Dopamine In Biological Samples Research Articles

Electrochemical biosensors for dopamine.

Dopamine (DA), a key catecholamine, plays a pivotal role in the regulation of human cognition and emotions. It has profound effects on the hormonal, memory, and cardiovascular systems. Anomalies like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, schizophrenia, and senile dementia are linked to abnormal DA levels. Consequently, the precise determination of DA levels in biological systems is critical for the accurate diagnosis and treatment of these disorders. Among all analytical techniques, electrochemical studies provide the most selective and highly sensitive methods for detecting DA in biological samples. Ascorbic acid and uric acid are two examples of small biomolecules that can obstruct the detection of DA in biological fluids. To address this issue, numerous attempts have been made to modify bare electrodes to separate the signals of these substances and enhance the electrocatalytic activity towards DA. Various surface modifiers, including coatings, conducting polymers, ionic liquids, nanomaterials, and inorganic complexes, have been employed in the modification process. Despite the reported success in DA detection using electrochemical sensors, many of these approaches are deemed too complex and costly for real-world applications. Therefore, this review aims to provide an overview of DA electrochemical biosensors that are practical for real-world applications.

Intercalation of multilayered Ti3C2Txelectrode doped with vanadium for highly sensitive electrochemical detection of dopamine in biological samples.

Theelectrochemical detection characteristics of the layered Ti3C2Tx materialwere enhanced by modifying its surface. Ti3C2Tx is used as the Ti - F chemical bond weakens with increasing pH levels. Ti3C2Tx is alkalinized by KOH, and F is substituted for - OH. The surface hydroxyl groups can be eliminated by intercalating K+. This study elaborates on the hydrothermal production of vanadium-doped layered Ti3C2Tx nanosheets intercalated with K+. Thedevelopment of a sensitive dopamine electrochemical sensor is outlinedby intercalating a vanadium-doped multilayered K+ Ti3C2Tx electrode. The chemical, surface, and structural composition of the synthesized electrode for dopamine detection was investigated and confirmed. The sensor exhibits a linear range (1-10 µM), a low detection limit (8.4 nM), and a high sensitivity of 2.746 µAµM-1cm-2 under optimal electrochemical testing conditions. The sensor also demonstrates exceptional anti-interference capabilities and stability. The sensor was applied todetection of dopamine in (spiked) rat brains, human serum, and urine samples. This study introduces a novel approach by utilizing K+ intercalation of vanadium-doped Ti3C2Tx-based electrochemical sensors and an innovative method for dopamine detection. The dopamine detection revealed the potential of (V0.05) K+ Ti3C2Tx-GCE for practical application in pharmaceutical sample analysis.

Multi-Responsive Sensor Based on Porous Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Frameworks for Selective Sensing of Ions and Dopamine Molecules.

Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs), as an emerging porous material, have attracted increasing research interest in fluorescence sensing due to their inherent fluorescence emission units with unique physicochemical properties. Herein, based on the organic building block 3,3',5,5'-tetrakis-(4-carboxyphenyl)-1,1'-biphenyl (H4TCBP), the porous material HOF-TCBP was successfully synthesized using hydrogen bond self-assembly in a DMF solution. The fluorescence properties of the HOF-TCBP solution showed that when the concentration was high, excimers were easily formed, the PL emission was red-shifted, and the fluorescence intensity became weaker. HOF-TCBP showed good sensitivity and selectivity to metal ions Fe3+, Cr3+, and anion Cr2O72-. In addition, HOF-TCBP can serve as a label-free fluorescent sensor material for the sensitive and selective detection of dopamine (DA). HOF-based DA sensing is actually easy, low-cost, simple to operate, and highly selective for many potential interfering substances, and it has been successfully applied to the detection of DA in biological samples with satisfactory recoveries (101.1-104.9%). To our knowledge, this is the first report of HOF materials for efficient detection of the neurotransmitter dopamine in biological fluids. In short, this work widely broadens the application of HOF materials as fluorescent sensors for the sensing of ions and biological disease markers.

Porous {P6Mo18O73}-type Poly(oxometalate) Metal-Organic Frameworks for Improved Pseudocapacitance and Electrochemical Sensing Performance.

