Domestic Violence In Iran Research Articles

The Role of Safe Housing in Empowering Survivors of Domestic Violence in Iran

Despite the high prevalence of domestic violence, Iran has not ratified CEDAW due to Islamic considerations, and domestic violence is not a crime under Iranian laws. However, several safe houses have been established in Iran to protect the survivors of domestic violence. The fundamental role of safe houses in the protection of women by presenting long and short-term support has been less under the spotlight of legal scholars in Iran. This study aims to examine a newly updated and modern legal solution to protect the victims of domestic violence in Iran, the Safe Housing Guideline. By considering the general rules and principles of domestic violence law, the study intends to identify the legal gaps in the existing guideline and propose some policy proposals to improve the quality of services provided by the domestic violence shelters to the survivors of domestic violence. Hence, this study highlights the importance of safe houses in protecting and supporting survivors of domestic violence in Iran. Addressing the issue of domestic violence against women is crucial to promoting gender equality and empowerment and ensuring that survivors of domestic violence receive the support and protection they need is an important step in this direction. The proposed policy recommendations can contribute to the improvement of the quality of services provided by domestic violence shelters in Iran, promoting gender security and ensuring the safety and well-being of women.

Developing and validating an instrument to assess women’s empowerment in dealing with domestic violence in Iran: a mixed-methods study protocol

IntroductionDespite the emphasis on empowerment in interventions supporting women against domestic violence and ending spousal abuse, there is still no standard and accurate instrument to evaluate women’s empowerment in this...

Identifying the Dimensions of Women’s Empowerment to Coping Effectively with Domestic Violence: A Qualitative Study in Iran

Empowerment is a key goal in anti-violence programs against women, which can help women control, prevent, and cope effectively with domestic violence. However, there are no specific guidelines for women's empowerment interventions in this area. This study aimed to explore the dimensions of women's empowerment to cope effectively with domestic violence in a sample of women and related experts. In this qualitative content analysis, data was gathered via 21 individual semi-constructed interviews and two five-person focus group discussions. Thirty-one participants were selected by the purposive sampling approach. Fifteen subcategories were extracted after the data analysis, which included multiple revisions and the merging of 892 primary codes based on similarity, which led to the extraction of 15 subcategories. Then, five main categories were identified as dimensions of women’s empowerment to cope effectively with domestic violence: marital life skills, cognitive self-appraisal, attitude, economic agency, and access to resources. Participants cited marital life skills and attitude as essential dimensions of women's empowerment. These results provide a comprehensive view of the dimensions of women’s empowerment to cope effectively with domestic violence in Iran that can be used as a basis for planning empowerment interventions to promote women’s health against violence.

Supporting the victims of domestic violence in Iran: two decades of effort

:For years there were no organized supporting system helping victims of domestic violence in Iran. 16 years ago Ministry of Interior started a national survey which led to try legislating bills in order to improve preventive and supporting services. This has inspired many health care professionals, including Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Training, to pursue this field for research. Since then, many studies has been done; which were reviewed in this paper. We tried to build a stepping stone for the future researchers and activists, since despite all what has been done, still there is no legislated bill or enough organizations to protect the victims.

Supporting the victims of domestic violence in Iran: two decades of effort.

:For years there were no organized supporting system helping victims of domestic violence in Iran. 16 years ago Ministry of Interior started a national survey which led to try legislating bills in order to improve preventive and supporting services. This has inspired many health care professionals, including Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Training, to pursue this field for research. Since then, many studies has been done; which were reviewed in this paper. We tried to build a stepping stone for the future researchers and activists, since despite all what has been done, still there is no legislated bill or enough organizations to protect the victims.

A Qualitative Study of the Health-Related Perceptions of Married Iranian Women Who Have Experienced Domestic Violence.

Violence against women occurs all over the world; it is a phenomenon that is considered an invasion of human rights. The most common form of this phenomenon is domestic violence (DV). The purpose of this study was to explore the health-related perceptions of married women in Iran who have experienced DV. This qualitative study was carried out using conventional content analysis method. In total, a purposive sample of 27 women who had been subjected to violence by their spouses agreed to participate in this study. Individual, in-depth, and semistructured interviews were conducted. Three main categories emerged from the data: (a) perceptions related to physical health (including non-sex-organ injuries and sex organ injuries), (b) perceptions related to psychological health (including fear, concern, and the creation of challenges), and (c) perceptions related to sociocultural health (specifically social health and cultural health). In Iran, DV threatens women's health and is influenced by personal, familial, social, and cultural factors. Nurses should consider various aspects of physical, psychological, and sociocultural health when caring for women who have experienced DV. Social and cultural-based interventions are needed to address negative attitudes, stigma, and false beliefs that sanction DV in Iran.

Criminological Study of Domestic Violence in Iran

Violence against women is a common and unfortunate phenomenon whose widespread dimensions cause a lot of personal and social harm to them, family and society. This study was conducted by library method. The study was performed aimed at investigating the violence against women in Iranian society with a criminological approach. Many women have traditionally accepted some violence or are unaware that it is violent because the law does not criminalize it and has the support of custom and religion to legitimize it. In this study, the types of domestic violence and its examples that occur against women and most of them may not even be considered violent were first mentioned. Moreover, legal and criminal laws effective in creating or exacerbating violence against women and the role of common traditions in Iranian culture as well as harmful customs and habits were examined. Women's rights organizations argue that legal weaknesses need to be addressed and eliminated, and that governments should to be encouraged to comply with the law and change inappropriate laws. At lower levels, violence against women must be curbed socially by helping to grow women's NGOs, and thus raising women's awareness of their rights to violence. However, the presence and role of men in eliminating violence against women is essential, and violence cannot be eradicated without the cooperation of men. Men must also be forced to break their silence and enter this arena.Keywords: domestic violence, criminology, domestic violence.

