Domestic Stoves Research Articles

Conversion of boiler houses to alternative fuel

THE PURPOSE. To justify the need to transfer boiler houses from fuel oil to furnace domestic fuel. METHODS. Comparative studies of the main indicators of the quality of fuel oil and domestic heating oil (DHO) (heat of combustion, kinematic viscosity, flash point, pour point, ash content, humidity, sulfur content) were carried out. The environmental parameters of pollutants formed during the combustion of fuel oil and domestic stove fuel are calculated and compared with the values regulated by the EkoNiP 17.01.06-001-2017 "Environmental protection and nature management. Requirements of environmental safety" and TCU 17.02-XX-2019 "Environmental protection and nature management". RESULTS. As a result of comparative studies of the main indicators of the quality of fuel oil and furnace household fuel (PBT), it was shown that combustion in PBT boilers in comparison with fuel oil is preferable in terms of environmental consequences in terms of emissions into the atmosphere. As a result of the comparative analysis, it was found that during the transition from fuel oil to furnace household fuel, compliance with the basic environmental standards regulated by these regulatory documents is ensured by reducing by 70 times the amount of sulfur dioxide released into the atmospheric air during 10 days of burning furnace household fuel, as well as reducing the concentration of this type of emission by 72.5 times. When switching from fuel oil to furnace household fuel, pollution and equipment wear are also reduced due to the ash content index for furnace household fuel being 7 times lower than that of fuel oil, as well as a 2-fold reduction in the formation of soot and 70-fold reduction in sulfur dioxide during ten-day use of a new reserve type of fuel. CONCLUSION. Thus, as a result of experimental and calculated studies, it was shown that combustion in DHO boilers in comparison with fuel oil is preferable in terms of environmental consequences in terms of emissions into the atmosphere, reducing corrosion, stopping boilers for repairs, reducing fuel heating costs to facilitate transportation, reducing steam and fuel costs. When switching from fuel oil to furnace household fuel, pollution and equipment wear are also reduced due to the ash content index for furnace household fuel that is 7 times lower than that of fuel oil, as well as a 2-fold reduction in the formation of soot and 70-fold reduction in sulfur dioxide during ten-day use of a new reserve type of fuel.

Experimental Investigation of the Effect of the Burner Cap Geometry on the Performance of a Domestic Liquefied Petroleum Gas Stove

Abstract Cooking is an important domestic activity that needs energy. Traditionally, solid fuels such as firewood and charcoal have been used. However, the combustion of solid fuels inside households causes internal pollution and harms the health of users and other occupants. Nowadays, gaseous fuels like natural gas (NG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) are the most used for domestic cooking. Considering the limitation of fossil fuel resources, energy conservation issues, environmental problems, and the increase in demand for gaseous fuels, it is necessary to explore ways to improve the thermal efficiency and emission characteristics of existing cooking systems. Although the use of gaseous fuels reduces domestic air pollution, the earliest domestic gas burners have low heat performance with an efficiency value of approximately 40%. Continuous research and development in stove design and analysis has led to a significant improvement in the thermal performance of commercial gas burners, with efficiencies exceeding 60%. This study’s main objective is to improve an LPG domestic stove through the modification of the cap burner geometry. The effects of various inclination angles (between the top and the lateral cap faces) ranging from 0 deg to 90 deg have been experimentally investigated. Results demonstrated that the thermal efficiency of the burner increases with increasing inclination angle. The highest efficiency was obtained at an angle of 75 deg, and beyond this value, the efficiency dropped. Unfortunately, at this angle value, CO emissions were the highest.

