Domestic Public Research Articles

How Does the Domestic and International Public Opinion Influence on the Modern War: Focusing on the Israel-Hamas War

How Does the Domestic and International Public Opinion Influence on the Modern War: Focusing on the Israel-Hamas War

The Impact of Domestic Public Debt on Agricultural Government Investment and Economic Growth: Evidence from Iraqi between 2004 and 2022

The study aims to assess the impact of domestic public debt (DPD) on agricultural government investment (AGI) and economic growth in Iraq from 2004 to 2022 using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. The results demonstrate a significant cointegration relationship between DPD and economic growth, as indicated by the negative error correction coefficient (–0.0622), which is statistically significant at the 5% level. The study finds that DPD has a considerable positive effect on economic growth in the short term (2.5695) and long run (7.7793), with statistical significance at the 1% and 5% levels, respectively. Conversely, DPD did not have any discernible impact on AGI. The DPD and AGI were not cointegrated during the research period. Based on these findings, it is recommended that the Iraqi government formulate a clear strategy to manage DPD and establish precise criteria for the principles and conditions governing the use of domestic loans to optimize their effectiveness in agricultural economic development.

Foreign or Domestic Public Debt for Cameroon’s Development? An Externality Approach

Public debt plays a major role in financing projects that support economic growth and sustainable development. As governments may choose between domestic and external borrowing, a comprehensive assessment of their effects would support this choice. Our study provides an integrative view of economic and social outcomes and compares, through externalities, the impacts of external and domestic public debt as methods of financing development, with a focus on the Cameroonian economy. Utilizing a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model and a microsimulation analysis, we find that domestic debt has more advantages for Cameroon compared to external debt, as it increases the large-scale economic impact by improving household welfare, boosting GDP growth, and progressively reducing poverty and inequality. It is therefore recommended that the Cameroonian government focus on increasing the use of domestic debt as a method of financing development by implementing policies that support domestic saving and promote the development of domestic debt markets.

Development of Worth Estimation and Key Target Selection Methods for Effective VE

VE is a powerful technique for analyzing a design with a focus on functionality, reducing costs, and increasing value. However, in order to proceed with the design of VE, the theoretical basis for the VE target selection process, which must be preceded in the preparation stage, is lacking, and as a result, it is difficult to verify the most effective target selection. Thus, a theoretical basis is needed. In this study, we intend to quantify the “Worth” value of the “Cost to Worth” technique and present an objective model of the target selection method using the derived value index (VI). For this purpose, cost worth (Worth C) was calculated based on the performance data of 1008 cases for 15 building types provided by the Domestic Public Procurement Service and the share of 83 detailed processes in seven fields. Then, a survey was conducted targeting the ordering companies, and the final worth (Worth F) was calculated by multiplying the derived customer value (Worth V) weight for each detailed work type. We calculated the value index (VI) by comparing “Cost” and “Worth F” for each detailed construction type of the VE project and developed a model to select construction types that exceed the VI standard value derived using the standard error of the population. Both cost experts and non-cost experts can use the developed model to specify the VE target selection criteria in order to easily select the key target, objectively sort the values that serve as the basis for calculating the value index, and make it possible to more easily select the VE target selection criteria based on theoretical evidence. Also, the model can be used to obtain effective detailed design VE results.

From Borrowing to Growth: Ghana’s Public Debt Strategy within its Financial Development Trajectory

Purpose: The study examined the implications of Ghana’s soaring public debt on its financial development, specifically its banking behaviour. Given Ghana’s alarming public debt of 78.3% of GDP by 2022 and previous periods of high public debt correlating to global economic downturns, understanding this relationship is vital for both local and international policymakers.
 Methodology: The research employs annual growth rates of various financial development indicators (e.g, Ease of Doing Business Index and Digital Transaction Index) and measures public debt using the Public Debt-to-GDP Ratio. Advanced econometric methods were used to ensure data accuracy, including cointegration, error correction models, and tests like Dickey-Fuller, Augmented Dickey-Fuller, and Sargan-Rhargava Durbin-Watson.
 Findings: The ADF test confirmed the stationarity of all study variables. Cointegration tests show a long-term equilibrium relationship among the variables. In the short run, a positive and significant relationship exists between variables such as Domestic Bank Intermediation, Financial Development, and Public Debt. Regression outcomes indicate that as Public Debt escalates, there’s an associated increase in Financial Development in Ghana.
 Implications: These findings reveal that despite the potential pitfalls of high public debt, a complex dynamic exists where increasing public debt positively correlates with financial development in Ghana’s short run. This insight can be valuable for policymakers in balancing infrastructural investments, social programs, fiscal sustainability, and financial growth, especially for developing nations facing similar debt scenarios.
 Originality: This study offers a unique, in-depth three-decade analysis (1992-2022) on the relationship between Ghana’s public debt and banking behaviour. It is an empirical precedent for other nations to understand the intricate relationships between public debt and financial growth.

