Donor Perspective Research Articles

The state‐of‐the‐art and future research directions in bequest fundraising by nonprofit organizations: A systematic literature review

AbstractThe topic of fundraising is garnering increased attention from nonprofit practitioners due to the worldwide growth of the nonprofit sector and the subsequent competition for private funds. Despite this surge, academic literature on fundraising and bequest fundraising, in particular, has remained mainly limited to narrow aspects of the discipline. Based on a systematic review of literature published over the past 25 years, we synthesize various research perspectives into a comprehensive framework of studies linking the different issues highlighted by the authors. The purpose of this article is to consolidate the state of academic research on bequest fundraising by not‐for‐profit organizations. The literature review underscores how research efforts have not paid much attention to bequest fundraising from the NPO's perspective, although as it has become an increasingly important source of income for charitable organizations. The majority of studies focus on the Donor's perspective, striving to understand what drives the desire to leave a charitable bequest. The findings of the SLR show a gap in the knowledge of NPOs' internal mechanisms concerning the particular topic of charitable bequests; from these insights, the future research directions are proposed.

A TRIAGEM CLÍNICA E A EXPERIÊNCIA DA DOAÇÃO NA PERSPECTIVA DO DOADOR DE SANGUE

The aim was to describe the experience of donation and clinical screening from the donor's perspective. This is a cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study, with non-probabilistic sampling, between November 2018 and March 2020. The scenario was a hemotherapy service in Rio de Janeiro. A self-administered questionnaire with 32 questions was used for blood donation candidates. Univariate and bivariate analyzes were performed, a chi-square test was applied, considering a significance level of 5%, using IBM's SPSS software. Of the 400 respondents, 54.8% were donating spontaneously; 71.5% declared to be repeat donors; 36% reported having an interest in the results of serological tests; 88.3% admitted to fully trusting the results of such exams; 65.8% declared they had no knowledge about the health units where they could be carried out; and 59.8% considered transmission of infections possible through transfusion. About repeat donors; 66.4% reported having been asked about vulnerabilities and risk situations in clinical screening; for 38.8%, the opportunity for self-exclusion was not clear. In this context, the nurse has a role both in approaching the donor in clinical screening, as well as in explaining the donation process, to allow conscious decision-making by self-exclusion, based on adequate guidance regarding their vulnerability.

Testing the Effectiveness of Fundraiser Job Titles in Charitable Bequest and Complex Gift Planning

Traditional fundraiser job titles are often institution centered, focusing on the benefits of fundraising as “institutional advancement” or “institutional development.” Such institution-centered job titles may not be as effective with donors given the modern shift toward donor-centered philanthropy. Alternative job titles can be gift centered (for example, “major gifts”) or donor centered (for example, “donor advising”). A survey of 3,188 respondents tested sixty-three job titles in four charitable scenarios: a charitable bequest gift, a gift of stock, a gift of real estate, and a charitable gift annuity. Measured by which person donors would be more likely to contact to discuss each donation, the worst-performing titles were the traditional institution-focused fundraiser job titles, in particular those using “advancement,” “institutional advancement,” or “development.” This was also true when examining only respondents who had made large gifts ($500+) to a charity. Traditional institution-focused job titles are both the most commonly used and the worst performing. Nonprofit managers may do well to consider the donor's perspective when selecting job titles for fundraisers rather than following traditional industry practices.

Financial sustainability, entrepreneurial thinking top Nonprofit Donor Checklist

As individual and institutional philanthropists begin planning their contributions for the next year, they should consider a number of issues and aspects of potential recipients before committing their funding, according to Chris Purdy, CEO of DKT International, a global nonprofit focused on promoting reproductive health and contraception in developing countries. As part of his Nonprofit Donor Checklist, Purdy annually lays out what he sees as the key characteristics of leading effective nonprofits, and while it is meant primarily to guide donors in their giving decisions, it is also quite handy for nonprofits wishing to position themselves at the front of the pack from a donor's perspective.