The Determination of Combustion for Different Pellets Based on Ostwald Diagrams in a Domestic Stove under Experimental Conditions

The global energy scenario is becoming a vital aspect of the sustainable economic development of regions and countries. Current changes in energy production, mainly due to scarcity and geopolitical factors, have proven the need for changes in energy distribution towards a lower energy dependence. Moreover, a considerable amount of biomass waste is generated in many regions, because of agro-industrial activities, whose management could contribute to energy production. The aim of this work was to study the optimization of the combustion process in a biomass stove by using different raw materials as fuels, such as pine, poplar, and plum tree pellets. For that purpose, power, excess air, and biomass content were optimized, among other parameters, and exhaust gases were analyzed with a Testo 335 analyzer, while temperatures were recorded with temperature probes. In conclusion, high yields were found for the optimized parameters of the studied biomass products (ranging from 91.1% for poplar pellets to 92.34% for pine pellets), making these three biomass fuels suitable for combustion in the abovementioned stove. Also, increasing biomass flow by 25% in the stove contributed to a higher efficiency of the process, especially in the case of plum tree pellets.

Inventory of the French densified log market: Characterization and emission factors measurement of twenty commercial briquettes

A panel of twenty commercial briquettes representative of the French market was set up with the different actors of the French densified log industry. The selected briquettes were characterized via the determination of their water and ash content, their ultimate and elemental composition and their heating value. Pollutant emission factors during the combustion of the briquettes were evaluated in real conditions in a domestic stove with natural draught. Gaseous pollutants like CO, CO2, NOx, SO2 and THC (Total HydroCarbons) were monitored. Particulate emissions in mass (TSP) and number (PM2.5) were also measured. Briquettes characterizations showed that the majority of the data determined in laboratory are in agreement with the one announced by the producers. Moreover several briquettes are in agreement with limitation established by the EN ISO 17225 standard. Combustion tests showed that the use of densified fuel instead of traditional log does not lead to a significant degradation of the environmental performances of the stove. Some briquettes present emission factors close to the one measured with traditional wood log. Several recommendations concerning briquettes characteristics were drawn from this study.

The Effects of Pressure and Temperature on Flame Characteristics of Crude Palm Oil Combustion

Using vegetable oil as a direct combustion fuel is an interesting energy development of lower emissions fuel. In this work, commercial cooking oil extracted from palm oil was burned using a typical nozzle having a diameter of 2 mm. Nozzle gage pressure and preheat temperature of palm oil were varied at 20, 40, 60 psi and 70, 90, 110 oC, respectively. Combustion oxidizer was air at room temperature. Equivalence ratio of ER= 1.1. To initiate combustion of the oil, a pilot flame from LPG with fixed firing rate was placed under the oil spray using a domestic stove. The experimental results shown that higher preheat temperatures and pressure accelerated combustion reactions of palm oil. The simulation also shown the same result as the experimental results. The higher preheat temperature and pressure led to high temperature, large size and long penetration of flame. The largest flame size was at 110 oC and 60 psi.

Nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emissions from solid fuel combustion in rural China: Database of 12 real-world scenarios for residential cooking and heating activities

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) derivatives such as oxygenated PAHs (oPAHs) and nitrated PAHs (nPAHs), are receiving raising concerns due to their high toxic potential. Incomplete solid fuel combustion can release large quantities of PAHs derivatives, especially in low-efficiency domestic stoves. In this study, field measurements were conducted in rural Chinese homes to determine emissions of nPAHs and oPAHs from solid fuel combustion. A total of 12 fuel-stove combinations including cooking and space heating activities were investigated. Emission factors (EFs) of total nPAHs and oPAHs were in the range of 1.0–682.1 μg/kg and 0.01–131.7 mg/kg, respectively, with arithmetic means and stand deviations of 53.5 ± 72.5 μg/kg and 13.9 ± 24.4 mg/kg, respectively. The EFs of nPAHs and oPAHs for coal combustion (including honeycomb briquette, coal chunk, and peat tested in this study) were 30.2 ± 28.1 μg/kg and 1.5 ± 2.9 mg/kg, respectively, much lower than that for biomass burning (p < 0.05). The combustion phase could significantly affect the PAHs derivative emissions with higher emissions at initial phase than that at stable phase. Fuel type was found to affect the EFs, composition profiles, and ratios of PAHs derivatives to parent PAHs. This study tries to have an insight of PAHs derivative emissions from various solid fuel combustion, which would be useful in understanding the atmospheric PAHs derivative pollutions in China.

