frequency modulation is encoded according to the listener expectations in the human subcortical auditory pathway

Abstract Expectations aid and bias our perception. For instance, expected words are easier to recognise than unexpected words, particularly in noisy environments, and incorrect expectations can make us misunderstand our conversational partner. Expectations are combined with the output from the sensory pathways to form representations of auditory objects in the cerebral cortex. Previous literature has shown that expectations propagate further down to subcortical stations during the encoding of static pure tones. However, it is unclear whether expectations also drive the subcortical encoding of subtle dynamic elements of the acoustic signal that are not represented in the tonotopic axis. Here, we tested the hypothesis that subjective expectations drive the encoding of fast frequency modulation (FM) in the human subcortical auditory pathway. We used fMRI to measure neural responses in the human auditory midbrain (inferior colliculus) and thalamus (medial geniculate body). Participants listened to sequences of FM-sweeps for which they held different expectations based on the task instructions. We found robust evidence that the responses in auditory midbrain and thalamus encode the difference between the acoustic input and the subjective expectations of the listener. The results indicate that FM-sweeps are already encoded at the level of the human auditory midbrain and that encoding is mainly driven by subjective expectations. We conclude that the subcortical auditory pathway is integrated in the cortical network of predictive processing and that expectations are used to optimise the encoding of fast dynamic elements of the acoustic signal.

Propofol disrupts the functional core-matrix architecture of the thalamus in humans

Research into the role of thalamocortical circuits in anesthesia-induced unconsciousness is difficult due to anatomical and functional complexity. Prior neuroimaging studies have examined either the thalamus as a whole or focused on specific subregions, overlooking the distinct neuronal subtypes like core and matrix cells. We conducted a study of heathy volunteers and functional magnetic resonance imaging during conscious baseline, deep sedation, and recovery. We advanced the functional gradient mapping technique to delineate the functional geometry of thalamocortical circuits, within a framework of the unimodal-transmodal functional axis of the cortex. Here we show a significant shift in this geometry during deep sedation, marked by a transmodal-deficient geometry. This alteration is closely linked to the spatial variations in the matrix cell composition within the thalamus. This research bridges cellular and systems-level understanding, highlighting the crucial role of thalamic core–matrix functional architecture in understanding the neural mechanisms of states of consciousness.

Multimodal magnetic resonance longitudinal study on the deep gray matter in multiple sclerosis patients with teriflunomide

Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) are used in an increasing number of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, whether DMTs have intrinsic effects on deep gray matter (DGM) microstructure and atrophy is still poorly understood. In this study, we described the quantitative susceptibility values (QSV) and diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) metrics of DGM in relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) patients and their association with cognitive deficits. We recruited 62 patients with RRMS receiving DMTs and 30 patients with RRMS not receiving DMTs underwent MRI on a 3T scanner. Fractional anisotropy (FA), kurtosis fractional anisotropy (KFA), mean diffusivity (MD), mean kurtosis (MK), QSV and volumes of bilateral caudate nucleus (CAU), amygdala (AMYG), putamen (PUT), hippocampus (Hipp), globus pallidus (GP) and thalamus (THA) were measured. Correlation analysis was performed between those image indexes with longitudinal significant changes and clinical neurological scores, including Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), Digit Span Testand (DST), Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Significant longitudinal increases in FA, KFA and MK values were found in both groups in bilateral CAU, AMYG, PUT, Hipp, GP and THA (all p < 0.005). MD values of the right of CAU in the two groups were significant longitudinal increase (p = 0.009, p = 0.047); MD values of the right of GP (p = 0.042), the left of THA (p = 0.003), the right of THA (p = 0.001) in treated MS were significant longitudinal decrease; There were no significant longitudinal changes between treated and untreated groups in normalized deep gray matter volume. For QSV, longitudinal increase in the right of PUT (p = 0.022) in the treated MS group and in the left of Hipp (p = 0.045) in the untreated MS group. The QSV and DKI measures were highly correlated with cognitive and disability tests. The treated RRMS patients showed different longitudinal changes of MD value and QSV with untreated in several DGM regions, and these differences were correlated with cognitive and microstructural integrity.

Chemoarchitectural signatures of subcortical shape alterations in generalized epilepsy

Genetic generalized epilepsies (GGE) exhibit widespread morphometric alterations in the subcortical structures. Subcortical structures are essential for understanding GGE pathophysiology, but their fine-grained morphological diversity has yet to be comprehensively investigated. Furthermore, the relationships between macroscale morphological disturbances and microscale molecular chemoarchitectures are unclear. High-resolution structural images were acquired from patients with GGE (n = 97) and sex- and age-matched healthy controls (HCs, n = 184). Individual measurements of surface shape features (thickness and surface area) of seven bilateral subcortical structures were quantified. The patients and HCs were then compared vertex-wise, and shape anomalies were co-located with brain neurotransmitter profiles. We found widespread morphological alterations in GGE and prominent disruptions in the thalamus, putamen, and hippocampus. Shape area dilations were observed in the bilateral ventral, medial, and right dorsal thalamus, as well as the bilateral lateral putamen. We found that the shape area deviation pattern was spatially correlated with the norepinephrine transporter and nicotinic acetylcholine (Ach) receptor (α4β2) profiles, but a distinct association was seen in the muscarinic Ach receptor (M1). The findings provided a comprehensive picture of subcortical morphological disruptions in GGE, and further characterized the associated molecular mechanisms. This information may increase our understanding of the pathophysiology of GGE.

Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptors LPAR5 and LPAR2 Inversely Control Hydroxychloroquine-Evoked Itch and Scratching in Mice.

Lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs) evoke nociception and itch in mice and humans. In this study, we assessed the signaling paths. Hydroxychloroquine was injected intradermally to evoke itch in mice, which evoked an increase of LPAs in the skin and in the thalamus, suggesting that peripheral and central LPA receptors (LPARs) were involved in HCQ-evoked pruriception. To unravel the signaling paths, we assessed the localization of candidate genes and itching behavior in knockout models addressing LPAR5, LPAR2, autotaxin/ENPP2 and the lysophospholipid phosphatases, as well as the plasticity-related genes Prg1/LPPR4 and Prg2/LPPR3. LacZ reporter studies and RNAscope revealed LPAR5 in neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and in skin keratinocytes, LPAR2 in cortical and thalamic neurons, and Prg1 in neuronal structures of the dorsal horn, thalamus and SSC. HCQ-evoked scratching behavior was reduced in sensory neuron-specific Advillin-LPAR5-/- mice (peripheral) but increased in LPAR2-/- and Prg1-/- mice (central), and it was not affected by deficiency of glial autotaxin (GFAP-ENPP2-/-) or Prg2 (PRG2-/-). Heat and mechanical nociception were not affected by any of the genotypes. The behavior suggested that HCQ-mediated itch involves the activation of peripheral LPAR5, which was supported by reduced itch upon treatment with an LPAR5 antagonist and autotaxin inhibitor. Further, HCQ-evoked calcium fluxes were reduced in primary sensory neurons of Advillin-LPAR5-/- mice. The results suggest that LPA-mediated itch is primarily mediated via peripheral LPAR5, suggesting that a topical LPAR5 blocker might suppress "non-histaminergic" itch.

Clinical utility of fMRI in evaluating of LSD effect on pain-related brain networks in healthy subjects

ObjectiveWe aimed to evaluate the effect of Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on the pain neural network (PNN) in healthy subjects using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). MethodsTwenty healthy volunteers participated in a balanced-order crossover study, receiving intravenous administration of LSD and placebo in two fMRI scanning sessions. Brain regions associated with pain processing were analyzed by amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF), independent component analysis (ICA), functional connectivity and dynamic casual modeling (DCM). ResultsALFF analysis demonstrated that LSD effectively relieves pain due to modulation in the neural network associated with pain processing. ICA analysis showed more active voxels in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), thalamus (THL)-left, THL-right, insula cortex (IC)-right, parietal operculum (PO)-left, PO-right and frontal pole (FP)-right in the placebo session than the LSD session. There were more active voxels in FP-left and IC-left in the LSD session compared to the placebo session. Functional brain connectivity was observed between THL-left and PO-right and between PO-left with FP-left, FP-right and IC-left in the placebo session. In the LSD session, functional connectivity of PO-left with FP-left and FP-right was observed. The effective connectivity between left anterior insula cortex (lAIC)-lAIC, lAIC-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and secondary somatosensory cortex (SII)-dlPFC were significantly different. Finally, the correlation between fMRI biomarkers and clinical pain criteria was calculated. ConclusionThis study enhances our understanding of the LSD effect on the architecture and neural behavior of pain in healthy subjects and provides great promise for future research in the field of cognitive science and pharmacology.

2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine and altanserin induce region-specific shifts in dopamine and serotonin metabolization pathways in the rat brain

PurposeFor understanding the neurochemical mechanism of neuropsychiatric conditions associated with cognitive deficits it is of major relevance to elucidate the influence of serotonin (5-HT) agonists and antagonists on memory function as well dopamine (DA) and 5-HT release and metabolism. In the present study, we assessed the effects of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) and the 5-HT2A receptor altanserin (ALT) on object and place recognition memory and cerebral neurotransmitters and metabolites in the rat. MethodsRats underwent a 5-min exploration trial in an open field with two identical objects. After systemic injection of a single dose of either DOI (0.1 mg/kg), ALT (1 mg/kg) or the respectice vehicle (0.9 % NaCl, 50 % DMSO), rats underwent a 5-min test trial with one of the objects replaced by a novel one and the other object transferred to a novel place. Upon the assessment of object exploration and motor/exploratory behaviors, rats were sacrificed. DA, 5-HT and metabolite levels were analyzed in cingulate (CING), caudateputamen (CP), nucleus accumbens (NAC), thalamus (THAL), dorsal (dHIPP) and ventral hippocampus (vHIPP), brainstem and cerebellum with high performance liquid chromatography. ResultsDOI decreased rearing but increased head-shoulder motility relative to vehicle. Memory for object and place after both DOI and ALT was not different from vehicle. Network analyses indicated that DOI inhibited DA metabolization in CING, CP, NAC, and THAL, but facilitated it in dHIPP. Likewise, DOI inhibited 5-HT metabolization in CING, NAC, and THAL. ALT facilitated DA metabolization in the CING, NAC, dHIPP, vHIPP, and CER, but inhibited it in the THAL. Additionally, ALT facilitated 5-HT metabolization in NAC and dHIPP. ConclusionsDOI and ALT differentially altered the quantitative relations between the neurotransmitter/metabolite levels in the individual brain regions, by inducing region-specific shifts in the metabolization pathways. Findings are relevant for understanding the neurochemistry underlying DAergic and/or 5-HTergic dysfunction in neurological and psychiatric conditions.