Hematopoietic stem cell donation: psychological perspectives of pediatric sibling donors and their parents.

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) is widely used for treatment of various life-threatening pediatric diseases. It is an intensive process that psychologically affects the whole family. Pediatric donors represent a very unique, underreported, group. The aim of this study is to investigate the sibling donors' and their parents' perspective on the donation process. The cohort included 36 sibling donors and 50 parents of pediatric patients who underwent allogeneic SCT between 1995 and 2010 and were alive at the time of the study. Mean age at donation was 14.78±8.350 years in donors' group and 8.22±4.639 years in parents' group. Data were collected by anonymous questionnaires. Three psychological dimensions were analyzed: donors' personal perspective; donor-recipient interpersonal relationship and the influence of the donation on the family unit. Results showed that the donors experienced a wide range of complex emotional responses, positive and negative, whereas the parents' responses were mainly positive and less complex. This study presents both the sibling donor's and parents' perspective, giving a more complete picture of the donation process within the family. The effects of this intense experience of SCT has a long-term impact on the whole family, indicating the need for follow-up and psychosocial support.

Getting used to being a patient: the postoperative experience of living liver transplant donors.

Living donor liver transplant is a viable option for eligible persons in need of a liver transplant, but little is known about the hospitalization experience of patients undergoing hepatectomy for transplant donation. To explore the hospital experience of patients recovering from donor hepatectomy. A qualitative interpretive descriptive design was used to understand the hospital experience of patients recovering from donor hepatectomy. Semistructured interviews, conducted before discharge, were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Coding was performed independently, then jointly by investigators to reach consensus on emerging themes. Setting-Major university hospital in the Northeastern United States. Sample-Adults (>18 years of age) whose primary language was English or Spanish and who could provide written informed consent. The sample consisted of 15 participants who had a mean age of 34.6 years; half were women. Most were white and college educated. The relationship of the donors to recipients varied from immediate family to altruistic donors. "Getting used to being a patient" was the major theme that captured the patients' postoperative experience. Four subthemes explained the experience: regaining consciousness, all those tubes, expecting horrible pain, and feeling special and cared for. These were described in the context of an "amazing and impressive" transplant team. As healthy donors are getting used to being patients, these results provide clinicians with a deeper understanding of the transplant experience from the donor's perspective so that care can be tailored to meet their unique needs.

Donor Safety in Live-Related Liver Transplantation

Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), since its advent in late 1980's and early 1990's, has rapidly increased especially in countries like Japan, Korea and India where cadaveric programmes are not as well established as in the western world. The main advantage of LDLT is the availability of an organ in the elective setting in the course of a progressive liver disease. This is most applicable in patients with Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular carcinoma. LDLT, from the donor's perspective does carry a risk of not only morbidity but mortality. To date the surgical mortality risk is estimated at 0.1% for left lateral donation and 0.5% for right liver donation. Donor mortality has been reported from various centres in India. There are reports of complications like Hepatic artery thrombosis, portal vein thrombosis and especially biliary leaks and strictures occurring at a significantly increased frequency after living as compared to deceased donor liver transplantation. The key to reduce donor morbidity and mortality is meticulous donor selection and thorough donor work up. In the present study we will analyse the factors that contributed to donor mortality and morbidity and prepare a detailed work up plan, intraoperative and post-operative strategy to reduce donor morbidity and mortality.

THE IMPACT OF CROWDFUNDING ON JOURNALISM

This article analyzes the impact of crowdfunding on journalism. Crowdfunding is defined as a way to harness collective intelligence for journalism, as readers’ donations accumulate into judgments about the issues that need to be covered. The article is based on a case study about Spot.Us, a platform pioneering community-funded reporting. The study concludes that a crowdfunded journalistic process requires journalists to renegotiate their role and professional identity to succeed in the changing realm of creative work. The study concludes that reader donations build a strong connection from the reporters to the donors, which creates a new sense of responsibility to the journalists. The journalists perceive donors as investors, that cannot be let down. From the donor's perspective, donating does not create a strong relationship from donor to the journalist, or to the story to which they contributed. The primary motivation for donating is to contribute to the common good and social change. Consequently, donors’ motives are essentially more altruistic than instrumental. Thus, when the public donates for a cause, the marketing of a certain type of journalism should be aligned with the features of cause marketing. The traditional role of journalism as a storyteller around the campfire has remained, but the shared story is changing: people no longer share merely the actual story, but also the story of participating in a story process.