Emissions of PAHs From Crop Residues Burning in Domestic Stoves in Rural China

Emissions of PAHs From Crop Residues Burning in Domestic Stoves in Rural China

Synergistic Health Benefits of Household Stove Upgrading and Energy Switching in Rural China.

Rural residential energy switching from solid fuels to electricity and natural gas has resulted in substantial health benefits in China. Here, we quantitatively estimated the environmental and health benefits of stove upgrading, energy switching, and the interaction of stove upgrading and energy switching in rural mainland China during the period of 1980-2014. Driven by government intervention, technical progress, and socioeconomic development, domestic stoves have been upgraded from a domination of open-fire and traditional stoves to energy-saving, clean stoves, and gas range/electric stoves. Furthermore, stove upgrading significantly contributed to the overall reductions in PM2.5 emissions (25%), ambient and indoor PM2.5 concentrations (49 and 28%), population exposure (31%), and premature deaths (37%) attributable to residential emissions. The interaction between stove upgrading and energy switching resulted in an additional 15% reduction in premature deaths. The influences of the residential sector and the beneficial effects of stove upgrading and energy switching are magnified along the causal path from emissions to health impacts. The overall benefit of the transition in residential energy would be substantially underestimated without considering stove upgrading.

Effect of burner-to-plate distance on heat transfer rate in a domestic stove using LPG

LPG is increasingly used in households as it is a clean and environmentally friendly energy source. In this work, we experimentally tested the type of LPG burner used in Thailand. This work investigates the effect of varying the burner-to-plate distance on heat transfer from the flame produced by LPG combustion. The burner model KB-5 was tested to evaluate the heat transfer rate (Q) via a measuring plate heated directly from the burner. Flowing water was used to cool the measuring plate. Moreover, the inlet and outlet temperatures were measured. The burner-to-plate distance (H/d) was studied, with varying the flow rate of LPG. The results showed that the highest heat transfer rate was found at higher burner-to-plate distances when the LPG flow rate increased. In addition, the highest heat transfer rate occurred when the flame impinged on the heated surface. In this work, the total flame length should impinge at a surface approximately 70% of its length to get optimal results. The results of this work can be applied to optimize other types of domestic stoves. Furthermore, this promising result helps households and small businesses save costs on LPG stove fuel.

A novel clean combustion technology for solid fuels to efficiently reduce gaseous and particulate emissions

Approximately three billion people worldwide rely on solid fuels for cooking and heating with traditional stoves or open fires, resulting in severe air pollution which leads to approximately four million premature deaths every year. Here, we present a novel clean combustion technology (NCT) to overcome the inherent defects of existing technologies and reduce emissions from solid fuel combustion. We compared gaseous and particulate emissions from coal combustion between a prevailing traditional domestic stove and an NCT stove. The average reductions were 99% for particulate matter with dynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), 99% for organic carbon (OC), 98% for elemental carbon (EC), 96% for carbon monoxide (CO), 93% for methane (CH4), 91% for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 89% for ammonia (NH3), and 99% for carbonyl sulfur (COS). The average coal combustion efficiency was enhanced from 52.6% in the traditional stove to 92.6% in the NCT stove. The novel technology was also successfully applied to the construction of an industrial boiler with a similar or better reduction in air pollutants than the NCT stove. The emission factors of various pollutants from the NCT stoves and boilers fueled with bituminous coal are comparable to those from advanced coal-fired power plants. The wide application of the NCT worldwide, especially in developing countries, would be beneficial to individual health, local air quality, and global climate change.

