Technology For Domestic Wastewater Treatment Research Articles

Potential of aerobic granular sludge technology for domestic wastewater treatment of high ammonia from urea fertilizer industry

Fertilizer is the main element that has an essential role in the sector of agriculture. Urea fertilizer has a source of Nitrogen with 46.04%. Ammonia is a chemical complex that is used and produced from the processing of urea fertilizer. A specific domestic wastewater quality standard for industry explains that the maximum level of ammonia allowed in effluent water was 10 mg/l. In the urea fertilizer industry wastewater treatment results were found to be in the range of 19.49 - 42.4 mg/l. Activated sludge technology is considered fairly effective in wastewater treatment but requires a large amount of energy and additional land for handling excess sludge. From the disadvantages, it is necessary to conduct research related to the effectiveness of high ammonia wastewater treatment that is environmentally friendly. Aerobic granule is characterized by a compact and dense structure, high biomass residence time, resistance to shock loading and toxic compounds, and a high settling speed so that it can produce a compact reactor design. Aerobic granule allows ammonia removal to reach more than 97%. This article aims to review the potential of implementing the use of aerobic granular sludge technology for ammonia removal in the wastewater of the urea fertilizer industry.

Monitoring of domestic wastewater treatment via infiltration percolation using impedance spectroscopy

In this study, we treated domestic wastewater originating from the city of Oulad Frej using a novel treatment technology called percolation infiltration. The filtration medium consisted of a mixture of fly ash and sea sand sourced from the coast of Essaouiria. The filtration process yielded remarkable results, achieving an impressive reduction of 80% in COD, 70% in BOD5, 86% in suspended matter (SM), and 81–99% in heavy metals. Moreover, significant improvements were observed in terms of discoloration and pH reduction. To assess the efficacy of the domestic wastewater treatment technology, we introduced a new key indicator, complex conductivity σ * (ω), and monitored its changes before and after treatment. The impedance spectra analysis showed a strong correlation with the parameters obtained through conventional methods.

Cost-Effective Utilisation of Industrial Fly Ash Waste in Treatment of Domestic Wastewater

In the present research an economically effective porous fly ash-based filter candle (FFC) was developed for the treatment of domestic wastewater using fly ash, sodium silicate, wood dust, silica fume and water. The four testing specimens of FFC having different sizes (10, 20, 30, and 40 mm) were prepared. The parameters such as turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), and pH of domestic wastewater were studied before and after treatment. The test results showed that there is a decrease in values of turbidity from 7 to 5.9 NTU, TSS from 300 to 218 mg/L, TDS from 400 to 302 mg/L, pH from 10.6 to 7.9, and BOD from 9.5 to 7.9 while DO values decreased in the range of 8.9 to 7.7. The observed porosity, compressive strength, and flow rate of FFC fall in the range of 24.55-27.26 %, 1.5-2.3 MPa, and 180-290 ml/h, respectively. The filtration tests using FFC exhibited good performance with >92 % filtration efficiency. Overall results have shown that FFC having a 30 mm bed thickness is recommendable for effective wastewater treatment. Thus, an attempt has been made to introduce a novel technology for domestic wastewater treatment using industrial fly ash waste.

Algal immobilization as a green technology for domestic wastewater treatment

wastewater treatment technology is an important issue because of numerous organic and inorganic impurities in municipal, industrial, and agricultural waters. Different systems of wastewater treatment used the microorganisms for the removal of organic materials, most species of algae represent promising biosystems for treating of wastewater by transformation or direct uptake of pollutants and improving the purification performance of bacterial systems. This work aimed to study the efficiency of immobilization technology using immobilized cells of green algae Chlorella vulgaris in the treatment of domestic wastewater. Some physical and chemical characteristics of domestic wastewater were examined and the percentage of treatment efficiency with free and immobilized cells of alga were compared. The results of the study presented high reduction of EC, salinity, TDS, total alkalinity, hardness, calcium, and chloride with slight induction of pH values to the basal side after treatment with free and immobilized algae. After (3,5,7) days of treatment with free microalgae and immobilized microalgae, the recorded value of wastewater had been eliminated to (2.09, 2, 1.8) μs/cm and (2.36, 1.27, 1.07) μs/cm of EC; (689, 580, 520) mg/L and (620,520,489) mg/L of the total hardness; (320, 244, 220) mg/L and (300, 244, 204 ) mg/L of the calcium; (420, 369, 309) mg/L and (400, 340, 289) mg/L of chloride, respectively, while pH value increased to (8.6, 8.7, 8.6) after treated with free microalgae. The results showed high efficiency of mobilized algae compared with free algal cells in reducing many physical and chemical parameters and the immobilized algal cell technique is useful as tools in the treatment process of wastewater.