Understanding the Nature and Context of Domestic Homicide Committed by Female Victims of Domestic Violence in Iran: Examining Current and Alternative Criminal Justice Responses

AbstractDomestic homicide is the most serious type of violence in a marital relationship, which is punishable by the death penalty as retaliation (Qisas) according to the Penal Code of Iran. The present paper analyzes why a woman commits this crime (the killing of her husband), examining the killer’s status in a marital relationship. Data show that the killers had been victims of domestic violence for 10–25 years. In other words, domestic homicide has a direct relationship with the killer being victimized by domestic violence, including physical (assault and battery), mental (insult and obscenity), sexual and sometimes financial violence that may result from addiction. The most important reason for domestic homicide is the failure to provide legal and social protection for women. This incites hatred for the husband, which arises from repeated victimization in a coercive relationship with the husband. These women cannot end this coercive relationship because of insufficient or unavailable legal, social or family protection. Moreover, the process of divorce for a woman in Iran is quite complex. This article also examines the potential defense of mental capacity and self-defense and its place in the Iranian penal code. Based on this research, this article argues for the need for the legislature to review the death penalty for this kind of crime and to consider other possible responses to such murders.

Risk Factors of Domestic Violence in Iran

Background: World health organization (WHO) stated that domestic violence (DV) is a health-related priority. Despite the unpleasant consequences of violence, this matter still is not considered serious enough in many countries including Iran. Objectives: To better understand the issues, the current study aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of domestic violence in Iranian families. Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional study, according to a previous study, four provinces with the highest rate of the violence and one province with the least rate of violence in Iran were selected. The subjects who met the including criteria and attended the selected health care centers of these provinces were invited to complete the demographic questionnaire and domestic violence questionnaire, a researcher-made questionnaire which measured frequency of different types of domestic violence life long, and during the last year . Finally 2056 filled questionnaires were collected. Results: Lifetime and last year prevalence of domestic violence was 52%. Nearly half of the subjects (47%) reported the presence of DV from their spouse in day to day life. In this study, only 3% of respondents had sought help for violence. Illiteracy, low income, lower age at marriage, shorter duration of marriage, physical disease, mental disorder and substance use were significantly prevalent in the group with higher rate of DV. Conclusions: The prevalence of DV is quite high in Iran; however, its disclosure is very low.

Risk Factors of Domestic Violence in Iran

Risk Factors of Domestic Violence in Iran

Domestic Violence Among Iranian Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

ContextViolence against women, or domestic violence, is both a physical and mental health issue that is rampant in many societies. It undermines the personal health of those involved by inflicting physical, sexual, and psychological damage. The purpose of the present systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess the prevalence of domestic violence in Iranian society.Evidence AcquisitionA total of 31 articles published between 2000 and 2014 in Iranian and international databases (MagIran, IranMedex, SID, Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, Pre Quest, and Scopus) were examined. The data collected from the articles were analyzed through a meta-analysis using a random effects model. The heterogeneity of the articles was examined using the I2 index, and the analyses were performed with STATA software version 11.2.ResultsBased on the 31 articles, which represent a sample size of 15,514 persons, we estimated the prevalence of domestic violence to be 66% (CI 95%: 55 - 77). The geographical classification showed that the prevalence of domestic violence was 70% (CI 95%: 57 - 84) in the east of the country, 70% in the south (CI 95%: 32 - 100), 75% in the west (CI 95%: 56 - 94), 62% in the north (CI 95%: 37 - 86), and 59% in the center (CI 95%: 44 - 74).ConclusionsThe results of the study showed a high prevalence of domestic violence in Iran, which requires the adoption of appropriate measures and the initiation of effective interventions by the legal authorities. These measures and interventions should aim to determine the causes of domestic violence and to develop ways of controlling and reducing this destructive phenomenon.

Risk factors of domestic violence in Iran.

Objectives. In this study, we have evaluated the lifetime and past-year prevalence of exposure to physical violence among married women in the city of Tehran and urban and rural areas of Hashtgerd. Methods. The target population were noninstitutionalized female citizens, aged 15 years or older, who have at least one history of marriage and who resided in the capital city of Tehran or Hashtgerd County from the summer of 2008 to fall of 2010. We used a multistage sampling method. Tehran's District Six, a central district in Tehran, was selected as a representative cluster of all municipal districts in Tehran. A total of fifty blocks were randomly selected from this district, from which 1,000 married women aged 15 years or older were interviewed using a cross-sectional design. Data was gathered face-to-face using a structured questionnaire. The lifetime prevalence, past-year prevalence, and related factors of domestic violence were measured. SPSS version 11.5 was used for the analyses. Results. Figures for lifetime prevalence and past-year prevalence were measured to be 38.7% and 6.6%, respectively. The independent effects of marital status and location and type of residency for women, along with education and smoking habits of their spouses, were statistically significant in multivariate logistic regression analysis. Conclusion. Domestic violence is a public health concern in Iran. Based on our findings, we propose that empowering women through education, and improving their ability to find employment and income, along with increasing public awareness of human rights issues through education could lower the prevalence of domestic violence.

Review of Zahra Tizro, <i>Domestic Violence in Iran: Women, marriage and Islam</i> (Iranian Studies series), London and New York: Routledge 2012

Review of Zahra Tizro, <i>Domestic Violence in Iran: Women, marriage and Islam</i> (Iranian Studies series), London and New York: Routledge 2012