Local activation of CB1 receptors by synthetic and endogenous cannabinoids dampens burst firing mode of reticular thalamic nucleus neurons in rats under ketamine anesthesia.

The reticular thalamic nucleus (RTN) is a thin shell that covers the dorsal thalamus and controls the overall information flow from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex through GABAergic projections that contact thalamo-cortical neurons (TC). RTN neurons receive glutamatergic afferents fibers from neurons of the sixth layer of the cerebral cortex and from TC collaterals. The firing mode of RTN neurons facilitates the generation of sleep-wake cycles; a tonic mode or desynchronized mode occurs during wake and REM sleep and a burst-firing mode or synchronized mode is associated with deep sleep. Despite the presence of cannabinoid receptors CB1 (CB1Rs) and mRNA that encodes these receptors in RTN neurons, there are few works that have analyzed the participation of endocannabinoid-mediated transmission on the electrical activity of RTN. Here, we locally blocked or activated CB1Rs in ketamine anesthetized rats to analyze the spontaneous extracellular spiking activity of RTN neurons. Our results show the presence of a tonic endocannabinoid input, since local infusion of AM 251, an antagonist/inverse agonist, modifies RTN neurons electrical activity; furthermore, local activation of CB1Rs by anandamide or WIN 55212-2 produces heterogeneous effects in the basal spontaneous spiking activity, where the main effect is an increase in the spiking rate accompanied by a decrease in bursting activity in a dose-dependent manner; this effect is inhibited by AM 251. In addition, previous activation of GABA-A receptors suppresses the effects of CB1Rs on reticular neurons. Our results show that local activation of CB1Rs primarily diminishes the burst firing mode of RTn neurons.

Interconnections between the dorsal thalamus and the basal nuclei in a reptile

Reciprocal connections between the thalamus and the cortex are one of the most characteristic features of forebrain organization in mammals. To date, this circuit has been documented only in turtles. However, reptiles, including turtles, have an additional path from the dorsal thalamus to the telencephalon. This terminates in a pallial structure known as the dorsal ventricular ridge. Yet, no reciprocal connection from the dorsal ventricular ridge to thalamic nuclei has been uncovered. Since axons from the thalamus pass through the basal nuclei on route to the dorsal ventricular ridge, the basal nuclei might be a source of reciprocal connections. Accordingly, the location and distribution of neurons after retrograde tracer placement into the dorsal thalamus were examined. Retrogradely labeled neurons in the basal nuclei were indeed found. One possibility to explain this observation is that connections with the dorsal ventricular ridge are present during development but later pruned during embryogenesis.

Thalamocortical mGlu8 Modulates Dorsal Thalamus Excitatory Transmission and Sensorimotor Activity.

Metabotropic glutamate receptor 8 (mGlu8) is a heterogeneously expressed and poorly understood glutamate receptor with potential pharmacological significance. The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) is a critical inhibitory modulator of the thalamocortical-corticothalamic (TC-CT) network and plays a crucial role in information processing throughout the brain, is implicated in a variety of psychiatric conditions, and is also a site of significant mGlu8 expression. Using both male and female mice, we determined via fluorescent in situ hybridization that parvalbumin-expressing cells in the TRN core and shell matrices (identified by spp1+ and ecel1+ expression, respectively), as well as the cortical layers involved in CT signaling, express grm8 mRNA. We then assayed the physiological and behavioral impacts of perturbing grm8 signaling in the TC circuit through conditional (adeno-associated virus-CRE mediated) and cell-type-specific constitutive deletion strategies. We show that constitutive parvalbumin grm8 knock-out (PV grm8 knock-out) mice exhibited (1) increased spontaneous excitatory drive onto dorsal thalamus relay cells and (2) impaired sensorimotor gating, measured via paired-pulse inhibition, but observed no differences in locomotion and thigmotaxis in repeated bouts of open field test (OFT). Conversely, we observed hyperlocomotive phenotypes and anxiolytic effects of AAV-mediated conditional knockdown of grm8 in the TRN (TRN grm8 knockdown) in repeated OFT. Our findings underscore a role for mGlu8 in regulating excitatory neurotransmission as well as anxiety-related locomotor behavior and sensorimotor gating, revealing potential therapeutic applications for various neuropsychiatric disorders and guiding future research endeavors into mGlu8 signaling and TRN function.