Effects of Constructed Wetlands Plants on Phosphorus Removal from Domestic Wastewater in Gaborone, Botswana

The United Nations, Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Target 6.3. aims at “halving the proportion of untreated waste water and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally” by 2030. To achieve this target, sustainable and context-specific wastewater treatment systems are urgently needed. Constructed wetlands (CW) is one of the wastewater treatment technological options available. CW have been widely accepted and acknowledged as simple, low cost, alternative and appropriate domestic wastewater treatment technology. CW were piloted by the Department of Water Affairs, Gaborone, Botswana to assess their treatment performance. Specifically, the study investigated the effects of CW plants on Phosphorus (P) removal from domestic wastewater. The first CW cell (CA) was a control which was filled with sand only, the second cell (CB) was planted with Typha Latifolia, the third (CC) with Cyperus Papyrus and the fourth (CD) with Phragmites Mauritianus. Each cell had a surface area of 100m2 and received a wastewater discharge of 4m3 /day. River sand with porosity of 0.44 and particle size diameter ranging from 2-7mm was used as plants growing media. Wastewater samples were analysed in accordance with Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater. The results showed that the P treatment performance efficiencies for CA, CB, CC, and CD were 93.6%, 97.4%, 98.1% and 98.4% respectively. Despite that there was CW plants contribution towards P removal from domestic wastewater, there was however no statistically significant performance difference (p>0.05) in P removal between the CW cells planted with different plant species. The mean effluent P concentrations from the different CW cells were; CA 0.62mg/l, CB 0.28mg/l, CC 0.19mg/l and CD 0.16mg/l. Thus, the mean P concentration from the effluent of C1 was above the Botswana Bureau of Standards Limits of 0.5mg/l. Hence the effluent was non-compliant with Botswana standards for the discharge of effluent into the environment.

Modification of Septic Tank for Sedimentation Optimization in the Public Toilet (Case Study at Wisdom Park UGM)

Septic tank with sedimentation and anaerobic processes in the same tank is commonly used as a domestic wastewater treatment technology in individual households and communal systems. Although simple to construct, such a system has some problems, such as effluent not meeting the quality requirement and blocking by trash and suspended solid before the second treatment chamber. This research aims to develop a new septic tank design that is simpler to construct and improve performance. The new design uses HDPE material, which is easier to build and standardized compared to the conventional concrete structure. The performance of the new design was compared to the conventional septic tank. The start-up process was monitored for flowrate, COD, TSS, NH3N, PO4-P parameters and evaluated against effluent standards. The study was conducted at public toilet facilities at Wisdom Park UGM and Sunday Morning Market. Results from the study show that the new design effectively improves effluent quality and overcomes the trash problem.

A review: Domestic wastewater management system in Indonesia

Increasing access to proper sanitation in urban areas in Indonesia has not been accompanied by the availability of a domestic wastewater disposal system that is safe for the environment. The existing domestic wastewater management system is felt to be unable to prevent pollution. Several studies have reported contamination of water bodies in several cities originating from domestic wastewater that has not been appropriately managed. This paper aims to discuss the developments of the domestic wastewater management system in Indonesia by exploring the current conditions and challenges. The service capacity and application of domestic wastewater treatment technology at wastewater treatment plants already operating in Indonesia will be discussed to find out the existing comparisons. Several regulations related to the domestic wastewater management system also be reviewed to find out the policy direction of pollution prevention efforts. From the conditions exposed, it is necessary to evaluate and adjust the existing concepts to the progress of developments in the field. More significant effort is needed to find solutions for problems and realize the domestic wastewater management system’s implementation to achieve the desired goals.

