Domestic Wastewater For Irrigation Research Articles

Germination and growth of horticultural crops irrigated with reclaimed water after biological treatment and ozonation

Integration of high water-volume and nutrient-rich industrial wastewater into the existing water management plan for agriculture could be a viable option to protect freshwater resources, mitigate water scarcity problems and support the agriculture sector. Hydroponics were set-up to study the effects of treated mixed industrial and domestic wastewater on physiological traits of lettuce and silverbeet. A sustainable hybrid biological-ozonation process was employed for the wastewater treatment. The studied process showed high treatment capacity by removing 96% COD, 92% diesel and 97% methylene blue compounds. Reclaimed streams were analysed for metals using ICP-MS instrument and the concentrations of all elements tested, exception of Cu, Mn, and Mo, fall within the permissible range for crop irrigation. The crops were grown using the effluents (with/without external nutrient) and compared to a recommended nutrient culture and tap water controls. Compared to the control, plants that received external nutrient had a comparable aerial biomass and vegetative growth, higher photosynthetic pigments but exhibited some root development impairments, probably due to high activity of H+, which promoted metal toxicities on plant roots. Under pH-controlled irrigation, an improvement in root growth was observed. The biomass of plants watered with only the treated wastewater were more than 50% higher than the yield in tap water control and plants exhibited high degree of root foraging. The root concentrations of the studied metals, particularly Al, Mn, Cu and Zn were higher than the corresponding shoot concentrations. Pearson correlation analysis showed a significant positive interaction (p<0.01) between K and other elements (Mg, Ca, Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe) in plant tissues, thus indicating its role in facilitating transportation of nutrients and photo-assimilates in plant. The results suggest a high suitability of the treated wastewater for growth of crops. Thus, the reuse of treated mixed industrial and domestic wastewater for irrigation can be considered a sustainable way to cope with the growing water stress across the globe and the water shortage in agriculture. The reuse potential for irrigation of crops depends on the quality of the reclaimed water and the treatment technologies used. With the limited research data available, further studies to elucidate the long-term implications of the irrigation is highly recommended.

Potensi air limbah domestik sebagai pasokan air irigasi pada daerah padat penduduk dan krisis air

Indonesia merupakan negara yang paling rentan ketahanan pangannya dalam menghadapi defisit air. P.Jawa dan Bali telah mengalami defisit air irgasi sejak tahun 2003. Pengkajian potensi air limbah domestik untuk pasokan air irigasi dimaksudkan untuk alternatif sumber air baku dalam mengatasi defisit air di daerah padat penduduk seperi di P. Jawa dan Bali. Pengkajian menggunakan metoda analisis data primer dan sekunder yang diperoleh dari berbagai literatur. Hasil pengkajian menunjukkan potensi kuantitas air limbah domestik tahun 2020 rata-rata di Indonesia sekitar 228,12 m3/detik, sementara di P. Jawa sekitar 132,38 m3/detik dan di P. Bali sekitar 3,94m3/detik. Potensi nutrisi dalam air limbah domestik tahun 2020 di P. Jawa: Nitrogen sekitar 208.740 ton/ tahun atau setara dengan Urea 386.556 ton/tahun; Fosfor ton/tahun 41.748 atau setara dengan TSP 115.967 ton/tahun; dan Kalium 83.496 ton/tahun atau setara dengan KCl 185.547 ton/tahun. Manfaat dari penerapan kebijakan penggunaan ulang air limbah domestik untuk irigasi merupakan upaya mendukung pertanian yang berkelanjutan karena disamping dapat memasok air baku secara berkesinambungan pada saat defisit air, dapat pula sebagai sumber nutrisi untuk mensubtitusi kebutuhan pupuk. Penggunaan air limbah domestik untuk irigasi dapat pula memperbaiki struktur tanah dan mengurangi beban pencemaran yang masuk ke sumber air. Secara praktis, beberapa petani di sekitar Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah Domestik di Bojongsoang dan Perumnas di Cirebon telah menerima manfaat penggunaan air limbah domestik untuk irigasi terutama pada musim kemarau. Besarnya tingkat kesulitan memperoleh air merupakan faktor penting untuk keberhasilan pemanfaatan ulang air limbah untuk irigasi.

