Dorsal Augmentation Rhinoplasty Research Articles

Saddle Nose Deformity Reconstruction with a Allograft Bone.

Providing lasting cosmetic and functional results for patients with saddle nose deformity with allograft. This report describes experience with using a of freeze-dried allograft bone allograft in 58 patients who underwent dorsal augmentation over 5-year period (2018-2023). Thirty-eight patients had saddle-shaped deformity of the nose, and 16 patients had post-traumatic cases with saddle nose deformities. All patients underwent a clinical examination using computed tomography. Before surgery using a 3D model, the graft was contoured according to the shape of the nasal defect. The grafts were installed using a closed approach and were placed under the periosteum of the bone. Using lateral photographs, anthropometric measurements of the nose were taken before and after surgery to assess aesthetic outcome after surgery. To assess the results of aesthetic rhinoplasty (UQ), the Portuguese version of the Utrecht Questionnaire was used, which contains a visual analogue scale (VAS) on a 5-point Likert scale. A total of 56 patients were satisfied with the results of the surgical procedure. No complications or major graft resorption was observed. An analysis comparing preoperative and 1-year follow-up data using 3D scanning showed a significant increase in dorsal height without dorsal expansion. After rhinoplasty, the mean visual analog scale (VAS) aesthetic score improved significant from 2.3 preoperatively, 3 months postoperatively 8.4, and 8.9 1 year postoperatively. The use of freeze-dried allograft bone is a useful method of dorsal augmentation in rhinoplasty without donor site complications. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Investigation of Two New Grafting Techniques for Dorsal Augmentation Rhinoplasty: An Experimental Study with New Zealand White Rabbits.

Cartilage is an important source in supporting the structure of the nose for dorsal augmentation rhinoplasty. However, it is known that its viability is not always on the ideal level. Various wrapping materials are used to increase the strength of cartilage. Donor site morbidity, which develops following the harvesting of both cartilage and fascia as one such cover material, has attracted interest in recent years. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential of dermis and tendon autografts as alternatives to fascia and cartilage. The sample of the study included 16 New Zealand white rabbits. The right auricular cartilage of all rabbits was amputated, and it was transformed into diced cartilage autografts. The dermis autografts from the right gluteal areas of the rabbits were deepithelialized, and lumbosacral fascia autografts were harvested from the same incision. Additionally, the Achilles tendon of each rabbit was harvested and transformed into diced tendon autografts. Four different autografts were embedded under the skin of each rabbit from 4 different pouches opened in the back of the rabbit. These autografts included diced cartilage alone (Intervention 1), fascia-wrapped cartilage (Intervention 2), dermis-wrapped cartilage (Intervention 3) and fascia-wrapped tendon (Intervention 4) autografts. Intervention 1 had the most irregular appearance, the outcomes in Intervention 4 were volumetrically smaller and softer. Connective tissue formed between the diced pieces in all interventions, and it was observed that the dermis and fascia had a capsule-like appearance, and their viability was preserved. The differences between the initial and final measurements of the volumes of interventions 1, 2 and 3 were statistically significant (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the initial and final volumetric measurements of intervention 4 (p>0.05). More peripheral proliferation was observed in the interventions of fascia-wrapped and dermis-wrapped diced cartilage compared to the other interventions. The intervention including fascia-wrapped diced tendon grafts had displayed more fibrosis, fragmentation and collagen fibers, while it showed a lower amount of elastic fiber. There were no significant differences among the intervention in terms of other histological parameters. Tendon autografts may be a good option for dorsal augmentation rhinoplasty as they are easily harvested and have minimal donor site morbidity. Dermis autograft usage is more advantageous than fascia usage in terms of accessibility and convenience. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Outcomes of Diced Cartilage Dorsal Augmentation in Dorsal Aesthetic Deformities.

Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of diced cartilage graft for dorsal augmentation in rhinoplasty. Methods: In a retrospective study, patients who underwent rhinoplasty with dorsal augmentation using diced cartilage graft from June 2017 to December 2021 were identified. Patients with complete preoperative and at least one postoperative Standardized Cosmesis and Health Nasal Outcomes Survey-Cosmesis (SCHNOS-C) and visual analogue scale (VAS) scores were included in the study. Postoperative periods were classified into ≤6 and >6 months. Mean preoperative outcome scores were compared with postoperative scores utilizing a Paired t-test, and postoperative scores were compared utilizing a Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Results: A total of 71 patients with a median age of 36 years, range (18-74) fit inclusion criteria. Majority were female patients 49 (69%). The postoperative period ranged from 17 days to 3.5 years. The mean follow-up period (standard deviation) for ≤6 and >6 months was 2.8 (1.5) and 14.2 (6.3) months, respectively. A decrease in mean SCHNOS-C, SCHNOS item 8, and an increase in VAS scores (p < 0.0001) were seen at both postoperative time periods compared with preoperative levels. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that dorsal augmentation with diced cartilage graft is an effective technique in correcting dorsal aesthetic deformities.

Use of hyaluronic acid matrix in dorsal augmentation rhinoplasty

ABSTRACT Augmentation rhinoplasty sometimes is required for patients with saddle nose deformity caused by failed rhinoplasty or facial trauma; finding appropriate grafting material remains a significant problem for this procedure. We investigated hyaluronic acid matrix as an allograft for dorsal augmentation rhinoplasty in a rabbit model. We performed an osteotomy on the nasal bones of eight rabbits. Four animals were sham operated as the control group and four were administered a mixture of saline-gelled hyaluronic acid matrix and sliced cartilage. Ultrasonography and three-dimensional reconstruction tomography were performed at the end of the experimental period. After sacrifice of the animals, nasal tissues were examined for histopathology, and both collagen scores and number of capillaries were compared between the two groups. Increased collagen and capillaries were apparent in the hyaluronic acid matrix group compared to controls. The median collagen score was significantly greater for the hyaluronic acid matrix group than for the control group. Although the number of capillaries for the hyaluronic acid matrix group was greater than for the control group, the difference was not statistically significant. Three weeks is sufficient for adhesion of ends of fractures in clinical practice; however, we found no ossification at this time in either group. A hyaluronic acid matrix may be a useful alternative supplement for dorsal augmentation rhinoplasty. Development of collagen was commensurate with membranous ossification; however, assessment of complete ossification requires a longer experimental period.

Success and Complication Rates of Different Techniques and Materials Used for Nasal Dorsal Augmentation in Rhinoplasty

Abstract Background Autologous materials, homograft and alloplastic implants are commonly used in nasal dorsal augmentation. So far, there is no satisfactory evidence to ascertain the safest, efficient, and superior in aesthetic outcomes among different materials. Thus, we aimed to conduct a systematic review and metaanalysis (SR, MA) of published literature to review rates of outcomes and complications of different materials used for nasal dorsal augmentation, in trial for better future surgical results. Methods Thirteen electronic databases were searched from inception through December 2018 and a manual search in October 2019. Results A total of 280 eligible studies were included, of which 165 articles were included in the meta-analysis. Compared to others, alloplastic expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (alloplastic e-PTFE) was considered first place, for having the highest graft scores in most of its outcomes; secondary deformity, resorption, patients’ satisfaction, displacement, extrusion, seroma, graft deviation, swelling, and hematoma outcomes with rates of (2%, 0.6%, 96.5%, 1.3%, 1.2%, 1%, 1%, 0.8%, 0.8%)respectively. Alloplastic silicone came after e-PTFE, for its superior results in revision rhinoplasty, success rate, aesthetic function, and scarring outcomes (4.1%, 99.9%, 98.8%, 2.7%) respectively. Autologous bone graft came at the last place as it had the least graft scores in patients’ satisfaction, displacement, perforation, and hematoma outcomes (50.7%, 9.3%, 8.3%, 5.4%)respectively. Autologous diced cartilage was superior in those outcomes; edema, bruising, and donor site complications (7.1%, 7.4%, 4.4%) respectively. Autologous costal cartilage had the highest graft scores in necrosis and graft exposure outcomes (4.3% and 1.9%), while it had the lowest graft scores in warping and success rate (7.1% and 87.3%). Autologous auricular cartilage had the highest graft scores in warping and foreign body reaction outcomes (1.4% and 6.3%), while it had the lowest graft scores in nasal obstruction and donor site complications rate (72.7% and 33.3%). Infection was the most common reported complication in MA, where autologous alar cartilage had the lowest infection rate of 0.2%, unlike alloplastic Medpor recorded the highest risk of 6.6%. Conclusions Regarding our results, we concluded that alloplastic e-PTFE yielded superior position in comparison to other materials, that would succeed as an alternative to convential autologous grafts, as had superior results in most of nasal dorsal augmentation outcomes. On the other hand, autologous bone graft was in the last place in all its outcomes. Future studies are needed to improve reporting of races variety, follow-up times, and diverse participants, as to resolve uncertainty regarding the ideal material for dorsal augmentation in rhinoplasty, with concentrating on proper assessment of races variety, which will improve selecting the proper graft implant.

