Dominant Focus Research Articles

Changing Fertilizer Management Practices in Sugarcane Production: Cane Grower Survey Insights

Improved fertilizer management practice in sugarcane production is a key component in plans to improve Great Barrier Reef (GBR) water quality. Research focused on understanding the wider systemic factors that drive behavioral change in agriculture is currently limited, with the dominant focus on individual farmer and psycho-social factors. Adopting a wider systems perspective, this study examines farming behavior change and the role of supporting services among 238 sugarcane growers (74,597 hectares) in Queensland’s Wet Tropics region who completed surveys reporting on changes in the method they used to calculate fertilizer application rates, along with information on their farm business, socio-demographics, and self-reported importance ratings on a variety of topics. Informed by the Theory of Planned Behavior, survey data are analyzed using regression models to identify factors influencing the change from traditional to improved practice, and early adoption of improved practice. Results indicate growers were less likely to change fertilizer practice if they regarded maintaining good relationships with other local growers as being extremely important, had off-farm income, or had not attended a government-funded fertilizer management workshop in the five years preceding the survey. Similar drivers acted to promote or delay early adoption of improved practice. Results demonstrate the influence of government-funded services to support practice change.

The role of data and information security governance in protecting public sector data and information assets in national government in South Africa

Background: The deployment of information and communications technology (ICT) in the public sector, has been exposed to increasing security breaches and cyber-related crimes that have resulted in unauthorised access, theft, fraud and misuse of highly confidential, classified and sensitive public sector data and information (PSDI) assets. The government, as one of the biggest collectors and distributors of PSDI assets, needs to be constantly aware of the risks associated with the collection, classification, storage and dissemination of critical PSDI assets. The lack of sufficient data and information security measures could pose significant security risks that could impact on state security, thus causing national working relationships to be strained, which presents gaps and opportunities for external intruders to capitalise on the mistrust of the government to infiltrate further attacks on critical Information Technology (IT) infrastructure and systems. In order to mitigate and counteract critical and sensitive data and information-related crimes, the government must understand and analyse the importance of data and information security governance (DISG) and how it should be institutionalised through an integrated approach to improve and protect PSDI assets. Aim: The aim of this article is to analyse the institutionalisation of DISG measures government has implemented towards the protection of PSDI assets. Setting: The research setting is in three national government departments, namely the Department of Energy (DoE), the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) and the Department of Science and Technology (DST). This study investigates how the strategic combination of data governance (DG) and information security governance (ISG) practices and principles could be implemented and incorporated as one of the various approaches in public sector institutions to improve the DISG management functions of an organisation’s overall data and information systems and processes. Methods: The research approach is qualitative, and the research methodology includes a multiple case study design. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and was triangulated with literature review. Primary data was analysed using thematic analysis. Results: The research findings are presented according to the McKinsey 7S model, which served as the analytical framework in the study. The research findings indicate that the institutionalisation of DISG management practices and functions in the South African public sector context are very limited, and there is a dominant focus on IT and IT security. It was also identified that DISG policies, practices, and systems have been found to be lacking in public sector management and governance functions. Conclusion: The study concludes that there is currently a lack of sufficient DISG policies, management practices and systems, particularly in the national sphere of government.

Practices of Social Work with Migrants in Russia: Expert Assessments

Introduction. Regulation of social adaptation of migrants is one of the most important issues of state migration and social policy. One of the problems in the process of adaptation of migrants is the lack of a systematic approach to solving the problems faced by migrants in the host society. Therefore, it is necessary to study social work practices with migrants and their families to identify the most effective ones. The analysis of social work with migrants in state institutions of culture and social protection and in non-profit organizations reveals the situation with social work with migrants in Russia and identifies problems in the process of adaptation and integration of migrants into Russian society.Methodology and sources. Data for the sociological study in the form of expert interviews were collected using a qualitative method for evaluating social work practices with migrants. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in 2018–2019 in St Petersburg, Moscow, and Kazan with employees of professional centers for work with migrants, scientists specializing in the study of migration processes in their various aspects, and organizers of regular events (seminars, conferences) on this topic. The sample (30 experts) was formed by the snowball method. The number of expert interviews allowed us to cover a variety of social work practices both in government structures and in nonprofit organizations.Results and discussion. The results of the study showed that various practices are used in social work with migrants in Russia. A distinctive feature of these practices is the dominant focus on socio-cultural adaptation and integration. The effectiveness of social work practices with migrants and their families can be defined in specific changes: improving awareness and legal literacy of foreign citizens, increasing their legal protection, simplifying access to health and education services, accessibility of assistance in finding housing and employment, the possibility of improving professional skills and knowledge of the language, culture, and history of Russian society.Conclusion. Expert assessments revealed the most effective practices of social work with migrants used in Russia: legal advice, orientation courses, mobile counseling points where migrants can get advice from a social worker, a lawyer, and a doctor, and mobile applications integrated with state and non-state organizations. The results obtained show that the role of non-profit organizations (national cultural organizations for the preservation and development of cultures, the House of Friendship of Peoples) that use social practices to help migrants and their families adapt more effectively to the conditions of the host society is growing.

