Doped Y2O3 Research Articles

Microstructure and corrosion resistance of novel rare-earth-zirconia doped Y2O3 plasma-sprayed coating

Y2O3 coatings are widely applied in semiconductor etching machines to protect the inner walls of aluminum alloys. This study reports the preparation of yttria-based coatings on aluminum alloy substrates using atmospheric laminar plasma spraying (ALPS) methods. In this study, four yttria-based coatings were designed and tested for their thermal performance, plasma etching resistance, and resistance to laser ablation. The rare-earth-zirconia (RE-ZrO2) doped Y2O3 coating exhibited the best thermal insulation performance, with a thermal conductivity of approximately 0.6 W m−1 k−1 at 600 °C. Plasma etching experiments demonstrated that more rare-earth fluorides were generated on the surface of the RE-ZrO2 doped Y2O3 coating, which weakened the plasma energy. Finally, the lowest etching rate was achieved. Laser ablation experiments demonstrated that the depth of the ablation pit on the surface of the RE-ZrO2 doped Y2O3 coating was shallow, indicating good laser ablation resistance. These results indicate that rare-earth-doped yttria-based coatings provide excellent corrosion protection against plasma etching and laser ablation.

Study of Concentration Quenching and Energy Transfer Mechanism in Ce Doped Y2O3 Nanomaterials.

We study concentration quenching and energy transfer mechanisms of yttrium oxide (Y2O3) nanomaterials doped with different concentrations (0-5mol%) of cerium (Ce). Photoluminescence (PL) spectra recorded under an excitation wavelength of 350nm show a broad emission band at ∼ 406nm and a feeble emission band at ∼ 463nm in the undoped Y2O3 sample. The doping of Ce in Y2O3 induced multiple PL peaks within the blue-green region of the spectrum in all the doped samples with the peak at ∼ 466nm being notably the prominent one. This prominent emission band exhibits a decrease in intensity with increasing Ce concentration due to concentration quenching. Analysis of Time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) spectra reveal that the average emission lifetime of Ce-doped Y2O3 is shorter than that of the undoped Y2O3 sample. The concentration quenching effect and the decrease of average emission lifetime of the dominant emission band are explained on the basis of energy transfer from the host Y2O3 to the Ce3+ ion centres. The critical quenching concentration of Ce3+ ion in Y2O3:Ce phosphor was identified to be 1mol% and the critical transfer distance was estimated to be 23.74 Å. Analysis reveal that the concentration quenching mechanism involves nearest-neighbour interaction.

Size-Dependent High-Pressure Behavior of Pure and Eu3+-Doped Y2O3 Nanoparticles: Insights from Experimental and Theoretical Investigations.

We report a joint high-pressure experimental and theoretical study of the structural, vibrational, and photoluminescent properties of pure and Eu3+-doped cubic Y2O3 nanoparticles with two very different average particle sizes. We compare the results of synchrotron X-ray diffraction, Raman scattering, and photoluminescence measurements in nanoparticles with ab initio density-functional simulations in bulk material with the aim to understand the influence of the average particle size on the properties of pure and doped Y2O3 nanoparticles under compression. We observe that the high-pressure phase behavior of Y2O3 nanoparticles depends on the average particle size, but in a different way to that previously reported. Nanoparticles with an average particle size of ~37 nm show the same pressure-induced phase transition sequence on upstroke and downstroke as the bulk sample; however, nanoparticles with an average particle size of ~6 nm undergo an irreversible pressure-induced amorphization above 16 GPa that is completed above 24 GPa. On downstroke, 6 nm nanoparticles likely consist of an amorphous phase.

Unveiling the prospects of Y2O3-based nanocomposites: Synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical assessment for supercapacitor and biosensor applications