{P6Mo18} poly(oxometalate) (POM) clusters have huge steric hindrance and limited active oxygen atoms, which make them difficult to combine with metal-organic units to form three-dimensional (3D) porous structures. Therefore, functionalization of such POMs has always been a bottleneck that is difficult to break through. In this study, {P6Mo18} POM was successfully grafted on a lock-like metal-organic chain to generate a multiporous coordination polymer, [{Na(H2O)(H2btb)}{Cu4I(H2O)(pz)5Cl}{H2Sr⊂P6Mo2VMo16VIO73}]·3H2O (1) (pz = pyrazine; btb = 1,4-bis(1,2,4-triazole) butane). Meanwhile, a zero-dimensional (0-D) control compound with only btb ligands as counterions, (H4btb)[H4Sr⊂P6Mo2VMo16VIO73]·3H2O (2), was also obtained via a hydrothermal reaction. Compound 1 represents the first basket-type 3D poly(oxometalate) metal-organic framework (POMOF) assembly, which possesses interpenetrating pores and complex topology. 1-GO-CPE displays improved supercapacitor (SC) performance (the specific capacitance of 929.4 F g-1 at a current density of 3 A g-1 with 94.1% of cycle efficiency after 5000 cycles) compared with 2-GO-CPE and most reported POMOF electrode materials, which may be due to the outstanding redox capability of basket-POM, introduction of metal-organic chains, intersecting pores, and excellent conductivity of graphene. An asymmetric SC device with 1-GO-CPE as the negative electrode exhibits an energy density of 29.7 Wh kg-1 with a power density of 3148.2 W kg-1 and long-lasting cycling life. In addition, 1-GO-GCE as an electrochemical sensor responds to dopamine (DA) at a voltage of 0.40 V and shows lower detection limits (0.19 μM (signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) = 3)), higher selectivity, and good reproducibility in the linear range of 0.56 μM to 0.24 mM. The ability to accurately detect the content of DA in biological samples further proves the feasibility of the sensor in practical applications.

A portable and sensitive dopamine sensor based on AuNPs functionalized ZnO-rGO nanocomposites modified screen-printed electrode

Dopamine (DA) is an important neurotransmitter and one of the biomarkers of psychiatric diseases such as Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. Therefore, it is urgent to explore an effective method to realize rapid and sensitive detection of DA. In this paper, porous zinc oxide microspheres-functional reduced graphene oxide composites (ZnO-rGO) were successfully prepared by a simple solution method, then gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were combined by electrodeposition. Zinc oxide porous microspheres-reduced graphene oxide-gold nanoparticles nanocomposites were used to modify the screen-printed electrode ([email protected]) to fabricate a fast and efficient non-enzymatic electrochemical sensing platform for detecting DA in biological samples. The sensor obtained a good linear range of 0.5 μM to 100 μM and a low detection limit of 0.294 μM at S/N = 3. Additionally, a sensor was applied to the determination of DA in human biological samples, and it showed good stability and reproducibility, making it an excellent candidate material in the field of biosensors.

MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES AND IONIC LIQUID EFFECT ON ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS PERFORMANCE

Magnetic nanoparticles and ionic liquid (IL, 1-hexyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bromide) based on graphene oxide (GO) composite provide unique physical and chemical properties in electrochemical sensors performance. Magnetic nanoparticles can cover active sites that increase chemical reactions with easy separation. IL increases the scan rate of electron transfer between the modified electrode and solution because it includes conductive adhesion properties. Also, IL in the next steps of design carbon paste electrodes (CPE) increases the cohesion. The study aims are to study the effects of magnetic nanoparticles and IL on the electrochemical detection of dopamine (DA). DA has a vital role in the mammalian central nervous system and change its value from the standard range leads broad mental diseases. But magnetic graphene oxide (MGO) may not exist capable of enhancing electrochemical signs alone. In this regard, after the synthesis of MGO, IL was established on composite. Then gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) were modified MGO nanocomposite. MIP polymerization was continued by methacrylic acid (MAA) in the presence of DA as a template molecule. The developed sensor with modified nanocomposite studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques. The modified sensor based on nanocomposite with a broad concentration linear range, between 1×10-7 to 1×10-4 M and a limit of detection of 1×10-8 M (S/N=3) was used for the detection of DA in biological samples. Furthermore, these results prove that MGO was improved active sites of surface nanocomposite and IL was increased conductivity in the based electrochemical sensor for DA detection.

Rationally designed f-MWCNT-coated bismuth molybdate (f-MWCNT@BMO) nanocomposites for the voltammetric detection of biomolecule dopamine in biological samples.

