Donation Willingness Research Articles

A study on knowledge, awareness, and practices about eye donation in medical students

Aim: The aim of the study was to assess knowledge, awareness, and practices about eye donation in medical students of medical colleges. Setting: Tertiary Care Centre. Design: This study involves a cross-sectional study. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study at a tertiary care center in Western Vidarbha from August 2023 to October 2023, among medical students. Approval from the institutional ethical committee was taken. A total of 538 students participated in the study. After taking consent, data were collected in self-reported questionnaire consisting of questions about the knowledge and awareness of eye donation, the source of their information, willingness for donation, and respective reasons for willingness and nonwillingness. Data were analyzed. Results: Majority of students belonged to the age group between 21 and 30 years. Most were undergraduates, followed by interns and post-graduates. Five hundred and twenty-nine had heard about eye donation mainly through medical personnel. The majority of students believed that eye donation means giving sight to the blind. Most knew the nearest point of contact for eye donation. The answer given by most to the question “What is removed for transplantation?,” was cornea. The most common response to questions about a site for the removal of eyes was the hospital. The majority knew that no monetary benefits were given for donations. Those willing to pledge their eyes wanted to do so to help the blind, and those not willing said objection by family as the main reason among others. Conclusion: After the study, we concluded that awareness about eye donation was good in the students, while knowledge regarding eye donation varied among the students. Willingness to donate showed mixed responses.

Understanding Organ Donation Messaging: A Qualitative Inquiry

Promoting health communication about organ donation remains a crucial objective within Native American communities. The goals of the current study were to communicate with young adult Native Americans about the Organ Donation Willingness Model (ODWM; Horton & Horton, 1991) to gain their responses to materials from campaigns about donation strategies tailored to Native American communities. Six focus groups were conducted with a total of 31 participants. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2019, 2022) and following Smith’s guidelines (2008), which include showing deep respect for the group participants, conducting the study in a face-to-face setting, and being active listeners of the group and their cultural norms, exercising special attention towards those norms. The analysis generated four themes: (1) knowledge and transplantation support emerging from family and community factors; (2) conflicting cultural beliefs; (3) geographic opportunities for improved health care, and finally, (4) the presence of Native Americans as tokenized people in campaign messages. Future collaboration with rural communities and campaign messages could focus on approaches that emphasize communal voice, social representations theory, and clear message strategies.

The Role of Genuine Human Faces and Social Presence in Charitable Websites

Abstract In the digital age, charitable organizations increasingly rely on websites as crucial platforms for fundraising, outreach, and communication. Integrating human traits to digital interfaces as a mean to improve the user’s attitude and experience is a well-researched topic with various case studies. This study investigates the impact of images featuring genuine human faces and perceived social scenarios on user engagement metrics within the context of charitable websites, focusing on trust perception, social media sharing behavior, and donation willingness. A controlled A/B/C test was conducted, presenting participants with three versions of a charitable website: one displaying a stack of books (Version A), another showcasing a stock image of children in school (Version B), and the third featuring a genuine photo of Romanian children engaged in learning activities (Version C). Data was collected from 150 respondents (50 for each version), and quantitative analysis was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of each background image in influencing user behavior. Results shown that authentic photographs evoke more trust and willingness to donate to a cause among Romanian respondents. The conclusions of this paper can be used to further improve the results of online crowdfunding efforts of charitable organizations.

Genetic tests as the strongest motivator of cooperation between participants and biobanks-Findings from cross-sectional study.

The development of the scientific potential linked with biobanking and research on human biological material is highly dependent on the willingness of potential donors to cooperate with entities that collect the material. For this reason, it is crucial to identify the circumstances and factors that may encourage potential participants to donate their biological material. In particular, knowledge of the motivational factors that can be modified by the persons managing a biobank may prove notably important for shaping the organizational and communication policy of the biobank and other scientific institutions. The research was carried out on a group of 1,100 people over 18 years of age representing the adult population of Poland in 2021. More than half of the respondents declared their willingness to donate a blood sample for research purposes to a biobank (57.8%). The most often indicated incentives among the factors supporting the donation of biological material were offers of: obtaining the results of genetic tests predicting the risk of diseases (77.1%), blood tests (71.3%), the possibility of obtaining a small remuneration (64.6%) and the carrying out of genetic ancestry tests (60.4%). Offering the possibility of performing additional diagnostic tests, especially genetic tests, may significantly increase the willingness of potential donors to cooperate with biobanks and other entities collecting human biological material for the purpose of scientific research. However, attention should also be paid to the challenges and risks linked with respecting the privacy and autonomy of research participants.