Supercapacitors distinguish themselves in the realm of energy storage with their ability to discharge rapidly and their superior cycle life when compared to conventional batteries. This research is dedicated to the synthesis of graphene oxide (GO), GO-Y2O3, and GO-Y2O3 doped with Mg2+/Cr3+ through the Hummers and hydrothermal methods. The structural and electrochemical properties of the synthesized samples were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and a CH Analyzer (Electrochemical workstation). The XRD results for both pure and doped GO-based samples indicated a cubic phase and the effective doping of Mg2+ and Cr3+ ions into the yttrium oxide matrix. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed GO particle sizes of approximately 35±5 nm and the encapsulation of Y2O3:Mg2+/Cr3+ within the GO matrix GO-Y2O3:Mg2+/Cr3+ nanocomposites (NCs), with an interplanar spacing of 0.1876 nm corresponding to the (440) crystal plane. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis for Y2O3 and its doped variants (Y2O3:Mg2+, Y2O3:Cr3+) showed increased current responses at various scan rates, with distinct peaks and a current peak ratio of less than 1, indicative of a quasi-reversible system. The electrodes based on Y2O3 and (Y2O3:Mg2+, Y2O3:Cr3+) NCs achieved maximum specific capacitance values of 172.54 Fg⁻¹, 279.98 Fg⁻¹, and 791.59 Fg⁻¹, respectively, at a scan rate of 2 mV/s. Galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) profiles for these yttrium-based samples yielded capacitance values of 71.66 Fg⁻¹, 112.77 Fg⁻¹, and 370 Fg⁻¹, respectively, with the highest value observed for Mg2+ doped samples. Additionally, the Y2O3:Mg2+ samples showcased superior charge transport within the electrode material, leading to a higher energy density of 18.5 Wh/kg compared to the Y2O3:Cr3+ and pure Y2O3 samples. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of the Mg2+ and Cr3+ doped yttrium samples showed a linear response in both the low and high-frequency regions, demonstrating their enhanced charge storage capability. Notably, the Y2O3:Mg2+ sample achieved the highest capacity retention of 94.25%. The combination of Y2O3 and Mg2+ led to improved capacitance retention and efficient charge storage, with a Coulombic efficiency of 91.9%, compared to the pure sample. Additionally, the sensitivity and selectivity studies of Mg2+ and Cr3+ doped Y2O3 samples suggested that these developed nanocomposite materials hold potential for biosensor applications.

Efficient route for preparation of Nd3+ doped Y2O3 nanoparticles at intermediate temperature

Yttrium oxide nanoparticles are one of the proper host materials for rare-earth elements. The rare-earth ions doped in yttrium oxide nanoparticles have medical applications such as biological imaging and photonic applications such as waveguides in the infrared region, laser mediums, sensitizers, LEDs, etc. The preparation of rare-earth ion-doped Y2O3 nanoparticles is usually done through the solid-state process and at a very high temperature, such as 1200 °C. In this research, using the solid-state process and during multi-step heat treatment at temperatures of 210 °C, 380 °C, and 500 °C, white nanopowders of Nd:Y2O3were prepared in 6 h. The produced nanopowders were studied using various characterization methods. The results showed that the produced nanopowders have a cubic structure and an average particle size between 22 and 65 nm.

Tuning the optical properties of Ln3+-doped-Y2O3@ZnO@Au core-shell heterostructures for visible-to-NIR photon harvesting

Here, compact Yb3+-Er3+-Tm3+ doped Y2O3 phosphor microspheres were synthesized by solvothermal method which gave emission in the entire visible region under 980 nm excitation. The effect of doping alkali ions like lithium on the upconversion emission of YYET phosphors is investigated. An epitaxial layer of ZnO is grown around the YYETL (Li+ doped YYET) microspheres by hydrothermal technique. An analysis of the influence of the ZnO shell thickness on the upconversion emission of core microspheres is done. Initial growth of a thin layer of ZnO on the YYETL microspheres causes enhancement in upconversion emission due to passivation of surface defects of core microspheres. Quenching of anti-Stokes emission occurs for thicker ZnO shell coating. Further, it is decorated with AuNPs to study the effect of plasmonics on the optical property of the developed heterostructure. The overlap between the upconversion emission spectra of core microspheres and the LSPR peak of AuNPs modulates the property of the entire structure. The optimized samples were checked for photocatalytic application by degradation of Rh6G dye under solar irradiation. YYETL@ZnO@Au core-shell samples exhibited highest rate constant of 0.00395 min−1, which is attributed to better exploitation of the UV–Vis-NIR region of the solar spectrum by all three components of the heterostructure.