Analytical pyrolysis of bagasse and groundnut shell briquettes: Kinetics and pyrolysate composition studies

Biomass briquettes are expanding its reach from domestic stoves to giant power plants. This study aims to evaluate the effect of compositional heterogeneity of bagasse and groundnut shell briquettes on slow pyrolysis kinetics, fast pyrolysis product distribution and time evolution of pyrolysates. The average apparent activation energy of pyrolysis was low for 0.71–1.4 mm particles of bagasse (175.5 kJ mol−1) and 1.4–2 mm particles of groundnut shell (169.3 kJ mol−1). The production of phenolics, furan derivatives, monoaromatics and condensed ring aromatics exhibited marked changes with respect to particle size of biomass and temperature. The phenolic selectivity was more from large biomass particles. The production of aromatic hydrocarbons is correlated with the particle size of biomass, and the extent of secondary reactions is shown to be coupled with heat and mass transport of pyrolysates within the confined pores of the sample. The evolution rate of pyrolysis vapors increased with increasing temperature.

Impact of fuel size on combustion performance and gaseous pollutant emissions from solid fuel in a domestic cross-draft gasifier stove

ABSTRACT Although severe air pollution has been recognised to be associated with coal combustion, coal is still the main living energy for domestic purposes because of the living habits and low fuel price. Pollutant emission control incoal combustion is urgently needed in the residential sector. In this study, the combustion performanceand gaseous pollutant emissions of a natural draft stove with cross-draft combustor were determined using Shenmu raw coal under different sieved sizes (8–16 mm, 16–20 mm, 20–25 mm, and 25–50 mm). The results showed that the particle size of coal had different effects on firepower and energy efficiency. The coal fuel with a large particle size (25–50 mm) achieved the highest energy efficiency of 82.0%, while the firepower was limited to 13.4 kW. Reducing particle size was helpful to increase the firepower. Low emission factors of CO, NO and SO2 were found in this combustion system with large size coal fuel and the changes were nonlinear. Moreover, manual operation played an important role in pollutant emissions. The heating phase with steady combustion released fewer gaseous pollutants than the ignition and complex cooking/heating phase. These results can provide support for the research on the matching of stoves and coal fuels to deliver clean combustion performance.

Diabetes and Tuberculosis: Is There a Relationship?

Background: There is growing evidence that Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is an important risk factor for Tuberculosis (TB) and might affect disease presentation and treatment response. Risk factors for TB include HIV/AIDS, immune suppression (i.e. steroids), silicosis, malnutrition, smoke from domestic stoves and cigarettes, and DM. In recent decades, TB incidence has declined in high-income countries, but incidence remains high in countries that have high rates of HIV infection, malnutrition, and crowded living conditions. Furthermore, DM prevalence is increasing globally, fueled by obesity. Several case–control studies have shown that the odd ratios of developing TB in diabetic patients ranges from 2.44 to 8.33 compared with non-diabetic patients. Several large-scale longitudinal cohort studies have shown similar findings. Case: A 63-year-old male with poorly controlled type 2 DM (HbA1C of 15%), HTN, COPD and history of pulmonary TB who had previously received 2 courses of treatment, was admitted with sudden dyspnea with non-productive cough. In the ED, he was hypoxic, had bilateral pleural effusions, lower extremity edema and newly diagnosed acute systolic CHF. Sputum smear analysis was AFB positive and Mycobacterium tuberculosis was confirmed via PCR. The smear microbes were resistant to rifampin, poor sample limited further sensitivities, and the patient was started on empiric treatment for multi drug resistant TB with RIPE, Capreomycin, Linezolid, and Moxifloxacin. Endocrinology was consulted to assist in control of hyperglycemia. The patient was managed with high doses of insulin. At the time of discharge his blood glucose where in the range of 120–180 mg/dl during the entire day and the importance of having good BG control was reinforced. He continues his treatment for TB. Discussion: Diabetes leads to increased susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease via multiple mechanisms, including those directly related to hyperglycemia, as well as indirectly via the effect on macrophage and lymphocyte function, leading to diminished ability to contain the organism. It is possible the refractory course of this patient’s TB and subsequent development of MDR disease was in part due to his poorly controlled diabetes due to poor compliance to prior regimens. Conclusion: DM is associated with increased risk of contracting TB, the possible delay in sputum culture conversion, increased mortality, and increased risk of recurrent and refractory disease. Adequate screening and treatment of DM may be essential to help prevent patients with diabetes from contacting the disease especially in countries with high prevalence of TB. Also, it is important to ensure adequate treatment response and prevent the development of multidrug resistant disease in diabetics who have already contracted TB.