Selective and sensitive dopamine (DPA) sensor was developed using hydrothermally prepared functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube-coated bismuth molybdate (f-MWCNT@BMO). The f-MWCNT@BMO-reinforced electrode exhibited an outstanding electrocatalytic activity towards DPA oxidation. The nanocomposite-reinforced electrode displayed a rapid response towards DPA sensing and possessed the minimized potential of (Epa + 0.285V vs Ag/AgCl) in 0.1M phosphate buffer (PB). Theelectrochemical results of prepared sensors were analyzed using the differential pulse voltammetry method (DPV). As a result, the f-MWCNT@BMO-reinforced electrode exhibited a widelinear range of 10nM-814μM with a very low detection limit of 3.4nM towards DPA oxidation. The developed sensor shows excellent selectivity in presence of similar functional group biomolecules. Thedetection of DPA in real samples was evaluated in human serum, as the results of the proposed sensor possessed good recoveries.

Fast screening test for molecular recognition of levodopa and dopamine in biological samples using 3D printed stochastic microsensors

The simultaneous assay of levodopa and dopamine is essential for diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and brain cancer. 3D stochastic microsensors based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and 1-adamantyloleamide (AOA) was used for the simultaneous molecular recognition of levodopa and dopamine in biological samples (whole blood, urine, and brain tissue). The proposed 3D stochastic microsensors presented low limits of quantification, and high sensitivities. High selectivity was recorded versus neurotransmitters such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and glutamate. High recoveries were obtained for the assay of both levodopa and dopamine in whole blood, urine, and tumor tissue samples.

A Portable and Sensitive Dopamine Sensor Based on Aunps Functionalized ZnO-rGO Nanocomposites Modified Screen-Printed Electrode

Dopamine (DA) is an important neurotransmitter and one of the biomarkers of psychiatric diseases such as Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. Therefore, it is urgent to explore an effective method to realize rapid and sensitive detection of DA. In this paper, porous zinc oxide microspheres-functional reduced graphene oxide composites (ZnO-rGO) was successful prepared by a simple solution method, then gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were combined by electrodeposition. Zinc oxide porous microspheres-reduced graphene oxide-gold nanoparticles nanocomposites was used to modified the screen-printed electrode (ZnO-rGO-AuNPs@SPE) to fabricate a fast and efficient non-enzymatic electrochemical sensing platform for detecting DA in biological samples. The sensor obtained a good linear relationship from 0.5 μM to 100 μM and a low detection limit was 0.294 μM (S/N=3). Additionally, sensor was applied to determination of DA in human biological samples, and it showed a good stability and reproducibility, making it an excellent candidate material in the field of biosensors.

A disposable electrochemical sensor based on iron molybdate for the analysis of dopamine in biological samples

Developing cost-effective approaches for the fabrication of electrochemical devices is instantly needed for transferring from basic research to point-care technology.

FeMn layered double hydroxides: an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for real-time tracking of cysteine in whole blood and dopamine in biological samples.

A peculiar clock-regulated design of FeMn-LDHs (FMH) with specific physiochemical attributes has been developed and used for highly sensitive detection of cysteine (CySH) and dopamine (DA). The FMH nanoparticles were synthesized via a facile hydrothermal approach clocked at various (6 h, 12 h and 18 h) operating periods. Under optimal conditions, FMH were obtained in three unique morphologies such as hexagonal plate like, cubic, and spherical structures corresponding to the clocked periods of 6 h, 12 h, and 18 h, respectively. Among these, FMH-12 h possess the minimal particle size (54.45 nm), a large surface area (7.60 m2 g-1) and the highest pore diameter (d = 4.614 nm). In addition to these superior physiochemical attributes, the FMH nanocubes exhibit excellent electrochemical behaviors with the lowest charge transfer resistance (Rct; 96 Ω), a high heterogeneous rate constant (7.81 × 10-6 cm s-1) and a good electroactive surface area (0.3613 cm2), among the three. The electrochemical biosensor based on the FMH nanocubes exhibits a remarkable catalytic activity toward CySH and DA with a low detection limit (9.6 nM and 5.3 nM) and a broad linear range (30 nM-6.67 mM and 20 nM-700 μM). The FMH based biosensor is also feasible for the real-world detection of CySH in whole blood and DA in biological fluids with satisfactory results. The proposed sensor possessed high selectivity, good repeatability, and reproducibility toward CySH and DA sensing.