Conceptual differences about willingness of body donation among southern, eastern, central and northern population of India: Single centered approach

: Cadaveric dissection cannot be compensated by virtue table concepts or computerized learning aids. The present study was aimed to evaluate the conceptual differences and perceptional clarity about willingness of body donation relevant to regional practice among four inter-state population of India. The study objectives focused to assess the understanding level about general and special concepts and attitudes about body donation in Southern, Eastern, Central as well Northern parts of India and to compare differences about the concepts of understanding and willingness about body donation between four inter-state populations.A cross-sectional single center study with a differential rating scale questionnaire was conducted. Four hundred participants equally divided among four medical colleges of Southern, Eastern, Central and Northern India were the samples. All ethical principles for human research were followed. Completing a special course of ethical training and non-willingness to participate in the study were regarded as the criteria of a subject to get excluded from the study.The given questionnaire was completed by various participants from different zones: eastern, western, central and southern. We found significant difference in the educational level of the participants across various zones. Unsurprisingly, most likely due to the literacy rate, participants from the south are much more familiar with ‘body donation’ for research and education compared to participants from other three zones. Provisions to improve the body donation should concentrate on multi-directional tasks.

Nature contact promotes prosociality: The mediating roles of self-transcendence, nature connectedness, and materialism

Current research proposes that nature contact promotes prosociality via enhancing nature connectedness and self-transcendence while decreasing materialism. These hypotheses were examined in five multimethod studies in laboratory and field settings. In Study 1, the self-reported nature contact was positively associated with general prosocial tendencies, and nature connectedness (Study 1a), self-transcendence, and materialism (Study 1b) mediated this relationship. In the lab-based Studies 2 and 3, through manipulating different types of contact, it was found that nature contact led to greater prosociality (i.e., donation willingness, cooperation, and helping behaviors) than urban contact and the control condition. The enhanced self-transcendence (Studies 2 and 3) and reduced materialism (Study 3) mediated the effect of nature contact on prosociality. Finally, in the field study (Study 4), it was found that engaging in nature (vs. urban) contact in daily life led to greater prosocial behavior (i.e., cooperation in the public goods game), and self-transcendence, nature connectedness, and materialism mediated this process. The present findings are valuable for advancing the conceptual understanding of the nature-human behavior relationship.

Crowdsourcing Attitudes and Beliefs About Upper Extremity Donation in the United States.

Introduction To date, upper extremity transplantation (UET) is the most frequently performed vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA). Perceptions regarding upper extremity donation among Americans, particularly in veterans and service members (VSMs), are largely unknown. Materials and methods We administered a one-time survey to United States (US)-resident Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) workers aged ≥18 years. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize study data; frequencies and percentages were calculated for categorical variables analyzed by Fischer's exact test and using a two-tailed test assessing the statistical significance of p<0.05. Results A total of 860 respondents completed the study survey. Among these, 529 (61.5%) reported willingness to donate an upper extremity, 152 (17.7%) were undecided, and 179 (20.8%) were unwilling. A significantly higher proportion of those willing to donate were female (66.7%, p=0.009), non-Hispanic (63.9%, p=0.000), White (64.0%, p=0.004), non-religious (71.3%, p=0.001), not a VSM (62.8%, p=0.000), or non-amputees (62.9%, p=0.000). Conclusions Our survey found that being female, non-Hispanic, White, non-religious, non-VSM, or non-amputee was significantly associated with donation willingness. These findings may help guide VCA programs, organ procurement organizations, and researchers in efforts to develop targeted educational materials to broaden the public's knowledge and awareness of VCA donation to further benefit all patients in need of or desiring transplantation.

Mediating effects of attitude on the relationship between knowledge and willingness to organ donation among nursing students.