The Use of (Treated) Domestic Wastewater for Irrigation: Current Situation and Future Challenges

Fil: Gatto D'andrea, Maria Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energia no Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Fisica. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energia no Convencional; Argentina

Application of treated wastewater for cultivation of carnations

The reuse of domestic wastewater for irrigation of floriculture crops is a very promising option in water-scarce areas. On the other hand, there are concerns about the effect of that kind low-quality water on plant growth. The present work examined the effect of irrigation with several type of treated domestic wastewater on production of carnations. Potted plants were irrigated with primary treated, secondary treated and tertiary treated wastewater as well as with water and water with fertilizer. The results shown that carnations can be irrigated with treated wastewater as the growth and quality of plant is equal or better compared with water. Furthermore, it was found that nutrients and micro-elements contained in treated wastewater had as a result positive effect on characteristics of carnations.

Number of residual thermotolerant coliforms on plants and in soil when using reclaimed domestic wastewater for irrigation

The reclamation of domestic wastewater for irrigation is one alternative approach to solve the water scarcity crisis, but it is essential to control the microbiological quality of wastewater used for irrigation. The removal of thermotolerant coliforms, also known as faecal coliforms (FC), from treated domestic wastewater by intermittent media infiltration (IMI) in column was studied. The columns were filled with natural filter media (soil, soil/charcoal and zinc-modified zeolite, Zeo-Zn), and wastewater, IMI-treated wastewater and disinfected wastewater were compared. The numbers of residual FC on Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris) and in agricultural soil were determined over a 4-month period. The column using Zeo-Zn had a higher FC removal efficiency (2.98 log) than columns with other filter media and disinfection (1.87-2.57 log) due to the bactericidal properties of Zn(2+). The treatment of wastewater using Zeo-Zn and disinfection both decreased the accumulation of FC on plants and in soil to approximately 1-20 MPN/g dry matter. IMI-treated wastewater using the column with Zeo-Zn was suitable for unrestricted agricultural use, complied with Mexican regulations (as did disinfected wastewater) and had a low risk of FC contamination of plants and soil.

Impact of the Reuse of Domestic Waste Water for Irrigation on Ground Water Quality

Egypt planned to reclaim large areas in both the Eastern and Western desert fringes of the Nile Delta with an increasing use of sewage effluent from Greater Cairo. The Gabal el Asfar farm which has been irrigated with raw to primary treated sewage effluent for a period of seventy five years was selected as a pilot area to investigate the groundwater quality. This farm covering 3000 feddan (1250 ha), is located in the sandy area northeast of Cairo. The main objective of the study was to assess the impact of agricultural application of sewage effluent on groundwater quality. Observation wells were constructed and field and laboratory measurements were carried out in and around the Gabal el Asfar area. The water balance and mass balances have been assessed. The study yielded useful recommendations to decrease the impact on groundwater quality and possible risks in Gabal el Asfar, concerning 1) type and amount of pollution from sewage effluent, 2) design criteria to control possible spreading of pollutants, and finally 3) the use of groundwater in the area. The following comprises the main conclusions:*Irrigation with sewage effluent had a positive impact on salinity of the initially brackish groundwater. On the contrary, groundwater quality is negatively affected from sewage effluent with regard to nitrogen contents (ammonium and nitrate), phosphate, heavy metals and faecal coliforms.*The drinking water limit for nitrate is sometimes exceeded. Moreover, faecal coliforms are found in water from all shallow handpumps in the area. The general suitability of the groundwater is therefore limited while the use of handpumps for drinking water purposes should be avoided. High boron contents of sewage effluent indicate a risk for crops sensitive to boron.*The accumulation of heavy metals and phosphorus in the soil adversely affects the soil system.*Pretreatment of sewage effluent in Gabal el Asfar should be improved to limit the pollution of the aquifer. Industrial discharge in sewage effluent should be avoided.*Groundwater recharged by sewage effluent is mainly collected by drains in or at the borders of the area, so spreading of pollutants out of the area is largely controlled.

DISCUSSION1: "Reuse of Domestic Wastewater for Irrigation in Arid Zones: A Case Study," by Gideon Oron and Joel DeMalach

DISCUSSION¹: "Reuse of Domestic Wastewater for Irrigation in Arid Zones: A Case Study," by Gideon Oron and Joel DeMalach