Are BBQs Significantly Polluting Air in Poland? A Simple Comparison of Barbecues vs. Domestic Stoves and Boilers Emissions

The study attempts to compare the total annual emissions of selected air pollutants emitted during occasional grilling and the emission of the same pollutants from small domestic heating installations. For this purpose, in the absence of any data on the emission of pollutants during grilling processes, tests were carried out consisting of measuring the concentration of air pollutants in exhaust streams from two types of grills (solid fuel grill powered by charcoal briquette and gas grill powered by liquid propane), using popularly prepared dishes (previously marinated meat and raw, seasoned mixed vegetables). The concentrations of PM2.5, CH4, CO, CO2, H2O, NH3, N2O, NO, NO2, SO2 were measured in the exhaust stream from both grills using a particulate matter (PM) measuring device and a portable spectrometer, separately while grilling the same portions of meat and vegetables. Then, considering the available data on Poles’ barbecue habits, the emissions that are released into the air during occasional grilling were estimated. The calculated emissions were compared with the data on emissions from domestic heating installations used in Poland. It has been shown that during grilling, as much as 2.30, 92.07, 4.11, 3.83, 2.96, and 9.81 Gg of PM2.5, CO, NOx, SO2, NH3, and CH4 may be released into the atmosphere in Poland, respectively. In the case of PM, the amount of the pollutant emitted to the air is over 100 times lower than the emissions caused by the operation of small heating installations. In the case of other pollutants, the differences are smaller. Nevertheless, emissions from grills should not be underestimated as, in certain periods of the year, these sources may be responsible for not meeting the air quality standards in selected areas of the country, and thus the excessive exposure of people to pollutants resulting in negative health consequences. Therefore, attention was paid to the legitimacy of abandoning the use of charcoal and charcoal briquette grills and replacing them with gas-powered grills or electric ones, not only due to the health benefits of food and lower human exposure, but also by the reason of ecological values.

SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES OF EFFICIENT FUEL USE AND ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY GAS COMBUSTIONIN STOVE PLATES. PART 2. STANDARD BASIS AND METHODOLOGY OF EVALUATION THE POWER EFFICIENCY AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DOMESTIC GAS DEVICES

Gas stoves belong to the number of the most wide — spread domestic devices. Research activity concerning these appliances has been stopped in Ukraine some decades ago despite an increase of the natural gas using in municipal economy.&#x0D; Operation data, power efficiency characteristics and pollution indicators related to on air state by gas combustion in the living accommodation are regulated by the normative documents: national and international standards, regional technical (engineering) conditions of Ukraine, EU countries, Russia, USA, China and other states.&#x0D; Practically any gas stove is equipped with an atmospheric ejection burner. The principal characteristics of the gas burners, operation peculiarities peculiarities for the atmospheric burners are systematized and analyzed in the presented paper. The following qualitative and quantitative indicators of the atmospheric burners have been considered in this paper: the fuel types to be used (natural gas, liquefied gas), working gas pressure ahead of stove, nominal heat capacity, limit range of operation adjustment, noise by burner operation.&#x0D; Gas burning under the atmospheric burners operation makes the two-stage process. The physical background of the stable combustion have been considered along with the specific reasons and generalized criteria of the unstable combustions modes: flash-back, blow-off, appearance of the «yellow tips» in the flame.&#x0D; The atmospheric burners possess both the power and environmental advantages in comparison with the burners of total preliminary mixing of fuel gas and combustion air. Application of primary air excess lpr &lt; 1.0, provides higher efficiency of the burners and need for lower gas pressure ahead of the domestic stoves while the two-stage combustion makes one of the principle techniques of environmentally benign combustion technologies. It has been shown that energetic experiences in ejection burners are proportional to the cube of the air access coefficient, in case of the atmospheric burners — are raised two the third power: ea ~ l3a,pr.&#x0D; An original methodology experimental researchers for the atmospheric burners of various design and of different companies — manufacturers has been proposed. The methods of the tests performing fully meet to Ukrainian norms and international standards. The computerized firing rig stand with a diagnostic facility has been created providing both power and environmental research of the atmospheric burners with definition of the boundaries of stable operation and breach the combustion stability. An example of the water heating thermogram within the test vessel has been presented providing an opportunity to evaluate the peculiarities of head transfer process by time and space for the system «atmospheric burner – the vessel to be heated and liquid to be boiled». Bibl. 31, Fig. 7, Tab. 5.