Reporting on Science as an Ongoing Process (or Not)

Efforts to cultivate scientific literacy in the public are often aimed at enabling people to make more informed decisions — both in their own lives (e.g., personal health, sustainable practices, &c.) and in the public sphere. Implicit in such efforts is the cultivation of some measure of trust of science. To what extent does science reporting in mainstream newspapers contribute to these goals? Is what is reported likely to improve the public's understanding of science as a process for generating reliable knowledge? What are its likely effects on public trust of science? In this paper, we describe a content analysis of 163 instances of science reporting in three prominent newspapers from three years in the last decade. The dominant focus, we found, was on particular outcomes of cutting-edge science; it was comparatively rare for articles to attend to the methodology or the social–institutional processes by which particular results come about. At best, we argue that this represents a missed opportunity.

The Influence of Regulatory Focus on Media Choice in Interpersonal Conflicts

People’s choices of (electronic) communication channels are central to the quality of communication—and sometimes detrimental to their actual communication goals. However, while factors influencing media choice are abundant, potential means to intentionally influence these choices are scarce within computer-mediated communication research. We explore the role of regulatory focus as one possible factor to understand and influence media choice in interpersonal conflicts. Regulatory focus theory proposes two motivational systems, promotion (i.e., needs for nurturance and growth) and prevention (i.e., needs for safety and security), that account for differences in preferred strategies for goal-pursuit. In a vignette-based study, we manipulated the situational regulatory focus (promotion or prevention) and surveyed participants’ preferred media choice for a hypothetical conflict scenario. Our results show that the induction of a dominant prevention focus (vs. promotion focus) leads to a shift in preference towards leaner communication media and channels that establish a higher subjective buffer between sender and receiver (e.g., text-messaging over calling). We elaborate on how these findings contribute to the understanding of media choice in interpersonal conflicts and point out potential ways to influence behavior through the design of communication technologies. Limitations of the present study and future research opportunities are discussed.

Are Progressive Texts Necessarily Disruptive? Investigating Teacher Engagement with Gendered Textbooks in Ugandan Classrooms

Background Undergirding the dominant research focus on gender representation in textbooks is the assumption that making texts progressive in their construction of gender is a panacea for equality in the classroom. As this study demonstrates, however, textbooks containing traditional representations of gender can be used to challenge biases, while textbooks with progressive representations can be undermined. This suggests that “fixing” gender in textbooks to make them progressive does not guarantee how teachers enact them in the classroom. Indeed, the predominant focus on texts, rather than teachers’ gender knowledge base, has had little impact on classroom practice. This justifies the shift to “teacher talk around the text,” which, as scholars argue, should be the focus of research. Purpose and Research Questions This study, which goes beyond the dominant focus on textbooks to draw attention to how teachers take them up, was guided by the following research questions: How do teachers use gendered textbooks in the classroom? What discourses and practices circulate? What informs teacher selection of textbooks? Is gender one of the considerations? Context The study was situated in Uganda, a multiethnic patriarchal developing country in East Africa. Research Design A qualitative case study approach was taken up with two cases, specifically an affluent girls’ single-sex school and a less affluent mixed school. This illuminated how gender is constructed in relation to other socially constructed categories. Data Collection and Analysis The investigation involved textual analysis, classroom observations, and interviews, which were analyzed using feminist poststructural discourse analysis to identify and name discourses and discursive practices cited during the classroom interactions. Findings/Results Overall, the teachers’ use of textbooks in both cases challenged previous research, which assumed that teachers necessarily take up gender as constructed in textbooks. This overlooked teachers’ gendered truths, which, as shown in my study, informed how they took up and/or rejected both traditional and transgressive texts. Traditional gendered texts, which illuminated dominant realities, surprisingly offered more disruptive potential for engaging with gendered hierarchies than did progressive texts, which constructed marginal realities and/or realities incongruent with dominant truths. Conclusions/Recommendations The study has implications for teacher education in Uganda, which should prepare teachers by unsettling the taken-for-granted gender knowledge base, through disrupting traditional gendered ways of thinking/discourses. This will create possibility for producing teachers who can critically navigate gendered texts, by deconstructing gendered power relations during classroom engagement with texts. Indeed, as research has indicated, teachers are capable of challenging gender bias if well prepared. It will also be useful for researchers to observe lessons in which expert teachers engage with gendered textbooks, providing a model to inform teacher education.