Novel Z Technique to Overcome Warping of Costal Cartilage.

Rhinoplasty has become one of the most popular operations in recent years and autologous costal cartilage is usually chosen as the graft material in dorsal augmentation. However, the warping tendency of rib cartilage may jeopardize the aesthetic results of rhinoplasty.1,2 Many methods have been proposed to address this problem. The accordion technique is based on the theory that protein polysaccharides—the biomechanical infrastructure of all cartilage—produce interlocking stresses (intrinsic forces) that lead to warping.3 In this procedure, to break the recoil mechanism responsible for warping, transverse cuts were made through 75% of the graft width every 1 to 2 mm along the entire graft length, alternating between its two sides.4 This method has been widely used for dorsal augmentation but has not eliminated the problem; mild warping is still reported. Our group theorizes that this technique eliminates the graft’s intrinsic warping forces but increases the graft’s pliability and therefore the likelihood of distortion when an external force is applied. When grafts are implanted for dorsal augmentation, the following conditions will occur. First, although the costal cartilage is carved to match the shape of the nasal bone, a small space will exist between graft and bone, allowing a slight displacement of grafts. Second, the length of the dorsal graft (~4 cm) increases the rate of external forces, including gravity, inspiratory and expiratory forces, and asymmetric facial muscle activity. Third, the caudal end of the graft is fixed firmly to the nasal tip cartilage framework, but the cephalic end is only loosely placed under the periosteum; this makes the graft susceptible to deformation when it undergoes external forces. Therefore, the graft’s pliability magnifies the effect of external forces and contributes to the warp of dorsal graft. A good prefabricated technique to decrease the risk of warping should not only eliminate intrinsic warping forces but also decrease the deforming effect of external forces. To achieve this, the authors combined the principles of the oblique split technique and accordion technique to create a new Z technique for nose dorsal augmentation. Different from the accordion technique, oblique cuts (45 degrees to the longitudinal axis) were made along the graft length every 4 mm, with alternate short (5.5 mm) and long incisions (10.0 mm) made on the two sides (Fig. 1). The warping angles and biomechanical test of the Z technique were compared with the accordion technique in an in vitro study. The results indicated that by changing the cutting direction and the angle of the incision to the longitudinal axis, not only were the intrinsic warping forces eliminated, but also every part of the operated graft was antagonistic to each other so that the pliability and effects of external forces were decreased.Fig. 1.: Accordion technique and Z technique. The grafts were incised along the length of the graft; the spacing between two adjacent cuts is about 4 mm in both techniques. The cuts are 90 degrees to the long axis in the accordion technique and 45 degrees to the long axis in the Z technique.Although further in vivo studies should be performed, the novel Z technique is a simple and reliable procedure to overcome the problem of costal cartilage warping after dorsal augmentation in rhinoplasty. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant 82072182) and the Shaanxi Province Key R&D Program Project, China (grant 2020SF-179). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the article. DISCLOSURE The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Diced cartilage for dorsal augmentation in rhinoplasty: effect on nasal projection and frontal nasal width