AID EFFECTIVENESS AND DONOR PREFERENCES: EUROPEAN AID SYSTEMS IN THE FORMER SOVIET UNION, 1992–2007

AbstractThis article analyses aid effectiveness from the donor's perspective. An aid contract is effective for the donor when she is able to observe her required levels of trade and institutional change on the territory of the recipient. The distinction between reciprocal, normative and just donors indicates three different approaches to aid effectiveness. The aid systems of the United Kingdom, Germany and the European Union are cases that differentiate along the lines of donors whose primary intentionality lies in the accumulation of trade and investment profits, donors that advance the implementation of institutional change and donors that put equal weight in both strategies. The existence of numerous veto players in the German aid system and the singularity of administrative organization in the British aid system operationalise the distinction between normative and reciprocal donors. The aid system of the European Union is defined as just because economic cooperation or institutional change alone is treated as insufficient for aid effectiveness. Hence, the success of the Technical Assistance to the Commonwealth of Independent States Program (TACIS) is due to the strategic choices of European Union bureaucrats and their treatment of antithetical donor preferences as complementary in the process of aid implementation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Assessment of a large watershed in Brazil using Emergy Evaluation and Geographical Information System

Humanity's future depends on the preservation of natural ecosystems that supply resources and absorb pollutants. Rural and urban productions are currently based on chemical products made from petroleum, which are responsible for high negative impacts on the Biosphere. In order to prevent those impacts, efficient public policies seeking for sustainable development are necessary. Aiming to assess the load on the environment (considering the gratuitous contributions of natural systems—a donor's perspective) due to human-dominated process, a scientific tool called Emergy Evaluation has been applied in different production systems, including crops and farms. However, there is still a lack of emergy studies in the context of watersheds, probably due to the difficulty of collecting raw data. The present work aims to carry out an assessment of Mogi-Guaçu and Pardo watershed, through the combined use of Emergy Evaluation and Geographical Information System. The agricultural and natural land uses were considered, while urban areas were excluded. Emergy flows (expressed in seJ ha −1 yr −1) obtained for all agricultural and natural land uses were expanded for the whole watershed and the emergy indices were calculated. The results show that the watershed has: low renewability (% R = 32%); low capture of natural resources through high external economic investment (EYR = 1.86); low dependence on natural resources (EIR = 1.16); and moderate load on the environment (ELR = 2.08). Considering a scenario where sugar-cane crops, orchards and pasture areas are converted from conventional to organic management, watershed's emergy performance improved, reaching a new renewability of 38%, but it is still not enough to be considered sustainable.

Buffy-coat-derived pooled platelet concentrates and apheresis platelet concentrates: which product type should be preferred?

There is an ongoing debate whether platelet concentrates (PCs) prepared from either whole-blood donations or by plateletpheresis are superior. Usage of these two product types varies greatly between countries and individual institutions. Some use mainly apheresis PCs; others prefer pooled PCs which are produced from whole-blood donations. This review summarizes the existing information on these product types. In the first part data on quality, efficacy and safety are reviewed. It is important to note that the issue cannot be answered just by comparing 'the' apheresis platelet concentrate versus 'the' pooled platelet concentrate. Other factors which determine the quality of a product, e.g. residual leukocyte count, plasma content, additive solution or storage period may be even more important. The focus of the debate should be shifted. It is much more needed to further improve the overall quality of PCs and to optimize treatment of thrombocytopenic patients than to concentrate on a single-edged view on just the preparation method. In the second part of this review we compare the product types from the donor's point of view. If PCs which are equally safe and effective can be obtained by various methods, ethics and the safety of the healthy volunteer donor tips the scales. The decision on the use of a particular product type should take into account all aspects of efficacy, side effects and availability of the product as well as the donor's perspective and the commitment to maximize the use of the valuable whole-blood donation.