Digitally Rethinking Hunter v Southam

Canadian debates about lawful access -- the legal regime that authorizes various methods used by law enforcement to intercept and/or search or seize information for investigatory purposes -- need a new solution space for the digital age, one that is able to incorporate new technological solutions for minimizing rights-infringements and to provide new forms of accountability and safeguards against misuse. However, this is not simply a matter of adopting the popular framework of “privacy by design”, or even a reworked “lawful access by design”. We argue that an appreciation of the challenges of the digital world require us to rethink our basic constitutional framework. The Canadian constitutional framework for lawful access was set out by the Supreme Court in Hunter v Southam and then refined in the subsequent jurisprudence. We argue that this framework is ill-suited to contemporary digital challenges to informational privacy and requires four fundamental shifts. First, its basic point-of-collection focus needs to shift to the broader life-cycle of the data. Second, it needs to shift away from its categorical approach to informational privacy, where some categories of information are thought to be inherently more private than others, and instead approach informational privacy in terms of the use-context of the data. Third, this framework needs to shift away from a dominant focus on privacy and recognize a broader set of rights and interests at stake in lawful access practices, including the rule of law, equality, and other fundamental freedoms. Fourth, this framework needs to shift away from its exclusive focus on procedural safeguards at the point-of-collection (e.g. the warrant requirement) and consider procedural, legislative, and technical safeguards throughout the life-cycle of the data as well. Once we have a constitutional framework that is better able to address the digital era then we can more precisely craft new techniques for protecting rights, ensuring accountability, and safeguarding against abuse within this framework. Indeed, we can then see why some of these techniques are constitutional requirements. The pay-off for doing so, we argue, is a way of enabling specific justified uses of data by law enforcement, while safeguarding the data against non-justified uses over its life-span.

Refleksivni dijalog s tekstom: tumačenje lirike nakon (post)strukturalizma

A REFLEXIVE DIALOG WITH THE TEXT: INTERPRETATION OF POETRY AFTER (POST)STRUCTURALISM Starting from theoretical concepts of reading and understanding of literature, this paper deals with actual problems of interpretation of poetry after structuralism and poststructuralism. After brief insight into the phenomenological theory and practice (H. G. Gadamer, W. Kayser, E. Steiger) as the key impulse to modern interpretation approach, first part of the paper consists of a historical survey of production-construction and reception-lecturer paradigms and their main representatives (R. Jakobson, M. Riffaterre, T. S. Eliot, H. Bloom, H. R. Jauss, J. Derrida, P. De Man, S. Fisch). The paper proposes dialogical theory (M. Bakhtin, P. Zima) and reflexive identity of reading/interpretation (T. Brajović) as suitable critical concepts for a contemporary approach to interpreting poetry. Accordingly, theoretical constructs of the lyrical dominant and interpretative focus are suggested as the methodological tools, which are, then, applied to the interpretation of two canonical modern Croatian poems – “Svakidašnja jadikovka”/“Everyday Lament” by Tin Ujević, and “Mrtvac”/“The Dead Man” by Vladimir Vidrić. Keywords: reading, understanding, interpretation, dialogical theory, reflexivity, lyrical dominant, interpretative focus