This research study was designed to evaluate the aesthetic consequences of different dorsal augmentation techniques using diced cartilage on dorsal width and projection in rhinoplasty. Patients were assigned to three groups based on the dorsal augmentation technique used: diced cartilage wrapped in fascia (DCIF), free diced cartilage under fascia (DCUF), and free diced cartilage without fascia (FDC). Dorsal projection and dorsal aesthetic width were measured at two levels using pre- and postoperative photographs. A total of 98 patients were included in the study. DCIF was used in 51 patients, FDC in 27 patients, and DCUF in 20 patients. There was no significant difference in nasion projection, rhinion projection, or width of the dorsal aesthetic lines at the intercanthal and keystone levels among these groups. Significantly greater nasion and rhinion projection was observed with DCIF in thin-skinned patients followed-up for 6–12 months (nasion, P = 0.028; rhinion P = 0.039) but not at>12 months. Two patients with a graft infection and one with graft malposition were encountered in the DCIF group. Experience from this study suggests that the application of FDC prevents such complications without sacrificing the dorsal augmentation and that DCIF is a better choice for more severe deformities.

Current Practices in Dorsal Augmentation Rhinoplasty

Dorsal augmentation rhinoplasty addresses the aesthetic and functional impairments caused by a deficient nasal dorsum. Augmentation rhinoplasty can be performed using a variety of different surgical techniques and grafting materials that all have distinct advantages and disadvantages. Grafting materials have unique characteristics, uses, and safety profiles. A detailed overview of various grafting materials and their uses, risks, and benefits is provided. Autologous grafting materials include septal cartilage, auricular cartilage, and costal cartilage. These donor sites can provide various amounts of en bloc or diced cartilage. Alternatively, bone may be used when strong structural stability is required, and soft tissue may be used to fill mild to moderate defects. Homologous grafts (e.g., irradiated and nonirradiated rib) and acellular dermal matrices are alternatives to autologous graft with many similar advantages and no need for an additional surgical site. Lastly, alloplastic implants may be successfully used for dorsal augmentation if both patient and surgeon understand their associated risks. To perform successful dorsal augmentation, surgeons should be familiar with the wide variety of operative approaches and augmentation materials that are currently available and understand their risks, benefits, and uses.

Crushed Septal Cartilage-Covered Diced Cartilage Glue (CCDG) Graft: A Hybrid Technique of Crushed Septal Cartilage.

Diced cartilage glue (DG) grafts have been widely used in dorsal augmentation but can induce dorsal irregularities. The authors evaluated the postoperative feasibility of a crushed septal cartilage-covered diced cartilage glue (CCDG) graft. The medical records of 38 patients who underwent dorsal augmentation rhinoplasty with an open approach were retrospectively reviewed. DG graft was used in 18 patients (47.4%), and CCDG graft was used in 20 patients (52.6%). Surgical outcomes were assessed by comparing anthropometric data on facial photographs and satisfaction questionnaires on aesthetic outcomes and palpable irregularities on nasal dorsum before and after surgery. Both groups showed successful aesthetic outcomes. Dorsal height, radix height, and tip projection were all increased postoperatively in both groups. Tip rotation did not significantly increase (p &gt; 0.05). Both groups showed similar outcomes in terms of aesthetic satisfaction but a significant difference in palpable irregularity. CCDG graft group showed significantly better (p = 0.04) satisfaction with dorsal irregularities (4.15 ± 0.75) than the DG graft group (3.56 ± 0.92). CCDG graft group also showed significantly better mean values (p = 0.048) in the degree of irregularity by two surgeons (3.85 ± 0.65) than the DG graft group (3.25 ± 0.97). No patient had significant complaints about irregular dorsum, and none of them underwent a revision rhinoplasty. CCDG graft can be a complementary option for avoiding postoperative irregular dorsum complications. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Effectiveness of cross-linked human acellular dermal matrix in primary and revision augmentation rhinoplasty