The current rate of organ donation in China falls significantly below the global average and the actual demand. Nursing students play a crucial role in supporting and promoting social and public welfare activities. This study primary aims to analyze the levels of knowledge, attitudes, willingness toward organ donation, and attitudes toward death among nursing students, and investigate the mediating role of attitude in the relationship between knowledge and willingness. The secondary aims to identify factors that may influence the willingness. A convenience sample of nursing students completed online-administered questionnaires measuring the level of knowledge, attitudes, and willingness toward organ donation before and after clinical internship. Spearman correlation and mediation analyses were used for data analyses. Before the clinical internship, there were 435 nursing students who had not yet obtained their degrees and were completing their clinical internships. After the internship, this number decreased to 323. The mean score for knowledge before and after the clinical internship (7.17 before and 7.22 after, with no significant difference), the attitude (4.58 before and 4.36 after, with significant difference), the willingness (12.41% before and 8.67% after, with significant difference), the Death Attitude Profile-Revised (DAP-R) score (94.41 before and 92.56 after, with significant difference). The knowledge indirectly affected nursing students' willingness to organ donation through attitude. Knowledge had a direct and positive impact on attitudes (β = 1.564). Additionally, nursing students' attitudes positively affected their willingness (β = 0.023). Attitudes played a mediating role in the relationship between knowledge and willingness (β = 0.035). Additionally, attitude toward death, fear of death, and acceptance of the concept of escape were found to be correlated with their willingness. Organ donation willingness was found to be low among nursing students. Positive attitudes were identified as a mediating factor between knowledge and willingness. Additionally, DAP-R was a related factor. Therefore, it is recommended to focus on improving knowledge and attitude, as well as providing death education to help nursing students establish a positive attitude toward death. These efforts can contribute to the promotion of organ donation.

Death anxiety, sense of meaning in life, and willingness to body donation among nursing students in anatomy course: An explanatory sequential mixed study

BackgroundAnatomy education is a fundamental part of clinical nursing, but anatomy courses may lead to a range of psychological changes, such as death anxiety and sense of meaning in life. Such experiences and changes may influence student's willingness to donate their body. There is insufficient evidence on whether anatomy courses bring about these changes, and the reasons behind experiences are unclear. Focusing on these changes is essential to improve anatomy education in nursing and to promote the mental health of students in the nursing field. ObjectivesTo explore changes and underlying reasons for death anxiety, sense of meaning in life, and the willingness to donate a body before and after anatomy courses. DesignAn explanatory sequential explanatory mixed-methods study. ParticipantsA total of 60 students completed quantitative surveys and 16 students from the sub-samples of the quantitative stage were included in the qualitative interviews. All students were from a comprehensive university in Changsha, Hunan Province, China. MethodsData were collected from September 2022 to April 2023, including two rounds of questionnaire surveys and one interview. The questionnaires included sociodemographic data, the Death Anxiety Scale (CT-DAS), the Meaning of Life Scale (MLQ), and a body donation willingness question. Interviews were conducted based on the research objectives. The statistical methods included descriptive statistics, z-tests, and thematic analysis. ResultsQuantitative results showed a decrease in emotional dimension of death anxiety (z = −2.534, P < 0.05) and an increase in body donation willingness (z = −3.183, P < 0.05). Qualitative analysis revealed cognitive experience and value assessment may relate to the changes. Based on the two themes, the reduction of death anxiety in emotional dimension can be further attributed to four factors: demystification, instrumentalization, desensitization, and respect and gratitude towards donors. The increase in willingness to donate bodies can be further attributed to two aspects: increase in knowledge of body donation and the affirmation of the value of donation. ConclusionThe study found that students experience a decrease in death anxiety in the emotional dimension and an increased inclination to donate their bodies after anatomy courses, which may be related to cognitive experience and value assessment. Future nursing anatomy education could delve deeper into these two perspectives and support students to positively cope with death anxiety and rethink body donation through enriching death education activities such as donor memorial ceremonies. These results provide a basis for designing anatomy courses and improving the psychological well-being and professional competence of nursing students.