Coupling Nd3+:Y2O3 fluorescent submicron particles to linear plasmonic chains

We report on the fabrication and optical characterization of a new hybrid material consisting of Nd3+ doped Y2O3 submicron particles associated with linear chains of plasmonic nanostructures. By drop-casting deposition, single Nd3+ doped Y2O3 polycrystalline particles are dispersed and located in the vicinities of plasmonic chains of silver nanoparticles formed on the surface a LiNbO3 substrate. The interaction between the plasmonic modes of the chain with the fluorescent yttria submicron particles is analyzed by micro-luminescence experiments. Orthogonal polarization configurations of the excitation radiation, namely, perpendicular and parallel to plasmonic chain axis, are employed to study the effect of the longitudinal and transverse chain plasmonic modes on the luminescence of the particles. A remarkable dependence of the emission intensity of the Nd3+:Y2O3 submicron particles on the excitation polarization is observed, showing the capability of plasmonic chains to modulate the emission of fluorescent submicron particles in contact with the chain. Numerical simulations evidence a different distribution of the excitation radiation field within the Nd3+:Y2O3 particle depending on the type of excited plasmonic mode, longitudinal or transversal, of the chain, and hence, the ability of plasmonic chains for controlling the emission of Rare Earth doped submicron particles.

Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yosida–like Ferromagnetism in Nonmetal Doped Y2O3

A wide-gap semiconductor of Yttria (Y2O3) doped with nonmetal elements (B, C, and N) are investigated by using the first-principles method. We mainly discuss the exchange coupling between two dopants and find that the exchange coupling in current cases are sensitive to the B-B, C-C, and N-N distance. Unitary ferromagnetic (FM) and antiferromagnetic (AFM) states have been observed in the two-B-doped and two-N-doped Y2O3 structures, respectively. Surprisingly, as the C-C distance increases, a transformation between FM and AFM has been found, which shows an RKKY-like interaction due to the p-d hybridization between the C dopant and intrinsic Y atoms.

Exploration of the crystal structures and electronic features of Y2O3:Er and Y2O3:Er,Yb crystals: a first-principles study

The Er3+ doped Y2O3 (Y2O3:Er) and Er3+, Yb3+ co-doped Y2O3 (Y2O3:Er,Yb) have attracted considerable attention due to their outstanding optical properties. However, the crystal structures underlying their electronic features are still unclear. In this paper, we carried out the systematical structural evolutions of Y2O3:Er and Y2O3:Er,Yb via the Crystal Structural AnaLYsis by Particle Swarm Optimization structure search method. Two novel monoclinic structures with P2 space group were uncovered for Y2O3:Er and Y2O3:Er,Yb. Validities of the two ground state structures were verified by the good agreements between the calculated x-ray diffraction patterns and the experimental ones. Phonon dispersion curves were also investigated, and the data showed that the ground state structures of both Y2O3:Er and Y2O3:Er,Yb were dynamically stable. Moreover, the density of states, the band structure and the electronic local function of these two systems were also studied. The impurity Er3+ and Yb3+ ions lead to the transition of electronic feature from the insulator to the semiconductor. The Y–O, Er–O, Yb–O bonds are proved to be covalent bonds. These research results can fill up the vacancy and give instructions in the rare-earth doped laser materials in the future.

Nd3+ doped Y2O3 micro- and nanoparticles: A comparative study on temperature sensing and optical heating performance within the 1st biological window

In this work, Y2O3 phosphors doped with Nd3+ at two different concentrations (2% and 10%) were prepared by coconut water-assisted sol-gel method, at two different calcination temperatures (1000 °C and 1400 °C). Structure and morphology analyses were performed by XDR and SEM. Thermometric analyses were performed with 800 nm laser excitation, exploring the emission corresponding to the 4F3/2 – 4I9/2 transition from Nd3+ by the luminescence intensity ratio and valley-peak intensity ratio techniques. The results obtained indicate that the samples correspond to the cubic structure of Y2O3 of space group Ia3. SEM images reveal particles with an approximately spherical shape, with mean diameters of 41 ± 14 nm and 1.1 ± 0.4 μm for samples calcined at 1000 and 1400 °C, respectively. The thermometric characterization of these samples included the relative sensitivity, temperature uncertainty, repeatability, and reproducibility. Sensitivities of up to 0.46%.K−1 were obtained, with temperature uncertainties between 0.5 and 3.5 K over the entire temperature range analyzed (294–373K). Good repeatability and reproducibility were also obtained. Additional optical heating measurements indicated that the micrometric sample doped with 2% Nd3+ has a heating rate similar to the nanometric sample doped with 10% Nd3+. Among the investigated samples, the micrometric sample containing 2% Nd3+ presented the best potential for application as a multifunctional platform for heating and temperature sensing within the first biological window, as it offers high emission intensities, sensitivity, and heating rate.