Among the materials used for dorsal augmentation rhinoplasty (DAR), cross-linked human acellular dermal matrix (ADM) has been claimed for its low risk of infection and extrusion. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of ADM in subjects undergoing primary versus revision dorsal augmentation rhinoplasties. Using a retrospective cohort study design, the investigators enrolled a cohort set of DAR patients operated by a single surgeon during a 65-month interval. The predictor variable was the treatment group (primary or revision DAR). The main outcome variables were postoperative changes with regard to the degree of augmentation (ratio of the dorsal height [DH] and radix height [RH] to the nasal length) and patients' and surgeons' satisfaction with the aesthetic and functional results. Other study variables were grouped into the following categories: demographic, surgical, and pathological. Descriptive, uni-, and bivariate statistics were computed using P ≤ 0.05 as a cutoff value. The study cohort comprised 145 subjects (75.2% with primary DAR; 39.3% females) with a mean age of 30.7 ± 9.4 years (range, 19-58). DAR was linked to the significant changes in DH and RH in both the treatment groups. Comparison of the two groups revealed that there was no significant difference in DH and RH between both the groups. Surgeons' and patients' satisfaction rates were comparable between the two surgery groups, neither of which experienced serious complications. Microscopic findings of the removed ADM showed abundant collagen tissue with newly formed vessels without signs of foreign body reaction. Despite significant differences in patient characteristics (age; number of osteotomy, tip plasty, and hump reduction surgeries), the results of this study suggest that ADM can be used in both primary and revision DAR, with minimal complications.

Long-Term Complications from Diced Cartilage in Rhinoplasty: A Meta-Analysis.

Objective: To analyze the incidences of long-term complications and revision surgery associated with diced cartilage grafts in dorsal augmentation rhinoplasty. Methods: The PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched for clinical studies on the use of diced cartilage for dorsal augmentation published. A meta-analysis was conducted to pool the estimated rates of infection, overcorrection, visible irregularity, absorption, and revision surgery. Result: A total of 14 studies involving 2380 patients were included in the systematic review. The combined rates were 11.5% for overall complications and 5.3% for revision surgery. The rates of the most frequently reported complications were 4.5% for infection, 5.3% for visible irregularity, 0.7% for overcorrection, and 0.5% for absorption. There was no significant difference in the rates of visible irregularity (p = 0.23) and revision surgery (p = 0.71) among the wrapped diced cartilage, glued diced cartilage, and free diced cartilage groups. Conclusion: This meta-analysis presents the first comprehensive and quantitative report of long-term complications associated with diced cartilage in dorsal augmentation rhinoplasty. Infection and visible irregularity were the most frequently reported complications. The rates of irregularity and revision surgery were not correlated with the diced cartilage packing methods.

The Silicone Turkish Delight for Dorsal Augmentation in Rhinoplasty.

Rhinoplasties are the most challenging facial aesthetic procedures with the majority of the cases requiring dorsal augmentation either in the form of autogenous or alloplastic materials. Although autogenous grafts are the gold standard, these grafts have their innate issues such as donor site morbidity, occasional displacement, resorption, tendency to warp or develop sharp edges over time with increased perceptibility and clinical visibility of the graft with time. These issues were addressed by Erol in 2000 who advocated the use of finely diced autologous cartilage wrapped in a monolayer of surgical and termed it Turkish delight. This technique has been extensively modified by surgeons across the world with an attempt to forgo the use of autogenous grafts preventing donor site morbidity and replacing it with alloplastic materials. Silicon's inert nature, resorption resistance, absence of a secondary surgical site and economical value make it a widely utilized allograft augmentation option in Asian countries. The authors hereby present a modification of the original Turkish delight technique by utilizing diced silicone pieces amalgamated with 1 to 2 ml of autologous blood and wrapped in monolayer of surgicel (oxidized cellulose). The technique produced clinically stable results in 27 patients who were followed up for a period of 24 to 60 months (average 30 months). Improved pliability, negated risk of graft extrusion with no donor site morbidity are the key advantages of this technique over conventional autologous grafts and silicon block augmentation techniques. These results point towards the viability of the technique for performing dorsal augmentation in rhinoplasty.