Religious attitude and sense of citizenship effect on organ donation in nursing students: A cross-sectional study

AimThis study examined the effect of religious attitude and sense of citizenship to organ donation attitudes and organ donation willingness among nursing students. BackgroundOrgan donation is an issue that should be evaluated together with medical, religious, social, economic, cultural, legal and ethical variables. However, there is no research examining the effect of religious attitudes or sense of citizenship on organ donation attitudes and willingness. DesignA descriptive, correlational study. MethodsA total of 225 nursing students participated in the study between February and April 2020. The data were collected with the Ok-Religious Attitude Scale, the Sense of Citizenship Scale, an Organ Donation Questionnaire and the Organ Donation Attitude Scale. ResultsA sample of 187 nursing students participated; 50.8% of them were in the stage of thinking about organ donation willingness. Older nursing students (β =.231, p<.001) was positively affected to the positive organ donation attitude, while being male (β = −.151, p=.035) was negatively affected. Male gender (β=0.201, p=.004) was positively affected to the negative organ donation attitude. Acceptance of differences (β=-0.262, p<.001) and relationship with God score (β=-0.189, p=.006) were negatively affected to the negative organ donation attitude. Regarding the participants’ willingness to donate, acceptance of differences (β=.213, p=.004) was found to be a significant predictor. ConclusionsIn this study, it was found that being female, relationship with God and acceptance of differences had a positive effect on organ donation attitude. Acceptance of differences was found as important factor in organ donation willingness.

Knowledge, Attitudes, Willingness, and Associated Factors to Organ Donation Among Intensive Care Unit Health Care Workers: Findings of a Cross-Sectional Study

The lack of donor organs is a major barrier to the advancement of organ transplantation. This study aimed to understand the current status of knowledge, attitudes, and willingness to donate organs among intensive care unit (ICU) health care workers and analyzed the influencing factors to provide a scientific basis for improving the situation of a serious imbalance between the ratio of organ supply and demand. From November 2021 to March 2022, 160 ICU health care workers from 3 level 3A hospitals in Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China were chosen as subjects by the cluster sampling method. A cross-sectional study of the participants was carried out using a general information questionnaire, Organ Donation Knowledge Scale, Organ Donation Attitude Scale, and Organ Donation Willingness Scale. The determinants of ICU health care workers' knowledge, attitudes, and willingness toward organ donation were examined using multiple linear regression analysis. A total of 150 ICU health care workers completed the survey within the prescribed time, and the recovery rate of this questionnaire was 93.75%. The score on the Organ Donation Knowledge Scale was 7 (5, 7) points, and the full score was 10 points. The score on the Organ Donation Attitude Scale was (3.87 ± 0.93), and the full score was 7. The Organ Donation Willingness Scale score was 2 (2, 3) out of 5. The results of the multiple linear regression analysis revealed that several factors significantly influenced the score of organ donation knowledge. These factors were identified as the professional title and persuasive experience related to organ donation. Additionally, the score of organ donation attitude was found to be influenced primarily by the persuasive experience of organ donation. Furthermore, the score of organ donation willingness was influenced by 3 main factors: marital status, professional title, and persuasive experience in the context of organ donation. Although the level of ICU health care workers' knowledge and attitudes toward organ donation was above the median level, they still needed to be improved. The current status of ICU health care workers' desire to donate organs is not optimistic; thus, relevant departments should take specific actions to improve the situation.

Assessment of awareness, attitude, knowledge and willingness for eye donation in undergraduate medical students

To assess awareness, attitude, knowledge, and willingness towards eye donation in medical students. This is a questionnaire based cross sectional survey on 750 undergraduate medical students at a tertiary eye care hospital. Each student was given questionnaire to assess the awareness, attitude knowledge and willingness towards eye donation. And the responses were analyzed. Out of 750, 22% were 1 year, 21% were 2 year, 26% were 3 year, 20% final year and rest were interns. About 60% students were aware about the time of enucleation, and 40% were willing for pledging for eye donation. Majority of students are aware and had good knowledge but need more motivation to pledge for eye donation. Medical students with good knowledge and attitude can help spread awareness in the community regarding the same.