Structural, thermoluminescence and optical properties of Nd3+ doped Y2O3 nanophosphor for dosimeter and optoelectronics applications

For potential gamma ray dosimetry and near-infrared laser material applications, solution combustion synthesis was used to create undoped and trivalent neodymium doped Y2O3. X-ray powder diffraction was used to analyze the annealed materials. It was discovered that they had a cubic Y2O3 single phase structure up to a dopant level of 2 mol%. The higher dopant concentrations showed the existence of a Nd2O3 solid solution. The crystallite sizes were determined using Scherrer and Williamson-Hall equations and were found to decrease with dopant content. Characterization of the nanocrystals by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed excellent stoichiometric control. The γ-ray irradiated phosphors showed a thermoluminescence (TL) peak at about 394 K that sub linearly increased in intensity up to 7 kGy and thereafter decreased. A computerized glow curve deconvolution algorithm was used to analyze the measured complex TL glow curves produced for the phosphors exposed to γ-rays. The 60Co γ-ray irradiated Nd3+ doped Y2O3 sample exhibited peaks at 395, 445, 496 and 596 K with the corresponding activation energies in the range of 1.20-1.32 eV. These were attributed to the F, F+ and V-centers. The main absorption bands, i.e., at 590 and 812 nm for the Nd:Y2O3 nanocrystals. As the host's Nd3+ content increased, the optical band gap decreased. Three major emission bands at wavelengths of 871–957, 1045–1137, and 1306–1379 nm were associated with Nd3+ transitions of 4F3/2→4I9/3, 4F3/2→4I11/3 and 4F3/2→4I13/3, According to calculations, the 4F3/2 energy level's PL lifespan for Nd3+ doped Y2O3was between 68 and 247 µs.

Photoluminescence and energy transfer mechanisms of Tm3+ doped Y2O3 laser crystals: experimental and theoretical insights.

Rare-earth thulium (Tm3+) doped yttrium oxide (Y2O3) host single crystals are promising "eye-safe" laser materials. However, the mechanisms of photoluminescence and energy transfer in Tm3+ doped Y2O3 crystals are not yet understood at the fundamental level. Here, we synthetize a series of Y2O3:Tm3+ samples by the sol-gel method. Our experimental results show that the most intensive absorption line of the 3H6 → 1D2 transition occurs at 358 nm, and the strongest emission line of the 1D2 → 3F4 transition is located at 453 nm, which are in good agreement with the calculations of 363 nm and 458 nm, respectively. By using the CALYPSO structural search method, the ground state structure of Y2O3:Tm3+ with P2 space group symmetry is uncovered. The complete energy levels, including free-ion LS terms and crystal-field LSJ multiplet manifolds, of Y2O3:Tm3+ are obtained based on our developed WEPMD method. The present findings show that our WEPMD method can be used in experiments to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of photoluminescence and energy transfer in Tm3+ doped Y2O3 crystals, which offer insights for further understanding of other rare-earth doped laser materials.

Power dependent photoacoustic and photoluminescence studies on a Ho3+/Yb3+ doped Y2O3 phosphor.

The Ho3+/Yb3+ doped Y2O3 phosphor samples were synthesized through a combustion method and then were annealed at 800 °C, 1000 °C, and 1200 °C. The cubic phase of the synthesized samples was confirmed by XRD analysis. The upconversion (UC) & photoacoustic (PA) spectroscopic studies were done on prepared samples and both spectra are compared. The samples have shown intense green upconversion emission at 551 nm due to the 5S2 → 5I8 transition of Ho3+ ion along with other bands. The maximum emission intensity is obtained for the sample annealed at 1000 °C for 2 hours. The authors have also measured the lifetime corresponding to 5S2 → 5I8 transition and found that lifetime values follow the trend of upconversion intensity. The maximum lifetime of 224 μs is observed for the sample annealed at 1000 °C. A photoacoustic cell & a pre-amplifier was fabricated and optimized for maximum sensitivity of the system. The PA signal was found to increase with increase of excitation power within the studied range, while UC emission was found to saturate after a certain pump power. The increase in PA signal is due to the increase in non-radiative transitions in the sample. The wavelength-dependent photoacoustic spectrum of sample has shown absorption bands around 445, 536, 649 and 945 (970) nm with maximum absorption at 945 (970) nm. This indicates its potential for photo-thermal therapy using infrared excitation.