Biodigestor anaeróbio para produção sustentável de biogás em propriedade rural da cidade de Açailândia, Maranhão, Brasil

Este trabalho teve como objetivo, a construção e implantação de um biodigestor anaeróbio de biomassa economicamente viável para a produção sustentável de biogás e biofertilizante natural, em uma propriedade rural no município de Açailândia-MA. A estimativa de geração de biogás foi baseada no percentual de sólidos voláteis da biomassa (esterco bovino) usada. Obteve-se geração diária de 300 Kg de esterco. Foi utilizada a metodologia gravimétrica para o calculo percentual dos sólidos totais, sólidos voláteis e sólidos fixos. Foi calculada a carga orgânica do biodigestor, a estimativa do tempo de chama, tempo de luz e redução de tarifa energética. O sistema foi montado utilizando materiais de baixo custo. A produção de metano de 0,361 m³/dia, sendo possível manter a chama de um fogão doméstico em funcionamento por 49 min/dia ou utilizado para gerar aproximadamente 2,33 kW/h por dia ou manter uma lâmpada a biogás acesa por 5h e 27 min/dia, podendo também estar obtendo uma economia na conta de energia de R$ 1,30/dia. Além do gás, o processo de metanização do esterco bovino gerou um biofertilizante natural, que pode ser comercializado ou mesmo utilizado pelo proprietário do biodigestor. A queima direta do gás logo após a geração é benéfica, pois se trata de uma combustão completa, gerando apenas água e dióxido de carbono, bem menos poluente que o metano. A utilização de biodigestores e a metanização, são alternativas de substituição do gás liquefeito de petróleo, podendo possivelmente suprir a demanda de energia elétrica ou térmica e ainda reduzir de custos nas comunidades e empreendimentos rurais.

Direct combustion of waste oil in domestic stove by an internal heat re-circulation atomization technology: Emission and performance analysis

Direct use of waste oil as fuel to meet the residential energy demands, is very attractive due to its potentials to decrease fossil fuel consumption, reduce pollution and increase sustainability. This paper uses a domestic stove with an internal heat re-circulation and self-atomization technology to burn yellow waste cooking oil (WCO-1), brown waste cooking oil (WCO-2) and waste lubricant oil (WLO). Emission factors (EFs), energy efficiency and modified combustion efficiency (MCE) of this combined fuel/stove system were determined under space-heating and cooking modes. The results showed that EFs of CO, PM2.5, total 16 PAHs and corresponding toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) values ranged from 2.18 × 103 to 4.90 × 103 mg/MJnet, 16.36–69.40 mg/MJnet, 2.39–12.93 μg/MJnet and 0.16–0.92 μg of TEQ/MJnet. WCO-1 was verified to be the cleanest fuel with the highest energy efficiency (85.3 ± 3.3% and 90.4 ± 2.2%) and lowest emission levels, such as NO (53.75 ± 2.62 and 37.09 ± 5.41 mg/MJnet), NO2 (82.40 ± 3.96 and 56.87 ± 8.29 mg/MJnet) and PM2.5 (20.94 ± 6.55 and 16.35 ± 5.06 mg/MJnet) compared to WCO-2 and WLO. The estimated total cost of using waste oil for each household in winter was much cheaper than some current available clean energy means, including only USD$ 400 of stove price and USD$ 250/ton of fuel per year. It is a promising candidate choice for replacing low-quality solid fuels in rural China and 2.62 million rural households would achieve environmental and economic benefits if promoting direct combustion of waste oil for daily heating and cooking.