A Survey on the Preexisting Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Blood Donation among Medical Students at Entry Level: A Cross-sectional Study

ABSTRACT Background and Objective: In India, there is a huge gap between blood demand and supply of blood. Young people form blood donors for the future as they are full of idealism and enthusiasm. Targeting medical students at the entry level itself is beneficial as they can be included in the donor pool early. Hence, we planned this survey to understand knowledge, attitude, and practice of blood donation among them. Methods: Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. A briefing about the study was given to students, followed by 15 min to complete the questionnaire. A short awareness session was also conducted. A pre- and post-session willingness for blood donation was also taken. Results: The median age range was 19.36 ± 1.15 years with more males than females. There was a significant difference between knowledge among 1st and 2nd year students; however, attitude and practice showed no difference. Females showed significantly higher knowledge and better attitudes but significantly low practice than males. Significant reasons for blood donation among donors were to help others, even the unknown at the time of need and health benefits for blood donors. The most common reason for nondonation cited by nondonors was fear of weakness/anemia; however, it was not statistically significant. Willingness for donation improved from 83.4% to 93% after the awareness session. Conclusion: The participants had a good amount of knowledge and favorable attitude toward blood donation, but the practice of blood donation was less, especially among females. Improved willingness to donate blood following awareness sessions suggests that conducting regular educational and motivational activities will be helpful.

Make the photo in good shape: The matching effect of photo shapes and donation appeals on donation intentions

Photographs and charitable appeals are frequently used to increase engagement in online fundraising projects. In this research, we investigated the interaction effect between the shapes of the beneficiary's photograph (circular vs. angular) and frames of donation appeals (warmth vs. competence) on donation willingness. Through three studies, we demonstrated a warmth donation appeal combined with a circular-shaped photograph and a competence donation appeal with an angular-shaped photograph could enhance individuals' willingness to donate, which is mediated by perceived fit. Furthermore, the matching effect of photo shapes and donation appeals is moderated by information processing style and exists only among visualizers.

Study on Blood Donation Willingness and Influencing Factors of College Students in a Medical College

Objective The study is to explore the willingness of medical college students to donate blood and its influencing factors, to provide scientific basis for improving the rate of unpaid blood donation. Methods The electronic questionnaire was distributed by random sampling, and its influence on blood donation willingness was investigated from four aspects: external promoting factors, internal promoting factors, external hindering factors and internal hindering factors. The differences and influencing factors among college students with different willingness to donate blood were analyzed. Results A total of 1047 valid questionnaires were collected. There were more male volunteers with blood donation willingness than girls (67.6% vs 61.5% P &lt; 0.05), and there were differences among lower, middle and higher grades (68.1%, 66.2% and 58.8%). Willing college students whose family members had more blood donation experience than those with no blood donation desire (55.0% vs 72.7% P &lt; 0.01). Positive factors of willingness to donate blood include family members who have the experience of blood donation, thinking that blood donation is pleasant, thinking that blood donation is the duty and responsibility of citizens, the support of family and friends. Negative factors of willingness to donate blood are grade and fear of pain during blood donation (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusion According to the characteristics and needs of college students, we should carry out voluntary blood donation education, promote college students to actively participate in unpaid blood donation, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of unpaid blood donation career.

Organ Donation Awareness among Family Members of ICU Patients.

Background and Objectives: With one of the lowest donation rates in the European Union, Romania faces challenges in organ donation from brain death donors, within an opt-in system. This study aims to measure the attitudes and knowledge of ICU patient's relatives toward organ donation. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the intensive care unit of the Emergency Clinical County Hospital of Oradea, Romania. A 24-item self-administered questionnaire (N = 251) was used to collect data on knowledge about organ and tissue donation and transplantation, as well as the willingness to donate. Results: A high degree of awareness and willingness for organ donation and transplantation was recorded. The main positive predictor of willingness to donate was the perception of helping others by donating their organs after brain death (β = 0.537, OR = 1.711, p < 0.05), and the main negative predictor was the idea that the whole body should be buried intact (β = -0.979, OR = 0.376, p < 0.01). Conclusions: A basic understanding of organ donation and transplantation and favorable attitudes toward organ donation were registered. Families' interviews for organ donation consent may be affected due to extreme emotional distress.

P1.7: Exploration on donation willingness attitude and decision-making experience of family members of organ donation.

P1.7: Exploration on donation willingness attitude and decision-making experience of family members of organ donation.