Inferior Turbinate Bone Graft for Dorsal Augmentation in Rhinoplasty.

The most serious form of nasal dorsum pathologies is saddle nose deformity. Vary of nasal dorsal augmentation grafts were reported in the literature but inferior bone graft (ITBG) alone has not attracted attention. The ITBG has advantages such as easy and fast harvesting, easy to shape due to cancellous bone tissue. The graft technique is similar to the inferior turbinoplasty with the medial mucosal flap technique and can be performed without bioabsorbable hemostatic material (e.g. Turkish Delight), suture fixation, or without tissue adhesives. Major complications of the ITBG technique are injury of the posterior lateral nasal branch of the sphenopalatine artery and subdermal mucous cyst that developing on nasal dorsum. Since easy application, fast harvesting, and similar permanence to cartilage grafts as augmentation material, ITBG can also been used successfully in minor dorsal deficits in addition to saddle nose deformities.

Comparison of Autologous vs Homologous Costal Cartilage Grafts in Dorsal Augmentation Rhinoplasty

Augmentation rhinoplasty requires adding cartilage to provide enhanced support to the structure of the nose. Autologous costal cartilage and irradiated homologous costal cartilage (IHCC) are well-accepted rhinoplasty options. Tutoplast is another alternative cartilage source. No studies, to our knowledge, have definitively demonstrated a higher rate of complications with IHCC grafts compared with autologous costal cartilage grafts. To compare rates of outcomes in the published literature for patients undergoing septorhinoplasty with autologous costal cartilage vs IHCC grafts vs Tutoplast grafts. For this systematic review and meta-analysis, the MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched for articles published from database inception to February 2019 using the following keywords: septorhinoplasty, rhinoplasty, autologous costal cartilage graft, cadaveric cartilage graft, and rib graft. Abstracts and full texts were reviewed in duplicate, and disagreements were resolved by consensus. Only patients who underwent an en bloc dorsal onlay graft were included for comparison to ensure a homogenous study sample. A total of 1308 results were found. After duplicate records were removed, 576 unique citations remained. Studies were published worldwide between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 2017. Independent extraction by 2 authors was performed. Data were pooled using a random-effects model. All reported outcomes after septorhinoplasty and rates of graft warping, resorption, infection, contour irregularity, and revision surgery among patients receiving autologous grafts vs IHCC vs Tutoplast cartilage grafts. Of 576 unique citations, 54 studies were included in our systematic review; 28 studies were included after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. Our search captured 1041 patients of whom 741 received autologous grafts and 293 received IHCC grafts (regardless of type). When autologous cartilage (n = 748) vs IHCC (n = 153) vs Tutoplast cartilage (n = 140) grafts were compared, no difference in warping (5%; 95% CI, 3%-9%), resorption (2%; 95% CI, 0%-2%), contour irregularity (1%; 95% CI, 0%-3%), infection (2%; 95% CI, 0%-4%), or revision surgery (5%; 95% CI, 2%-9%) was found. No difference was found in outcomes between autologous and homologous costal cartilage grafts, including rates of warping, resorption, infection, contour irregularity, or revisions, in patients undergoing dorsal augmentation rhinoplasty. En bloc dorsal onlay grafts are commonly used in augmentation rhinoplasty to provide contour and structure to the nasal dorsum.

The Use of Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene in Short Nose Elongation: Fourteen Years of Clinical Experience.