Effect of Media on Treatment of Settled Domestic Sewage Using Hybridized Anaerobic Baffled Reactors.(Dept.C)

This research work aimed at obtaining a low cost sustainable technology for domestic wastewater treatment for Egyptian rural areas. To make this come through, a high rate hybirdized anaerobic baffled reactor (HABR) was pilot tested for a period of about 18 months in order to assess the state of art and the technical and economic efficiency of this system. This pilot reactor consisted of four reactors with different media (HABR1, HABR2, HABR3 and HABR4) were constructed and each reactor had a total volume of 800 liters and consists of four compartments. Plastic media and gravel were used and had specific surface area of 100 and 80 m2/m3respectively. The average influent COD concentration was about 300 mg/1. The overall HRTs tested were 3.5, 2.5, 1.0 and 0.5 days with average influent organic loadings in the range from 0.05 to 0.25 Kg BOD5/m3.day. High substrate removal rates can be achieved in a HABR fed with low substrate levels of only 300 mg/lit of COD. At an HRT of 3.5 days, HABR) with plastic media gave an average BOD5 removal rate of 79% with an effluent of 25 mg/lit. This was the highest removal value recorded as the other reactors HABR2, HABR3 and HABR4 gave 60.5%, 71.5% and 75.6% respectively for the same HRT, In a likewise manner, the COD removal rates recorded at the same HRT were 85.7%, 80%, 83.3% and 85.7% respectively. Suspended solids removal rates were the highest and recorded a value of 90.3% for a HRT of 3.5 days for HABR1. At the same HRT the removal rates for HABR2, HABR3 and HABR4 were 76.8%, 86.5% and 89% respectively. For HABRI the HRT of 0.5 days. The highest COD value recorded was at a HRT of 0.5 days BODs removal rates dropped from 79% at a HRT of 3.5 days to about 50.5% at a HRT of 0.5 days. This was also the case with the other three reactors and the lowest removal rate recorded was 33.7% for HABR2 at for HABR2 with a value of 101.2 mg/lit. While the highest SS value recorded was 72.4 mg/lit with a percentage removal of 58.8% for HABR3 at a HRT of 0.5 days. This system provides potential attractive possibilities for application in small communities with a population of less than 5000 capita.

Enhancement of wastewater treatment with underwater light: Efficiency and micro-ecosystem alterations in the open aerobic reactor of living machine

The source separation and decentralised treatment technology for domestic wastewater is an important method to improve sewage treatment rates and water reuse. The Living Machine (LM) system is a widely applied decentralised domestic wastewater treatment technology. In order to enhance the black water (toilet water) treatment performance, an underwater lamp was placed in the open aerobic reactor of the LM system, and treatment efficiency and micro-ecosystem changes with different light intensities were studied in this research. Compared to the control reactor (C), removal efficiencies of ammonia, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) were increased from 22.07%, 16.03%, and 13.81% to 42.20%, 22.82%, and 17.20%, respectively, in the underwater light reactor (L) with an average intensity of 2083.00 LX, and COD removal was not obviously effected. The species and numbers of algae and the species of zooplankton and other aquatic animals were increased sharply in L, but their number did not fit a linear relation with light intensity. The bacteria group was prominently changed in L, whereas Malikia_spinosa, Emticicia_sediminis, and Rhodocyclaceae_bacterium_MORI13 were increased, and Rhodocyclaceae_bacterium_ICHIDE18 was obviously decreased. Although underwater illumination enhanced the wastewater reactor performance of the LM open aerobic reactor, further research is needed to learn more about the process optimization and relative mechanism.