Determination of cross-relaxation efficiency based on spectroscopy in thulium-doped rare-earth sesquioxides

Tm3+ doped cubic rare-earth sesquioxides have been recognized as excellent laser materials operating at ∼ 2 μm. Upon 3H4 excitation by commercially available laser diode around 800 nm, a cross-relaxation (CR) process enables efficient Tm3+ laser originated from 3F4→3H6 transition. The CR process, (Tm1:3H4, Tm2:3H6) → (Tm1:3F4, Tm2: 3F4), cuts one excitation photon into two photons of 2 μm with quantum efficiency of 200%. As a result, efficient CR is needed. The CR efficiency is usually determined based on the emission lifetime of 3H4. However, the CR between the nearest Tm3+ is too fast to emit, overrating the emission lifetime and underrating the CR efficiency. Here, we propose a spectroscopic method for determination of CR efficiency based on emission intensity ratio. Tm3+ doped cubic Y2O3, Lu2O3, Sc2O3, YScO3, LuScO3 and YLuO3 sesquioxides are prepared by solid-state reaction. Near infrared emission spectra and decay curves are studied as a function of Tm3+ concentration. The relationship between CR efficiency and emission intensity ratio is established. Large Stark splittings of 1002 cm−1 and 511 cm−1 are observed for the 3H6 ground state and the 3F4 excited state of Tm3+, respectively in Sc2O3:Tm3+, leading to a long-wave emission at 2.15 μm. The comparison of these six samples reveals that Sc2O3: Tm3+ has the largest CR parameter and Lu2O3:Tm3+ has the highest quantum efficiency for populating the 3F4 from the 3H4 at the same Tm3+ concentration.

Sintering of Ce3+-doped yttria nanoparticles prepared by precipitation method

Cerium doped yttrium oxide nanoparticles with various Ce3+ concentrations between 0.001 and 0.010 at% have been synthesised by precipitation method using ammonium hydroxide as a precipitation agent. The synthesised powders are characterised by a mean particle size of ca. 55 nm. Highly dense specimens, with a relative density> 98.8%, were obtained by sintering the green compacts shaped by pressure filtration, at 1550 °C for 3 h in air. The sintering behaviour of Ce3+ doped Y2O3 was studied by constructing Master Sintering Curves (MSC); the results showed that the apparent activation energy of sintering for Ce3+ doped Y2O3 increases with the increase of cerium concentration. The segregation of larger Ce3+ cations in the grain boundaries is likely to be responsible for the increase in the sintering activation energy.

Near-infrared light harvesting of upconverting Y2O3:Er3+ nanoparticles and their photovoltaic application

Light harvesting plays a significant role in the enhancement on photovoltaic performance. It is closely associated with the photocurrent of solar cells. It is possible to improve light harvesting by material substitution as well as expansion of absorptive edge. Therefore, upconversion characteristics is one of promising solutions for better light harvesting. Upconverting materials emit visible light which is available for photoconversion after they absorb invisible near-infrared (NIR) light. In this study, Er3+ doped Y2O3 (Y2O3:Er3+) nanoparticles were used as upconverting material. Its strong emissions of green and red light corresponding to 2H11/2 and 4S3/2 → 4I15/2 and 4F9/2 → 4I15/2 transitions were clearly demonstrated under NIR irradiation of 975 nm wavelength. These emissions were apparently absorbed by dye-sensitized electrode. Based on these results, Y2O3:Er3+ nanoparticles were introduced into dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). After incorporating Y2O3:Er3+ nanoparticles, photovoltage was increased due to its high band-gap energy of about 5 eV. On the other hand, the photocurrent was decreased because of the decrease in adsorbed dye amount and electron paths. However, the photoconversion edge was obviously expanded. As a result, DSC performance was enhanced with optimum upconverting particles. It exhibited an efficiency of 8.03%, which was higher than that of a conventional DSC.