Short nose elongation is a relatively common rhinoplasty procedure, especially in Asia. The selection of the adequate graft material is challenging. Previous reports have described the application of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) for dorsal augmentation rhinoplasty, but studies using ePTFE for nose elongation are lacking. We propose ePTFE as an alternative treatment for short noses, describe the technique, and discuss outcomes, patient selection, and complications based on our 14-year experience. From February 2003 to December 2016, 206 patients with varying degrees of short noses were included in this retrospective study. All patients underwent nose elongation surgery using an ePTFE implant. Nasal lengths before and after surgery were measured using a 3-dimensional simulation technology. Outcomes and complications including possible underlying reasons were analyzed. Patient satisfaction was evaluated using a self-assessment survey. Nasal elongation was successfully achieved using ePTFE. Mean increase in nasal length was 4.36 ± 0.85 mm. The mean follow-up period was 13.3 months, ranging from 6 months to 8 years. Follow-up examinations demonstrated stable results. The overall complication rate was 6.8%. Complications included infection, implant extrusion, migration, deviation, visibility, and/or prominence, tissue reaction, and reddening of the nasal skin. Most patients (93.6%) rated their outcome as improved and much improved. Nasal elongation using ePTFE implantation is a feasible therapeutic approach for patients with short noses. Reliable outcomes and the absence of donor site morbidity contribute to the high patient acceptance. Meticulous surgical technique and careful patient selection are prerequisites for successful results.

Efficacy of diced cartilage graft in dorsal augmentation rhinoplasty and comparison with solid block cartilage

&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; The aim of the study is to compare the results of dorsal augmentation rhinoplasty using diced cartilage graft wrapped in temporalis fascia and bare, solid block of cartilage.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; This is a prospective study of a group of 25 patients who presented to ENT OPD from January 2011 to January 2016 with saddle nose deformity. All the patients underwent external septorhinoplasty with dorsal augmentation using either diced cartilage wrapped in temporalis fascia or solid piece of cartilage harvested from septum or concha. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; The patients were followed up for 18 months post-operatively and the results were recorded in terms of patient’s satisfaction. Complications, if any were also recorded.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; Comparison between the two groups yielded equal success rate with no evidence of graft resorption, infection or extrusion in either of the group.&lt;/p&gt;

Height Changes of Tutoplast-Processed Fascia Lata Over Time After Dorsal Augmentation During Rhinoplasty

Tutoplast (Tutogen Medical, Neunkirchen am Brand, Germany)-processed fascia lata (TPFL) has been used for dorsal augmentation in rhinoplasty in the Republic of Korea for approximately 10years, but few studies have described changes in TPFL in terms of dorsal height over time. We investigated changes in dorsal height after TPFL use as a dorsal implant material during rhinoplasty. The records of 18 rhinoplasty patients who had undergone dorsal augmentation with TPFL were examined retrospectively. The patients had undergone rhinoplasty from March 2008 to June 2012. Two different ear, nose, and throat doctors analyzed the first follow-up photographs (2 lateral views and 2 oblique views) taken at approximately 1month postoperatively and the last follow-up photographs taken from 18 to 75months after surgery.The last follow-up photographs were classified as showing no nasal dorsal height change, slight change, and marked change compared with the first follow-up photographs. Of the 18 patients enrolled, 50% (n=9) showed no change in the nasal dorsum whereas 33% (n=6) showed mild depression and 17% (n=3) showed marked depression of the nasal dorsum at last follow-up. About half of the patients who had undergone dorsal augmentation using TPFL during rhinoplasty showed mild or marked dorsal depression over time. It is recommended that TPFL be used with another implant during augmentation rhinoplasty or TPFL be used only for a slightly depressed nose. In addition, patients should be informed that TPFL could be resorbed over time.

Usefulness of Cross-Linked Human Acellular Dermal Matrix as an Implant for Dorsal Augmentation in Rhinoplasty.