Aid and Trade – A Donor's Perspective

One reason donors provide foreign aid is to support their exports to aid-recipient countries. Time series data for Germany suggests an average return of between US$1.04–$1.50 for each US dollar of aid spent by Germany. Although this is well below previous estimates, the value is robust to different specifications and econometric approaches. Interestingly, we find strong evidence of crowding out between bilateral donors in the sense that bilateral aid from other EU members significantly reduces exports from Germany to the recipients. The evidence suggests that, in the long run, aid causes exports and not vice versa. We discuss the implications these findings might have for aid volumes and allocation.

Understanding the meaning of permanent deferral for blood donors

To ensure the safety of the blood supply, it is necessary to permanently defer blood donors with a repeat-reactive transmissible disease test result. The purpose of this study was to explore the permanent deferral experience from the donor's perspective. A qualitative study was conducted with donors from two Canadian blood centers who received written notice of permanent deferral in six deferral categories: human immunodeficiency virus-1 and/or -2 and hepatitis C virus and/or hepatitis B virus (negative, indeterminate, or positive). Telephone interviews were conducted with a semistructured questionnaire. Interview transcripts were coded and central themes were identified. The data were then modeled to illustrate the relationships between the themes. Twenty-eight permanently deferred donors were interviewed and described a variety of negative emotional and behavioral responses including confusion, shock, disbelief, panic, fear, anger, stigmatization, and loss. A conceptual model was developed illustrating the phases that a deferred donor goes through (identifying as a healthy donor, receiving notification, experiencing emotional and behavioral reactions, trying to make sense of what happened, and taking action) as they travel along the path to becoming either a "reconciled" or "not reconciled" permanently deferred donor. Participants offered constructive suggestions for modifying the notification process including revising the letter, providing follow-up, and educating family physicians. To our knowledge, this is the first study to use qualitative research methodology to explore the experience of permanent blood donor deferral. More studies are needed to validate and expand this preliminary conceptual model.

The Impact of Living-Related Kidney Transplantation on the Donor’s Life

Living-donation kidney transplantation (LDKT) is increasingly performed for treatment of chronic renal failure. Recently, risks for the donor and problems in decision-making have been stressed. This study was conducted to illuminate the decision making-process and consequences of LDKT on family life, the financial and occupational situation. Moreover, quality of life (QOL) and mental distress were explored. All German residents at Essen University, who donated their kidney between 1999 and 2003, were included in the study. Donors filled out the questionnaire of the European Multicenter Study of Transplantation Using Living Donors, the Short Form 36-Health Survey, and the Brief Symptom Inventory. Out of a total of 65 donors, 47 replied (72%) at an average 2.5 years postdonation. No fatalities occurred in the whole sample (n=65), medical complications were experienced by 28%. Most donors decided voluntarily (94%) and spontaneously (66%) to donate, after donation 96% stated that they would decide in the same way again. QOL was within the norm. On the other hand, 10% experienced family conflicts, every eighth donor suffered from clinically relevant distress, financial disadvantages were experienced by every fourth donor, with 25% not answering this question. Seen from the donor's perspective, LDKT is a relatively safe procedure. However, increased rates of donors with mental distress and intra-familial conflicts emphasize the need for a careful selection process. Regular postdonation psychosocial screening and provision of specific interventions to those in need are recommended. Donors should not suffer from financial and occupational disadvantages resulting from donation.