Coral-like Au1Pt3 alloy nanoparticles with multiple surface defects modified by poly(L-methionine) membrane for the selective detection of dopamine in biological samples

A novel coral-like Au1Pt3 alloy nanoparticles (ANPs) with multiple surface defects are prepared on the basis of co-/surfactant (n-octanoic acid and PVP) via one-pot method at room temperature. The coral-like Au1Pt3 ANPs are characterized by XRD, HRTEM, SAED, EDS, and HAADF-STEM, respectively. Then, l-methionine (L-Met) is one-step electropolymerized on the surface of the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) decorated by Au1Pt3 ANPs. The morphology and element mapping of the poly(L-Met)/Au1Pt3/GCE are observed by FE-SEM. The poly(L-Met)/Au1Pt3/GCE sensor exhibits higher electrochemical sensibility, wider linear range, lower detection limit, better selectivity, reproducibility and stability to dopamine (DA) under the optimized conditions. The limit of detection (S/N = 3) is found to be 0.07 μM with the linear variation over 0.5–200 μM, and the sensitivity is calculated as 4.07 μA μM−1 cm−2. The sensor shows excellent determination results towards spiked human urine samples with recoveries ranging from 93.8 to 104.2%.

The role of pramipexole functionalized MWCNTs to the fabrication of Pd nanoparticles modified GCE for electrochemical detection of dopamine.

Interest in functionalized carbon nanotubes for many applications arises from a variety on the kind of modification atoms or molecules that are attached to it. Dopamine, the feel-good hormone, release by neurons and playing an important role in body systems. Abnormal dopamine levels cause nerve disorders such as Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. The aim of this study was the design and fabrication of electrochemical sensor based on MWCNTs and Pd nanoparticles for detection and determination of dopamine in biological samples. For this purpose, we report the synthesis of pramipexole-functionalized MWCNTs (pp-MWCNTs) for efficient capture of palladium nanoparticles and fabrication of Pd/pp-MWCNTs nanocomposite. Morphological and structural characteristics of the nanocomposites were characterized using various techniques including field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). This newly synthesized nanocomposite may have numerous applications in nanotechnology and sensing. We show that the synthesized nanocomposite reported here will be applicable for modifications of bare glassy carbon electrode (Pd/pp-MWCNTs/GCE) to sense of dopamine electrochemically. Two linear calibrations for dopamine are obtained over ranges of 0.01 to 10μM and 10 to 200μM with a detection limit of 1.4nM. The Pd/pp-MWCNTs/GCE shows high stability and sensitivity, and an acceptable decrease of over-potential for the electrooxidation of dopamine that decreases interference in the analysis. The proposed Pd/pp-MWCNTs nanocomposite can be used as a voltammetric detector for dopamine monitoring in routine real sample analysis. The proposed sensor showed high sensitivity and selectivity in sensing dopamine in biological samples. Graphical abstract Preparation of Pd/pp-MWCNTs/GCE for detection of dopamine.

Facile preparation of a collagen-graphene oxide composite: A sensitive and robust electrochemical aptasensor for determining dopamine in biological samples

A sensitive and robust electrochemical aptasensor for determining dopamine (DA) was developed using a grass carp skin collagen-graphene oxide (GCSC-GO) composite as a transducer and a label-free aptamer as a biological recognition element for the first time. In order to fabricate this sensor, the GCSC-GO composite was firstly prepared by ultra-sonication method and characterized by atomic force microscope, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Subsequently, a label-free DA-binding aptamer was immobilized through strong interaction between collagen and aptamer. The fabricated electrochemical aptasensor was used to determine DA by differential pulse voltammetry. The results indicated that the peak current changes of the developed aptasensor was linear relationship with the DA concentrations from 1 to 1000 nM, and the detection limit was 0.75 nM (S/N = 3). Moreover, the fabricated aptasensor showed high selectivity for DA. More importantly, the obtained aptasensor exhibited satisfactory recovery toward DA in human serum specimens with excellent stability.

CdTe0.5S0.5/ZnS Quantum Dots Embedded in a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for the Selective Optosensing of Dopamine.

This work describes the preparation of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-modified core/shell CdTe0.5S0.5/ZnS quantum dots (QDs). The QDs@MIP particles were used for the selective and sensitive detection of dopamine (DA). Acrylamide, which is able to form hydrogen bonds with DA, and ethylene glycol dimethylacrylate (EGDMA) as cross-linker were used for the preparation of the MIP. Highly cross-linked polymer particles with sizes up to 1 µm containing the dots were obtained after the polymerization. After the removal of the DA template, MIP-modified QDs (QDs@MIP) exhibit a high photoluminescence (PL) with an intensity similar to that of QDs embedded in the nonimprinted polymer (NIP). A linear PL decrease was observed upon addition of DA to QDs@MIP and the PL response was in the linear ranges from 2.63 µM to 26.30 µM with a limit of detection of 6.6 nM. The PL intensity of QDs@MIP was quenched selectively by DA. The QDs@MIP particles developed in this work are easily prepared and of low cost and are therefore of high interest for the sensitive and selective detection of DA in biological samples.