Effect of Rotation Speed on Phosphate and Nitrate Removal from Domestic Wastewater in The Oxidation Ditch

Oxidation Ditch (OD) has been widely used for domestic wastewater treatment technology, especially in Indonesia. In its operation, an OD uses a rotor to increase oxygen concentration. This rotational speed of the rotor will be valuable in OD performance for decreasing contaminants, especially nutrients. Remaining high concentration of nutrients at the end of the processing unit might generate environmental issues. This study analyses the effect of rotational speed on pilot scale OD. Rotation speed conducted were 45 rpm and 60 rpm. The study was conducted for five days by measuring nitrate, phosphate, dissolved oxygen, temperature and pH. The difference between 45 and 60 rpm on nitrate reduction was not significant. The decrease in total P at 45 and 60 rpm tended to increase steadily until the fourth day but experienced a slight decrease on day 5. The complexity of N and P processes in OD pilot scale units were much noticable. Efficient removal of nitrate concentrations was influenced by the lack of anoxic conditions to enable the denitrification process. Supplementary wastewater treatment unit was needed to reduce nutrient levels.

Chemically Enhanced Primary

The Chemically enhanced process is considered to be a physicochemical technology for domestic wastewater treatment. The objective of this paper is to improve the efficiency of primary treatment processes and reducing the Hazardous Material and cost of the secondary treatment stage either by eliminating a biological treatment, where conditions and standards allow or by reducing the secondary treatment requirements. Analysis of physicochemical parameters as well as the treatment efficiency of aluminum sulfate (alum), ferric chloride (FeCl3), lime (CaO), and seawater was used. The effect of pH and the coagulant dosages were studied as well as mixing and settling time. Conditions were optimized according to the removal efficiencies measured in terms of reduction in the concentration of total suspended solids (TSS), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The optimum COD removal % was achieved at a settling time of 20 minutes, while at pH~6, alum gave a high turbidity % removal of approximately 90% at the dose of 70 mg/l. FeCl3 gave a high turbidity % removal of approximately 95% at the dose of 40 mg/l. Turbidity removal and TSS removal gave a similar pattern at a settling time of 10-20 minutes, where best results were achieved. The results also showed that at pH~4, FeCl3 gave high COD% removal of approximately 90% at the dose of 40 mg/l. By studying the effect of stirrers’ speed (rpm), the results showed that an increase in the mixing intensity, above 80 rpm decreases the removals of COD, Turbidity and TSS when using alum as a coagulant.

Chemically Enhanced Primary

The Chemically enhanced process is considered to be a physicochemical technology for domestic wastewater treatment. The objective of this paper is to improve the efficiency of primary treatment processes and reducing the Hazardous Material and cost of the secondary treatment stage either by eliminating a biological treatment, where conditions and standards allow or by reducing the secondary treatment requirements. Analysis of physicochemical parameters as well as the treatment efficiency of aluminum sulfate (alum), ferric chloride (FeCl3), lime (CaO), and seawater was used. The effect of pH and the coagulant dosages were studied as well as mixing and settling time. Conditions were optimized according to the removal efficiencies measured in terms of reduction in the concentration of total suspended solids (TSS), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The optimum COD removal % was achieved at a settling time of 20 minutes, while at pH~6, alum gave a high turbidity % removal of approximately 90% at the dose of 70 mg/l. FeCl3 gave a high turbidity % removal of approximately 95% at the dose of 40 mg/l. Turbidity removal and TSS removal gave a similar pattern at a settling time of 10-20 minutes, where best results were achieved. The results also showed that at pH~4, FeCl3 gave high COD% removal of approximately 90% at the dose of 40 mg/l. By studying the effect of stirrers’ speed (rpm), the results showed that an increase in the mixing intensity, above 80 rpm decreases the removals of COD, Turbidity and TSS when using alum as a coagulant.

Constructed wetland microcosms as sustainable technology for domestic wastewater treatment: an overview.