Testing performance

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to outline a practical perspective for testing performance in the process of institutional reform in developing countries.Design/methodology/approachThe test is presented from a donor's perspective. The paper does so by introducing a framework for testing the sustainability, impact and replication of reforms, to achieve local development. These areas of performance are set against the institutional development agenda of structures, processes and contextual reforms. The test goes on to highlight the sustainable outcomes and institutional consolidation of such reforms. This is considered at community, local and central government levels.FindingsTesting performance is an important part of United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF) practice. Its current concerns for sustainability and policy impact are being enhanced by a more explicit connection between institutional reform, through decentralisation, and poverty impact.Practical implicationsThe concepts outlined are designed to be of application to a donor concerned with seeking to achieve decentralisation through local development initiatives. The paper's value is as a reflection of current UNCDF policy experiments in the least developed countries (LDCs). These experiments are designed to enrich its practice and influence its partners in the field.Originality/valueThere are few normative frameworks for testing performance on institutional reform. This test is particularly acute in the LDCs, the primary focus for UNCDF work. This technical paper is an attempt to develop a framework to allow donors to test their own work concerning institutional reform, particularly at the local government level.

The egg donor's perspective

This survey was conducted to obtain the egg donor's perspective of the egg donation experience. The questions address emotional and legal aspects of egg donation, in addition to personal experiences. The goals of this survey were: to gain a better understanding of the donor's experience, find out what long-term effects may be perceived by the donor to be associated with donation, and determine if there are similarities in the personalities of egg donors, which may aid in the recruitment process of new donors.

The donor notification process from the donor's perspective.

Despite large numbers of blood donors being notified of abnormal infectious disease screening results, there has been little scientific study of the effects of this process. With a 28-item questionnaire, an anonymous mail survey was conducted of 4141 blood donors notified of 15 distinct categories of abnormal infectious disease screening and confirmatory test results. The survey had a 42 percent response rate, and 10 percent of the respondents did not recall being notified of their results. Of the 1556 respondents who recalled being notified, 27 percent contacted the blood center for further information, 60 percent discussed their results with a health care provider, and 73 percent of permanently or indefinitely deferred donors correctly understood their deferral status. Confusion and emotional upset were reported in 81 and 75 percent of notified donors, respectively. The notification process appears to achieve most of its aims in the majority of donors. Nevertheless, some donors did not understand that they were ineligible for future donation, and many donors were confused and upset. These data indicate that the adverse impact of notifying donors about abnormal test results needs to be considered when new blood donor screening tests and confirmatory algorithms are being licensed and implemented. Further studies of the effectiveness of newer revised donor notification materials are needed.

Decision analysis of the HTLV-III screening test for blood donors.

Recent research has identified the human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) as a probable etiologic agent of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). This has prompted the U.S. Public Health Service to recommend that all blood used for transfusions or in the manufacture of blood products be screened. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been approved for use as a screening test. From the perspective of the low-risk blood donor, however, our analysis indicates that the expected utility of no-testing may exceed that of testing. This is primarily due to the risk of a false-positive test result. It follows that informed low-risk individuals may be hesitant to donate blood. We support the discarding of blood that tests positive on ELISA but, to decrease donor risk, a positive confirmatory test, such as the Western blot, should be considered as necessary before the testing outcome is treated as positive from the donor's perspective. Additionally, individuals should be given the option to donate blood without being told the testing outcome.

The Allocation of Federal Aid Monies: The Synthesis of Demand-Side and Supply-Side Explanations

Previous research on the distribution of federal aid monies has been dominated by the donor's perspective. Different distribution formulas, political influence of congressional representatives, bureaucrats, and individual aid recipients have been studied as the sole determinants of aid allocations. Each explanation, however, fails to examine the question of aid allocations from a demand-side perspective. This omission assumes that all governmental units are equally desirous of federal assistance and that any bias in the distribution of federal aid is a function of supply-side conditions. Identifying a linkage between demand-side and supply-side determinants of aid allocations, this article proposes and tests hypotheses derived from an integrated model of federal aid allocations.