Corporations and plastic pollution: Trends in reporting

• Novel 10-year library of 2300+ annual reports indicates diverse plastics strategies . • Growing focus on plastics, but significant regional and sectoral diversity . • Predominant focus on recycling compared with other life cycle stages . • Substantial gaps in membership of voluntary “green clubs” focused on plastics . Research on pathways to reducing plastic pollution often concludes that greater action is needed by the private sector. Yet the private sector is not a monolithic or homogeneous entity. We compiled a novel library of 2,317 corporate reports from the world's 200 largest companies, by revenue, over a ten-year period (2010–2019) and used text mining tools to identify pronounced regional and sectoral variability in the extent to which plastic waste and pollution is of material importance to corporate operations. The results show a dominant focus on recycling, with far less attention to the other stages of the life cycle of plastic. While green clubs have emerged in recent years to mobilize voluntary actions by companies seeking to position themselves as leaders in this context, we see regional and sectoral gaps in green club membership, as well as a tendency for members to be those companies that already had a history of reporting on plastics issues. This analysis provides a starting point for a more nuanced consideration of the private sector's role in addressing plastic pollution, and suggests sectors and regions for prioritization by policymakers and civil society actors seeking to broaden the range of committed corporate actors.

Lessons learned from humanitarian logistics to manage supply chain disruptions

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) outbreak affects not just populations but also global and local economies and supply chains. The outbreak itself has impacted on production lines and manufacturing capacities. In response to the outbreak, policies have been put in place that blocks the movement of people and materials, causing supply chain disruptions. Mainstream supply chain management has been at a loss in responding to these disruptions, mostly due to a dominant focus on minimizing costs for stable operations, while following lean, just‐in‐time, and zero‐inventory approaches. On the other hand, pandemic response supply chains, and their related supply chain disruptions, share many characteristics with disaster response and thereby with humanitarian supply chains. Much can thus be learned from humanitarian supply chains for managing pandemic‐related supply chain disruptions. What is more, facing, and managing, supply chain disruptions can be considered the new norm also in light of other disruptive forces such as climate change, or financial or political crises. This article therefore presents lessons learned from humanitarian supply chains that help mitigate and overcome supply chain disruptions. These lessons not only relate to preparedness and mobilization, but also relate to standardization, innovation, and collaboration. Together, they brace organizations, supply chains, and societies, to manage current and future disruptions.

Tumour Volume of the Index Lesion in Prostate Cancer: Correlation between Results of Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Histophatology

Introduction Prostate cancer is generally multifocal, presenting a lesion with a dominant focus (index lesion) that is characterized by being the lesion with the greatest volume and the biological capacity of invasion to adjacent tissues and distant metastases. With the advent of focal therapy and organ preservation in prostate cancer, it is essential to know the real tumour volume and thus, avoid the persistence of disease after treatments with curative intent. The aim of this study is to correlate the results of the dominant tumour volume obtained from the multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the prostate and the histopathology. Material and Methods A retrospective study was performed which included all radical prostatectomies (RP) with previous MRI. A comparative analysis was performed between the tumour volume obtained from the MRI and the histopathology. Results A total of 46 patients were included in the study. The sensibility of the MRI in diagnosing the index lesion was 82.6%, highlighting that all tumours with a Gleason score ≥ 4+3 were diagnosed. The mean tumour volume in the MRI was 14.3 mm and in the histological result was 18.82 mm (p<0.05). The estimation tumour volume concordance was greatest in higher risk (International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP)). Conclusion The MRI underestimates the real tumour volume of the prostate cancer index lesion when compared to the histological result of the surgical piece, being significantly lower in high-risk lesions.

Ambassadeurs op het sportfront

Abstract Ambassadors on the Sports Front: Sports, Politics and Diplomacy during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) This article examines the role of sports in the international politics and diplomacy of nation states in wartime. Through a case study on public diplomacy during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), this article shows how sport could influence international public opinion. By focussing on some lesser-known international sporting events from this period, such as the 1937 Labour Olympiad in Antwerp, this article will move away from the dominant focus in sports history on mega-events such as the Olympic Games. Although research about the relationship between sports and diplomacy has grown in recent years, it has barely taken into account the influence of a war context on sport and diplomacy. This article attempts to fill this gap by analysing left-wing Belgian and Spanish newspapers, archives of the Belgian workers' sports movement, and unused source material from the FIFA archive.