Facile, low-temperature synthesis of tungsten carbide (WC) flakes for the sensitive and selective electrocatalytic detection of dopamine in biological samples

Transition metal carbides have shown potential for use in electrochemical applications due to their excellent electronic conductivity, stability and electrocatalysis.

An electrochemical biosensor for sensitive detection of nicotine-induced dopamine secreted by PC12 cells

A facile, sensitive and selective electrochemical biosensor for the detection of dopamine (DA) released from nicotine-stimulated PC12 cells was fabricated by using a poly-celestine blue (CB) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The poly-CB film was prepared by controlled electropolymerization and has about 5 nm thick on the GCE surface. In the optimal experimental condition, the poly-CB modified GCE showed excellent electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of DA. The response signal obtained by differential pulse voltammetry displayed a good linear relationship between the current response signal and the DA concentrations in range from 10 nmol L−1 to 0.7 μmol L−1 and 1 μmol L−1 to 10 μmol L−1 with a detection limit of 1.2 nmol L−1 (S/N = 3) and sensitivity of 17.0134 μA cm2 μM−1. In addition, the poly-CB modified GCE has successfully been applied to determine nicotine-induced dopamine released from PC12 cells with satisfactory recovery. The developed method held great potential for the detection of dopamine in biological samples and would bring great convenience to the diagnosis of diseases associated with deficiency in dopamine.

Co3O4/CuO hollow nanocage hybrids with high oxidase-like activity for biosensing of dopamine

Here, we report the synthesis, characterization, and oxidase-like activity of Co3O4/CuO hollow nanocage (HNC) nanocomposites. The Co3O4/CuO HNCs were successfully prepared by hydrothermal treatment of ZIF-67 in copper nitrate solution, followed by carbonization in air. The obtained nanocomposites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The Co3O4/CuO HNCs possess enhanced oxidase-like activity compared with pure Co3O4 and CuO, and they can catalytically oxidize the 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrate in the absence of H2O2 to produce an intense blue product. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurements indicate that 1O2 and O2− radicals are the major ROS in catalytic oxidation of TMB by dissolved oxygen in the TMB–Co3O4/CuO HNC system. We then developed a simple, sensitive, visual, and colorimetric biosensing method for dopamine (DA) based on its inhibiting effect on TMB oxidation. The proposed method allows for DA detection with a limit of detection of 0.027 μM and a dynamic range of 0.05–8 μM. This new colorimetric method was successfully used to detect DA in biological samples. The present work demonstrates a simple strategy to fabricate an efficient oxidase mimic with potential applications in bioanalysis and clinical diagnosis.

Chiral ZnO nanoparticles for detection of dopamine

Dopamine (DA) is an important catecholamine neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, and is involved in many behavioral responses and brain functions, and thus the detection of DA is much important. Chiral nanoparticles (NPs) have aroused much attention and showed many potential applications. In this work, Chiral ZnO NPs was prepared, and the nanoparticles can disperse well without aggregation. The Circular dichroism (CD) test showed strong chiroptical signals, demonstrating it is an effect method to prepare Chiral ZnO with cysteine as ligand. The photoluminescent properties of Chiral ZnO was investigated and showed quenching effect to dopamine, which make it possible to be used as probes to detect dopamine in biological samples with high selectivity and sensitivity.

MICRO DETERMINATION OF DOPAMINE IN BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES BY COUPLING REACTION

The paper presents the development of an analytical method to determine dopamine by coupling reaction with diazotized solution of 4-Aminoantipyrine in basic media to give a compound with a single azo dye salt having orange color soluble in water. A calibration curve for a range of concentration (9.14x10<sup>-5</sup> – 2.28x10<sup>-3</sup> μg.mL<sup>-1</sup>) was realized and the value of molar absortivity was 1.5x103 L.mol<sup>-1</sup>.cm<sup>-1</sup>, with a relative standard deviation more than 1.26% and a recovery 98.77%. As we study the nature of the azo dye by mole fraction method, from the practical value we found that the mole fraction of the dye compound is 1:1 (dopamine: 4- amino antipyrine) and the stability factor reach to 1.4x106 L.mol<sup>-1</sup>. The described procedure is very simple, low-time-consuming, provides high throughput of examined samples, and could be used for routine screening and confirmatory analyses as well. The method was successfully validated to the analysis of the dopamine in biological samples.