TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 159 featured prominently inJohn Foster’s empirical studies of Oldham. Gray’s linguistic perspective shares much with the approach of Gary Gerstle, who teased out shifts in the meaning of “Americanism” among French-Canadian textile workers in Woonsocket, Rhode Is land. Gray has written a tract for its time, different in emphasis from the Fabian and New Left classics that acquainted earlier generations with the Industrial Revolution. Still, one cannot help but marvel at the overall quality ofthe scholarship that he has synthesized and that historians in Britain continue to produce about this venerable topic. Thomas E. Leary Dr. Leary is a partner in Industrial Research Associates, a public history con sulting firm in Buffalo, New York. He was formerly curator of Slater Mill Historic Site in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. ThePolitics ofIndustrialization in Tsarist Russia: TheAssociation ofSouth ern Coal and Steel Producers, 1874-1914. By Susan P. McCaffray. DeKalb , Ill.: Northern Illinois University Press, 1966. Pp. xxii+299; illustrations, maps, tables, notes, bibliography, index. $35.00 (cloth). Susan McCaffray examines the role of the Russian technical elite in shaping industrialization in South Russia (modern-day Ukraine) in the latter part of the tsarist era. She focuses squarely on the engi neer-managers in the private coal and steel firms who deliberately sought to modernize Russia by creating industry that would yield capitalism with a Russian face. In carrying out this study, McCaffray offers a deep look into the role of the emerging native-born techni cal intelligentsia in shaping the industry in the Donets Basin and throws light on a hitherto understudied facet of Russian industrial history. The engineer-managers emerge as an ethnically diverse, lib eral-minded group who had faith in the power of education, ratio nality, and informed self-interest to transform Russia for the benefit ofall. The forum in which they expressed their views was the Associa tion of Southern Coal and Steel Producers. The scope of this study is impressive. While McCaffray’s main fo cus is on the engineers’ participation in industrializing South Russia, other important aspects of the picture also receive due attention. For example, McCaffray provides detailed information about the workers’ living and working conditions in the coal and steel enter prises, as well as the prominent place that the workers’ question held in the engineers’ worldview. She also examines thoroughly the work ing relationship between the coal industry and the tsarist bureau cracy, arriving at a generally positive assessment of industry-state re lations. In giving consideration to these areas, the author has 160 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE managed to craft a combination of social and institutional history that does justice to both. Although the subject matter is undoubtedly fresh, McCaffray’s study essentially supports a now well-established picture of tsarist so ciety as a fragmented entity divided along regional and sectoral lines. Nevertheless, the book does provide some novelties. First, the author points out that on the eve ofWorld War I some degree of consensus was emerging on the welfare question, and the southern engineers had come to accept a welfare-capitalist vision. Another important insight is the author’s reassessment of the role of foreign influence in South Russia. In general she minimizes the foreign factor and demonstrates forcefully that the foreigners’ goals and choices for industrialization in the Donets Basin were essentially in harmony with those of the native engineers. They all wanted to expand heavy industry and earn substantial profits. Thus, rather than taking South Russia in a wholly new direction, the foreign investment sped up a process that had already begun under native leadership. In other words, foreigners influenced Russian economic life only through the agency and administration of the native engineers. In making this last point, the author modifies slightly the conclusions reached by John McKay back in 1970. The book has many strong points. It is extremely well researched, and the author has drawn her sources from a variety ofarchival mate rials in the Russian State Historical Archive along with highly rele vant documents from the Belgian Ministry ofForeign Affairs. Besides these archival sources, the publications by the Association of South ern Coal and Steel Producers provide...