Spatio-Temporal Variations of Multiple Primary Air Pollutants Emissions in Beijing of China, 2006–2015

Air pollution in Beijing, China has attracted continuous worldwide public attention along with the rapid urbanization of the city. By implementing a set of air pollution mitigation measures, the air quality of Beijing has been gradually improved in recent years. In this study, the intrinsic factors leading to air quality improvement in Beijing are studied via a quantitative evaluation of the temporal and spatial changes in emissions of primary air pollutants over the past ten years. Based on detailed activity levels of each economic sector and a localized database containing source and pollutant specific emission factors, an integrated emissions inventory of primary air pollutants discharged from various sources between 2006 and 2015 is established. With the implementation of phased air pollution mitigation measures, and the Clean Air Action Plan, the original coal-dominated energy structure in Beijing has undergone tremendous changes, resulting in the substantial reduction of multiple air pollutants. The total of emissions of six major atmospheric pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOX, VOCs and NH3) in Beijing decreased by 35% in 2015 compared to 2006—this noticeable decrease was well consistent with the declining trend of ambient concentration of criterion air pollutants (SO2, PM10, PM2.5 and NO2) and air quality improvement, thus showing a good correlation between the emission of air pollutants and the outcome of air quality. SO2 emission declined the most, at about 71.7%, which was related to the vigorous promotion of combustion source control, such as the shutdown of coal-fired facilities and domestic stoves and transition to clean energy, like natural gas or electricity. Emissions of PM decreased considerably (by 48%) due to energy structure optimization, industrial structure adjustments, and end-of-pipe PM source control. In general, NOX, NH3, and VOCs decreased relatively slightly, by 25%, 14%, and 2%, respectively, and accordingly, they represented the limiting factors for improving air quality and the key points of air pollution mitigation in Beijing for the future.

An effect of primary air draft and flow rate on thermal performance and CO/CO2 emission of the domestic stove fed with the briquette of coconut shell

The aim of the present work is to investigate an effect of primary air draft and flow rate on thermal performance and CO/CO2 emission of the domestic stove fed with the briquette of coconut shell. The work is conducted by following the simplified water boiling test method. Firstly, the stove is tested under natural draft mode (ND). Secondly, the stove is run under force draft mode at two different air flow rates, such that 0.013 m3/s (FD 1) and 0.020 m3/s (FD 2). In the present work, temperatures of water, flame, and stove are measured. Thermal performance of the stove in terms of fuel consumption rates (FCR), firepower (P), heating rates (Ew), thermal efficiency (ηT), and specific useful energy (SUE) is calculated and analyzed. CO/CO2 in flue gas is also measured and analyzed. The result indicates that air flow rate affects the thermal performance and CO/CO2 emission of the stove. Increasing air flow rate enhances the FCR, P, Ew, ηT, and SUE. On the other hand, increasing air flow rate reduces CO/CO2 in flue gas. The highest values of FCR, P, Ew, ηT, and SUE are obtained at the higher air flow rate. The values are 1.43 kg/h, 8.024 kW, 0.294 kW, 3.670%, and 741.975 kJ/kg, correspondingly. Meanwhile, the lowest CO/CO2 of 0.009 is observed at the higher air flow rate.

Biodigestor con variables monitoreadas

The project consists of the design and construction of a biodigester that allows the generation of methane gas for heating and cooking food in domestic stoves. The Biodigestor will have as byproduct Biol, from leached organic matter, this byproduct can be used as fertilizer in gardens or domestic crops. The monitored variables of the Biodigestor use a data acquisition card to obtain the level of Ph, biol, temperature, humidity and pressure during the methane generation process, as well as the quantity and quality of methane gas produced. This project has been developed in several stages, design, prototype scale tests, connection of sensors and tests that allow to define reference data and data during methane production. A design has been achieved that allows simultaneous production in three biodigestors, this proposal will allow through a specific protocol, the continuity in obtaining the gas can be maintained with the possibility of emptying, cleaning and replacing organic matter without stopping the methane production process