Social Entrepreneurship in Pakistan: Challenges and Prospects

Social Entrepreneurship (SE) benefits the society by helping to achieve social and economic goals. SE is receiving scholarly attention around the globe but its development is still moderate in Pakistan. Despite the growing trend, the dominant focus of scholars remains the ideological debate about the meaning and definition of SE. Such an approach inhibits the exploration of its other facets. Casting the gap in literature, this paper aims to find out the challenges and prospects that social entrepreneurs face in their journey, specifically in Pakistan. Keeping in view the emerging importance of this sector, this study discusses the findings of 14 in-depth semi-structured interviews conducted with leading social entrepreneurs, practitioners and academicians related to the field to understand the phenomenon at hand. Drawing upon the findings of the study, useful insights have been put forth as its theoretical contribution. Moreover, local and national government can benefit from the findings to enhance consciousness regarding the fourth sector of the economy, eventually augmenting the available social capital.

The combined impact of stochastic and correlated activity durations and design uncertainty on project plans

Most model based studies on project uncertainty investigate a single source of uncertainty, with a dominant focus on stochastic activity durations. However, another major uncertainty facing engineering projects is that of changes in design troughout the project delivery. This may come from uncertainty in the market, technology, or regulations, leading to changes in design and implementation paths, with alterations in the project network itself. This comes on top of stochastic and correlated activity durations for a given design. In this paper we develop a stochastic program to investigate how uncertainty in design and activity durations, together, affect planning, and their relationships. The findings suggest that when design uncertainty is modelled by multiple alternatives and delayed decisions on the final alternative, stochastic and correlated activity durations have limited impact. In situations with alternative and subtitutable solutions available for a given design, correlations drive a certain learning behaviour.

Academic Health Science Centres as Vehicles for Knowledge Mobilisation in Australia? A Qualitative Study.

Background: Despite increasing investments in academic health science centres (AHSCs) in Australia and an expectation that they will serve as vehicles for knowledge translation and exchange, there is limited empirical evidence on whether and how they deliver impact. The aim of this study was to examine and compare the early development of four Australian AHSCs to explore how they are enacting their impact-focused role. Methods: A descriptive qualitative methodology was employed across four AHSCs located in diverse health system settings in urban and regional locations across Australia. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews with 15 academic, industry and executive board members of participating AHSCs. The analysis combined inductive and deductive elements, with inductive categories mapped to deductive themes corresponding to the study aims. Results: AHSCs in Australia are in an emergent state of development and are following different pathways. Whilst varied approaches to support research translation are apparent, there is a dominant focus on structure and governance, as opposed to action-oriented roles and processes to deliver strategic goals. Balancing collaboration and competition between partners presents a challenge, as does identifying appropriate ways to evaluate impact. Conclusion: The early stage of development of AHSCs in Australia presents an important opportunity for formative learning and evaluation to optimise their enactment of knowledge mobilisation processes for impact.

Critical Entrepreneurship Education in General Education and TVET: Two Concepts of Practice in a South African Township

Abstract This paper examines the dominant approach to entrepreneurship education in the South African education system regarding the crisis of youth unemployment. It draws on the case of the public-school sector, in conjunction with the technical vocational education and training (TVET) subsector of the post-school education sector. The comparison of the entrepreneurship education sector plan for public schools with the discourse on TVET reform shows that entrepreneurship education similarly follows the čskills perspective’ with a dominant focus on the formal economy, which is informed by a human-capital based and productivist approach to education. The authors argue that this understanding of entrepreneurship education employs a too narrow perspective on youth unemployment as it overlooks individual capabilities and agency and can contribute to an experience of youth unemployment as individual failure. The authors expand this argument by suggesting a critical entrepreneurship education approach, which is outlined based on two programmes at primary-school and post-school education (TVET) level in a poor urban area. The authors argue that a critical entrepreneurship education approach contributes to learning for capabilities, social justice and democratic citizenship.

Universal Health Coverage for Non-communicable Diseases and Health Equity: Lessons From Australian Primary Healthcare.