Constructed wetland microcosms (CWMs) are artificially designed ecosystem which utilizes both complex and ordinary interactions between supporting media, macrophytes, and microorganisms to treat almost all types of wastewater. CWMs are considered as green and sustainable techniques which require lower energy input, less operational and maintenance cost and provide critical ecological benefits such as wildlife habitat, aquaculture, groundwater recharge, flood control, recreational uses, and add aesthetic value. They are good alternatives to conventional treatment systems particularly for smaller communities as well as distant and decentralized locations. The pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and temperature are the key controlling factors while several other parameters such as hydraulic loading rates (HLR), hydraulic retention time (HRT), diversity of macrophytes, supporting media, and water depth are critical to achieving better performance. From the literature survey, it is evaluated that the removal performance of CWMs can be improved significantly through recirculation of effluent and artificial aeration (intermittent). This review paper presents an assessment of CWMs as a sustainable option for treatment of wastewater nutrients, organics, and heavy metals from domestic wastewater. Initially, a concise note on the CWMs and their components are presented, followed by a description of treatment mechanisms, major constituents involved in the treatment process, and overall efficiency. Finally, the effects of ecological factors and challenges for their long-term operations are highlighted.

Aerobic Brickbat Grit Sand (ABGS) Purifier is the Alternative Solution: Tackling the Problem of Rural Wastewater Treatment in India

Rural wastewater treatment is mostly ignored in developing and undeveloped countries. The most important barrier for addressing to this problem is cost of treatment and simplified technology. Aerobic Brickbat Grit Sand (ABGS) purifier consists of four stages. Wastewater flows gravitationally through partition walls in zigzag pattern with brick bats filter; Pebble sand filter and charcoal and grit filter which facilitate removal of contaminants from domestic wastewater. In the present study, experimental model for domestic wastewater treatment was setup in the Environmental Engineering laboratory at Government College of Engineering Aurangabad, Maharashtra. Physiochemical analysis was done in August and September of 2016 the percentage removal of contaminants results shows Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) 92% - 87%, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 93 - 89%, Total Suspended Solids( TSS) 80 - 78% and Turbidity 95 - 85%. The process is considered eco-friendly and easy to install technology for domestic wastewater treatment with use of locally available material. ABGS purifier is decentralized approach of domestic wastewater treatment. Hence ABGS as an alternative solution to tackle over the problem of rural wastewater treatment.

Selection of Alternative Domestic Wastewater Treatment Technology with Using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Approach: Case Study Settlement Area of Riverbank Karang Mumus of Samarinda City, East Kalimantan

Aims: This study aims to analyze and select wastewater treatment technology that can be applied to riverbank settlement areas through environmental impact evaluation using LCA. The technology option is selected through the physical condition of the settlement environment on the river banks and then analyzed descriptively by making a flow chart of the processing technology options and compared with the wastewater treatment technologies that have been applied to residential areas of river banks or other swamp settlements. Methodology and results: The technology options will be analyzed and evaluated for potential environmental impacts of the construction and operation phase, using LCA through SimaPro8.4 software with an impact analysis using CML2 Baseline 2000. The impacts analyzed include acidification, eutrophication, global warming, ozone depletion. The results showed that the selected technological options were septic tanks, tripikon-s, and biofilter. In an environmental impact analysis it is known that the construction phase is a phase that contributes greatly to the potential environmental impacts. The potential for acidification and global warming are the dominant potential impact from the three technology options, with a contribution of 2.01x10-10 kgSO2-eq for the potential of acidification and 1.11x10-10 kgCO2-eq for global warming potential with biofiltration as a main contributor. The eutrophication potential is caused by nutrients (Total Nitrogen and Phosphorus) that come out along with the treated wastewater at the operating stage. The greatest eutrophication potential is generated on the Tripikon-S, at 2.3x10-10 kgPO4-eq. The potential for ozone depletion, biofiltration contributes significantly to 3.09x10-12 kgCFC-11-eq. Conclusion, significance and impact study: Based on the comparison of technology, it is known that Tripikon S has the potential for environmental impact is quite minimal and can be an option to be applied to the river banks.