Mapping the Social Virtue of Youth as a Catalyst in the Dynamics of Eye Donation

Background: The dynamics of eye donation and corneal transplantation is a beacon of hope in the life of a corneal blind person for sight restoration. Social virtues like altruism and helping others are reflected in the promotion of organ donation and in the metaphorical reference ‘gift of life’. Youth is not merely a future potential donor, but also a transmitter of eye donation. Aim: The aim of the study was to outline various facets of eye donation among students using KAP model, to explore the role of youth on eye donation and to measure the relationship between the willingness for eye donation and different components of students. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire administrated to 1179 students of Panjab University and its five affiliated colleges in Chandigarh, India. Results: Only 3.5% of respondents were found to have a good level of knowledge regarding the subject. Nearly 21.8% of respondents expressed a positive attitude towards eye donation. There were only 2.6% of respondents who showed a high level of practice. Over 92.6% of respondents indicated that youth could play a positive role in the promotion of eye donation. The socio-demographic variables of the respondents, such as age, gender, and education level had a linear relationship with the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice (P ≤ 0.01). Conclusion: Findings showed a hypothetical relationship between knowledge, attitude and practice in context of eye donation. There was a poor level of knowledge, neutral attitude and low level of practice among students regarding eye donation.

Ethical considerations regarding penis transplantation surgery in transgender men-an empirical ethics study.

The ongoing quest to surgically create the (nearly) ideal neophallus in transgender men has led to the continuous development of transgender medicine and the proposed introduction of penis transplantation. However, both technical and ethical issues arise when developing this treatment. We sought to extract ethical considerations among different stakeholder groups regarding penile transplantation surgery in transgender men and to define preliminary clinical recommendations. Three semistructured focus groups, consisting of different stakeholders, were organized to participate in discussions of ethical considerations retrieved from the ethics literature of transplantation and transgender medicine. Analysis of the results was performed according to empirical ethics. Study outcomes were the identification of qualitative themes describing ethical considerations pertaining to penile transplantation in transgender men. Nineteen people participated in this qualitative study. The main domains that emerged included arguments in favor of and arguments against penile transplantation. Although the participants expressed positive attitudes toward developing this care, with acknowledgement of the current limitations stakeholders of all groups were reluctant to endorse the introduction of penile transplantation for transgender men at this point. Under the present circumstances, all groups expressed both a wide variety of ethical considerations as well as a tendency to prefer developing alternative treatment options or improving the results of currently available treatments in relation to penile transplantation for transgender men. This study was the first (empirical) study to focus on this topic and included a diversity of stakeholder perspectives. Limitations included the hypothetical nature of the discussion as well as the clinical setting in which the topic has been studied. Introducing penile transplantation for transgender men, under the current circumstances, comes with a wide range of ethical considerations, which deal with personal identity, autonomy, medical risks, risk for transgender support and donor willingness, and issues regarding equality. Despite the present hesitancy to use penile transplantation, should the technical side of this treatment option develop, further research in the ethical field of penile transplantation for transgender men is recommended.

Examining willingness to donate frozen oocytes among women of reproductive age

Research questionWhat are the predictors of willingness to donate frozen oocytes among women of reproductive age in Australia? DesignAn online survey involving 303 women of reproductive age (18-49 years) in Australia who had not frozen their oocytes or planned to freeze their oocytes in the next 12 months. The survey assessed demographic variables, prototype willingness model variables (attitude, subjective norm, prototype similarity and prototype favourability) and additional variables (altruism, empathy and infertility awareness) as predictors of hypothetical scenarios of willingness to donate frozen oocytes. A multivariate repeated measures analysis of variance explored differences in willingness to donate frozen oocytes. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis examined predictors of donor willingness. ResultsWomen's willingness to donate their frozen oocytes was higher for donating to a friend or family member and to research compared with an egg bank or fertility clinic, or a couple advertising online for an egg donor (all P < 0.001). The prototype willingness model variables were significant predictors of willingness to donate showing slightly varied patterns across four scenarios. After accounting for demographics, regression models including prototype willingness model variables and additional variables accounted for 45-64% of variance in donor willingness. ConclusionsFrozen oocyte donation may be facilitated by improving attitudes towards donation and establishing positive images of donors. Professionals requiring frozen oocytes for research could focus on creating a sense of social approval for donating in this context. Encouraging frozen oocyte donation could increase access to oocytes for IVF treatment and aid in reducing the psychological burdens associated with involuntary childlessness.