Background: Universal health coverage (UHC) is central to current international debate on health policy. The primary healthcare (PHC) system is crucial to achieving UHC, in order to address the rising incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) more effectively and equitably. In this paper, we examine the Australian case as a mature system of UHC and identify lessons for UHC policy to support equity of access to PHC and reduce NCDs. Methods: Our qualitative research used policy mapping and monitoring and 30 key informant interviews, and applied policy theory, to investigate the implementation of Australian PHC policy between 2008 and 2018. Results: Although the Australian PHC system does support equity of access to primary medical care, other ideational, actor-centred and structural features of policy detract from the capacities of the system to prevent and manage NCDs effectively, deliver equity of access according to need, and support equity in health outcomes. These features include a dominant focus on episodic primary medical care, which is a poor model of care for NCDs, and an inequitable distribution of these services. Also, a mixed system of public and private insurance coverage in PHC contributes to inequities in access and health outcomes, driving additional NCD demand into the health system. Conclusion: Countries aiming to achieve UHC to support health equity and reduce NCDs can learn from strengths and weaknesses in the Australian system. We recommend a range of ideational, actor-centred and structural features of UHC systems in PHC that will support effective action on NCDs, equity of access to care according to need, and equity in health outcomes across geographically and ethnically diverse populations.

A systematic review of self-care measures for adolescents with health needs.

The current study sought to review instruments measuring self-care for adolescents with health needs to provide a summary of the tools available for conducting self-care research in this population. Studies were mainly identified through searches in three electronic bibliographic databases (i.e., PsycINFO, CINAHL, and PubMed) and additional sources to retrieve relevant articles. Studies were included if they focused on self-care measures, included samples of adolescents (ages 10-19), were published in English peer-reviewed journals, dissertations, and from the years 1980 through 2020. The COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) was used to assess the methodological quality of each study and evaluate the measurement quality based on available studies. A total of ten scales from 12 papers were identified to meet the search criteria and designed for adolescent patients with three types of health needs, including diabetes, cystic fibrosis, and others (female care and nutrition). There is a lack of a clear and comprehensive definition of self-care for different health needs. The dominant focus of the scales was the behavioral aspect of self-care (e.g., adherence to medication regimen), with only a few scales (e.g., female care) assessing the psychological aspect of self-care. The quality of the psychometric properties of the scales varied greatly. Results highlighted the need for more research on developing and validating self-care measures for adolescents with health needs. The unique developmental characteristics of adolescents should be adequately considered, and the psychological aspect of self-care should be incorporated in measurement development.

Building an Engaged Himalayan Sustainability Science

The Himalayan region is facing a new crisis under climate change, rapid economic transformation, and escalating geopolitical tensions. A large body of Himalayan sciences has endeavored to understand this challenge but has failed to engage meaningfully with the local people and policymakers. I argue for a new engaged Himalayan sustainability science that not only understands and interprets the emerging challenges but also strengthens societal capability.

Exploring Tendencies in Migrants’ Legal Consciousness Research and Uncovering Factors for Socio-Legal Integration

The current state of scientific discourse on legal consciousness occurs within a range of topics of enquiry. In this scope of research, a trendline of publications emerged which employs a narrower focus on the aspects of migrants‘ legal consciousness. As there were no systematic research aspirations in this particular field, this research explores the current scientific discourse, addresses factors for sociolegal integration and uncovers further paths for scientific enquiry as well. The following investigation adopts a method of systematic literature review which covers the time frame of research of three decades - since 1990 and introduces the main tendencies in scientific research on migrants’ legal consciousness. It addresses their geographical spectrum and reasoning that lead to scientific research. The other task was set to highlight the main factors which were identified to be affecting migrant’s legal consciousness and socio-legal integration as equally. The results of the investigation revealed a relatively small, but growing body of literature exploring migrants’ legal consciousness with a considerably narrow geographical division of the research, concentrating mainly to one continent, and with a dominant focus to national (versus comparative) context. Therefore the current field of scientific literature on migrants’ legal consciousness could benefit from the dissemination of investigations in the varied cultural environments and legal systems, as well as launching comparative studies while addressing a varying legal status. This research indicates a range of factors which plays a role in shaping migrants‘ consciousness, though few of them come into frontline while referring different migrants’ legal status. These include, but are not limited to the list, covering legal framework and social norms or ideals of the host country, as well as the encounter with the institutional sector and cultural heritage.