ANALISIS KUALITAS AIR WADUK RIO – RIO DENGAN METODE INDEKS PENCEMARAN DAN TEKNOLOGI UNTUK MENGURANGI DAMPAK PENCEMARAN

Waduk Rio – Rio is an artificial ponds located in East Jakarta. Current condition of the waduk rio - rio is not maintained, its visible from outlet of the ponds foaming indicates pollution. Therefore, monitoring the quality of the ponds which describes the condition of good quality ponds in physics, chemistry, and microbiology. The results of the monitoring and analysis data using the pollution index, it can be seen that the pollution level of Waduk Rio - Rio in the first period (dry season) classified as moderate polluted by pollution index value of 5.542. While in the second period (transitional season), the value of the pollution index at 11.069 and classified as heavy polluted. The pollution sources of Waduk Rio - Rio is domestic wastewater which comes from community activities around the ponds. It can be seen from the high biological parameters such as Fecal Coli and Coliform. In order to reduce the level of pollution in the Waduk Rio - Rio, the domestic wastewater discharged into the ponds needs to be processed first. One of the domestic wastewater treatment technology is a biofilter Anaerobic - Aerobic. Keywords : Pollution Indeks, Water Quality Indeks, Biofilter Anaerob – Aerob

Evaluation of the process performance of a down-flow hanging sponge reactor for direct treatment of domestic wastewater in Bangkok, Thailand

ABSTRACTThis study assesses the performance of an aerobic trickling filter, down-flow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor, as a decentralized domestic wastewater treatment technology. Also, the characteristic eukaryotic community structure in DHS reactor was investigated. Long-term operation of a DHS reactor for direct treatment of domestic wastewater (COD = 150–170 mg/L and BOD = 60–90 mg/L) was performed under the average ambient temperature ranged from 28°C to 31°C in Bangkok, Thailand. Throughout the evaluation period of 550 days, the DHS reactor at a hydraulic retention time of 3 h showed better performance than the existing oxidation ditch process in the removal of organic carbon (COD removal rate = 80–83% and BOD removal rate = 91%), nitrogen compounds (total nitrogen removal rate = 45–51% and NH4+–N removal rate = 95–98%), and low excess sludge production (0.04 gTS/gCOD removed). The clone library based on the 18S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene sequence revealed that phylogenetic diversity of 18S rRNA gene in the DHS reactor was higher than that of the present oxidation ditch process. Furthermore, the DHS reactor also demonstrated sufficient COD and NH4+–N removal efficiency under flow rate fluctuation conditions that simulates a small-scale treatment facility. The results show that a DHS reactor could be applied as a decentralized domestic wastewater treatment technology in tropical regions such as Bangkok, Thailand.

TEKNOLOGI HIJAU: SOLUSI UNTUK PELESTARIAN SUMBER AIR

This study aims to determine how these green technologies is a solution to preserve water resources. The research method is literature. The results obtained are: climate change caused by global warming are already being felt its impact in people's lives. If no preventive efforts, the impact of global warming in the future is a very serious threat to the lives of all the creatures on earth. In the face of the impact of Global Warming necessary mitigation efforts and adaptation that involves the community, such as water resource conservation technology with plant biology (bio-park), domestic waste water treatment technology with ecological sanitation (Ecosan), flower garden waste water (waste water garden), sanitation garden (sanita) and the concept of green technology (green tecnology). Green technology is one of adaptation and mitigation of the impact of Global Warming which is in line with the principle of sustainable development (sustainable development). Various Green Technology in the field of preservation of water resources and wastewater treatment has been available to be applied in the construction. Suggestions in this study are: for the government to attempt to campaign for the use of green technology and for the community also can use green technology in order to minimize global warming ranging from the household.Keywords: green technology and conservation of water resources

Sustainability Analysis of Domestic Wastewater Treatment Technology Applied on Human Settlement in Swamp Area

Sustainability Analysis of Domestic Wastewater Treatment Technology Applied on Human Settlement in Swamp Area

Sustainability Analysis of Domestic Wastewater Treatment Technology Applied on Human Settlement in Swamp Area

Sustainability Analysis of Domestic Wastewater Treatment Technology Applied on Human Settlement in Swamp Area