Asian noses are relatively small and flat compared to Caucasians; therefore, rhinoplasty procedures often focus on dorsal augmentation and tip projection rather than reduction in the nasal framework. Various autologous and alloplastic implant materials have been used for dorsal augmentation. Recently, human acellular dermal matrices have been introduced as an implant material for dorsal augmentation, camouflaging autologous implants without an additional donor site. Here, we introduce a cross-linked human acellular dermal matrix as an implant material in augmentation rhinoplasty and share the clinical experiences. Eighteen patients who underwent augmentation rhinoplasty using acellular dermal matrix from April 2014 to November 2015 were reviewed retrospectively. Clinical outcomes and complications were assessed at the outpatient clinic during the follow-up period ranging from 8 to 38months. Contour changes were assessed through comparison of preoperative and postoperative photographs by two independent plastic surgeons. Patient satisfaction was assessed at the outpatient clinic by six questions regarding aesthetic and functional aspects. Postoperative photographs demonstrated the height of the nasal dorsum did not decrease over time except two patients whose ADM was grafted into a subperiosteal pocket. Others who underwent supraperiosteal implantation showed acceptable maintenance of dorsal height. No major complication was reported. Overall, patient satisfaction scored 81.02 out of 100. Cross-linked human ADM has advantages of both autogenous and alloplastic materials. The surgical results remain stable without complications. Therefore, it is a suitable alternative implant material for dorsal augmentation in rhinoplasty. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Dorsal Augmentation in Rhinoplasty: A Survey and Review.

Understanding the nuanced practices and grafting options of dorsal augmentation will improve outcomes and results in rhinoplasty. To better understand the practices of dorsal augmentation among our colleagues. To review the current literature regarding the indications, safety profiles, and outcomes of different materials used in dorsal augmentation. A PubMed search was performed to capture current articles containing reviews or large series regarding the safety and efficacy of various grafting materials used for dorsal augmentation. Of the many options available, autologous cartilage grafts maintain widespread use for dorsal augmentation and other techniques in rhinoplasty. Homologous cartilage grafts, namely irradiated rib, are a preferred alternative. Irradiated costal cartilage has been shown to have low complication rates and is unique in its abundance of supply, particularly in the revision rhinoplasty. Alloplastic implants, particularly silicone, are prevalent in Asian countries where they are a popular first-line choice. ePTFE has a favorable complication profile in primary rhinoplasty; however, caution is recommended when using ePTFE in revision cases. Porous polyethylene has a higher risk of associated complications than the other alloplastic implants listed, and therefore should be considered thoughtfully. Although cartilage is often the preferred graft for dorsal augmentation, there are many other autogenous, homologous, and alloplastic materials that have been shown to be safe and effective choices when applied in the proper setting.

Cultured chondrocyte and porcine cartilage-derived substance (PCS) construct as a possible dorsal augmentation material in rhinoplasty: A preliminary animal study

As there is no single ideal material for dorsal augmentation in rhinoplasty, there has been a continuing need for the development of improved materials. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the outcome of using a novel tissue-engineered construct composed of autologous chondrocytes cultured with a porcine cartilage-derived substance (PCS) scaffold as an augmentation material in rhinoplasty. A scaffold derived from decellularized and powdered porcine articular cartilage was prepared. The rabbit articular cartilage was used as the source of homologous chondrocytes, which were expanded and cultured with the PCS scaffold for 7 weeks. The chondrocyte-PCS constructs were then surgically implanted on the nasal dorsum of six rabbits. Four and eight weeks after implantation, the gross morphology, radiologic images, and histologic features of the site of implant were analyzed. The rabbits showed no signs of postoperative inflammation and infection. The degree of dorsal augmentation was maintained during the 8-week postoperative observation period. Postoperative histologic examinations showed chondrocyte proliferation without an inflammatory response. However, neo-cartilage formation from the constructs was not confirmed. The biocompatibility and structural features of tissue-engineered chondrocyte-PCS constructs indicate their potential as candidate dorsal augmentation material for use in rhinoplasty.