Photoluminescence Property of Erbium-Doped Yttrium Oxide: Doping Concentration and Its Effect

Er3+ doped Y2O3 nanophosphors were synthesized by combustion techniques using urea as fuel, and their photoluminescence properties were measured. Furthermore, the morphology and particle size were calculated using Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), with the histogram showing the average particle size. Photoluminescence spectra of doped Y2O3:Er3+ phosphors were efficiently excited in the range of 200–400 nm. The phosphors prepared below 356 nm excitation exhibit three major peaks located at 506 nm (green) and 522 nm (green) and 711 nm (red) corresponding to 2H11/2 → 4I15/2 and 4F9/2 → 4I15/2 transition, respectively. The chromaticity calculation by the Commission Internationale de I’Eclairage (CIE) confirms that with Er3+ doping, the luminescence coordinates of Y2O3 phosphor with Er3+ doping shift to an almost white (0.291, 0.397) region which is very much close to the ideal white emission. Therefore, the prepared phosphor is used for UV-based LEDs and display devices.

Temperature sensing with Er3+ doped Y2O3 nanoparticles operating within the 1st and 2nd biological window: The influence of particle size on the relative sensitivity of thermally decoupled levels

The luminescent properties of three nanocrystalline samples of Y2O3:Er3+ produced via PVA-assisted sol-gel route, with mean particle diameter of 21, 44 and 86 nm, were investigated aiming their application as optical temperature sensors within the first and second biological windows. Luminescence spectra were analyzed using three different wavelengths (532 nm, 660 nm and 800 nm) as excitation sources. The three samples exhibited up to four emission bands centered at 660 nm, 800 nm, 860 nm and 1000 nm, which were related to the 4F9/2 → 4I15/2, 4I9/2 → 4I15/2, 4S3/2 → 4I13/2 and 4I11/2 → 4I15/2 transitions of Er3+, respectively. Three luminescence intensity ratio (LIR) schemes associated with thermally decoupled levels were proposed and their dependence on ambient temperature was investigated, two for excitation at 660 nm and one for excitation at 800 nm. In all the three cases, excitation and emission wavelengths were within the first or second biological window. Relative sensitivities of up to 2.02 ± 0.06% K−1 were obtained, with good repeatability and reproducibility and with temperature uncertainties below 1 K. The influence of particle size on luminescence intensity and sensor sensitivity was also presented and discussed, considering the potential applications. The results showed that particle size can affect the sensitivity of each LIR differently depending on the phonon-assisted processes involved.

The Influence of CeO2 Concentration on Some Physical Properties of Y2O3 Thin Films

Thin films of pure yttrium oxide (Y2O3) and doped with cerium oxide (CeO2) were prepared by the chemical spray pyrolysis(CSP)method. The structural, optical and electrical properties of the prepared films were investigated. The analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) thin films revealed that the undoped and doped Y2O3 were amorphous with a broad hump around 27o and narrow humps around 48o and 62o for all samples. Except for the Y2O3:6wt.%CeO2 thin film, all had signal preferential orientation along the (100) plane at 2θ=12.71o which belongs to CeO2, Field emission scanning electron microscopic (FE-SEM) images confirmed the formation of the nanosized particles which resembles circles and others revealed rods and balls shape. UV-Vis spectra study showed peak absorption at a wavelength of 305 nm, with blue shift due to quantum confinement, and this also happened for the doped films, with direct energy band gaps. The photoluminescence spectra (PL) of undoped Y2O3 and doped thin films showed an emission peak at 365 nm at the same wavelength of all the prepared samples with a slight difference. All prepared films show three activation energies except Y2O3:6wt.%CeO2 film has two activation energies. From I-V characteristic curves, the prepared films have Schottky behavior except Y2O3:6wt.%CeO2 film, which displayed ohmic behavior. Y2O3:6wt.%CeO2 fabricated device revealed good photosensitivity for VIS and IR wavelength.

Modified Eu3+ doped Y2O3 Nanoparticles as Turn-on Fluorescence Sensor for Sensitive Determination of Methamphetamine

Modified Eu3+ doped Y2O3 Nanoparticles as Turn-on Fluorescence Sensor for Sensitive Determination of Methamphetamine