Decisiveness in Domestic Public Policies

Abstract Constructivists in the field of International Relations assume that states not only seek to ensure their physical security but also try to secure their identities by maintaining durable behavioral patterns in their relations with other actors. The dominant identity of the Israeli state is associated with policies characterized by resoluteness and decisiveness. This article argues that this state identity also manifests itself in the domestic sphere and presents case studies of two such manifestations. The first pertains to the development of Israeli offshore gas fields in the Eastern Mediterranean while the second deals with the country's COVID-19 pandemic containment strategy. The two cases are similar in the decisive and extraordinary character of the measures that the government attempted to use. At the same time, in the first case study this attempt was mostly unsuccessful and only in the second case the decisive stance was effectively implemented.

The Impact of Fiscal Policy on the Economic Growth of Nigeria

This research study examined “Impact of fiscal policy on the economic growth of Nigeria”. The study made use of Johansen Co-integration Test analysis to determine the long run relation between fiscal policy and economic growth of Nigeria. The data was sourced from CBN statistical bulletin for the period of 1990 to 2021. The research findings revealed that there is a linear relationship between Gross Domestic Product and Public Debt, Tax revenue and Government Expenditure, Public debt (PDBT) and Tax Revenue (TAX) were negatively related to GDP while Total Government Expenditure (TGE) is positively related to GDP; PDBT and TAX both have an inverse relationship with GDP meaning that increases in both variables have negative impact or lead to a reduction in GDP. Statistically; the t-statistics of the variables under consideration were significant and the overall estimates of the regression were statistically adequate and therefore shows the acceptance of alternative hypothesis of no co-integration of unstable long run relationship between Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth. It was recommended that; the Nigerian government to increase expenditure on economically viable investment to improve individual income through employment and increased output. Also Government expenditure should be well monitored and ensure that these expenditures are not diversified to individuals’ pockets. The Government should also avoid incessant unproductive debt and ensure the existing debits are properly serviced as and when due.

Effect of external and domestic Public debt on Private investment (A VAR Model analysis)

The objective of this paper is to examine the relationship between private investment and public external and domestic debt for the period of 1980 to 2021. In this study, we checked the unit-root test by using Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test and Pillips-Perron (PP) test. Moreover, the result of Johansen test states that there is no long-run cointegration between variables. Therefore, this study used VAR-Model for analysis. Furthermore, different type of tests has been applied such as, Shapiro-Wilk W test, Breusch-Pagan/ Cook-Weisberg Test, Breusch-Godfrey LM test, Impulse response analysis and Ramsey Reset test. The estimated result shows a negative and significant relationship between private investment with credits to the private investments by banks and public external debt. However, there is a positive and significant association between private investment with domestic public debt. The Granger Causality Wald test confirms that the most of the previous value of one variable helps to predict the future value of other variables. Hence, it is concluded that the government should revisit their external debt policy to support the country infrastructure, macroeconomic balance and for other public expenditure because this increasing public debt is detrimental to the private investment.

Domestic Public Debt and Economic Growth in Nigeria: Effect of Political Regimes

Domestic Public Debt and Economic Growth in Nigeria: Effect of Political Regimes

Which industrial path contributed to CO2 transfer and emissions slowing-down of China and the United States most in international trade?

Carbon transfer in international trade has triggered disputes on environmental equity between developed and developing countries. Hence, it is urgent to make it clear the carbon transfer process of international trade between China and the United States, explore the adjustment plan of emission reduction responsibility and formulate targeted emission reduction measures. These will play an important leading and demonstration effect in addressing global warming and coordinating international carbon reduction. This study built a CO2 international trade transfer network model of China and the United States. Based on identifying the carbon transfer path flowing from primary product sector to final production sector, and then to final consumption, we analyzed the industrial association relationship and distribution differences between China and the United States with external countries and regions. Lastly, we put forward emission reduction policy implication in industrial scale. The key paths of China and the United States are concentrated in the two export and import transfer types respectively. Among the key paths of China's bilateral primary production export type, paths from domestic Electricity, Gas and Water to foreign Construction accounted for the largest 40% share. As for the United States, transfer type of bilateral final production import is the most prominent, and path number and flow from foreign Transport to domestic Public Administration both accounted for more than 30%. Based on shared responsibility to adjust the emission reduction tasks under the Paris Agreement, China and the US will allow to emit 10% more and reduce 6% more, reaching 54% and 25% respectively. Taking into full consideration the national economic development level and the differences in the production technology level of industrial sectors, as well as the upstream and downstream related sectors' relationship, the refined emission reduction strategy is proposed from different aspects, such as technical assistance, financial support, import control, technology sharing and consumption transformation.

The Trend of China-US Strategic Competition and Chinese Domestic Public Opinion about Sino-US Relations from Trump to Biden

Over the past five years, Sino-US relations have taken on an increasingly complex dynamic. This paper will establish an analytical framework based on two key variables affecting China-US strategic competition: interests and comprehensive national power, and then utilizes this framework to analyze the trend of confrontation and cooperation between China and the US from the Trump administration to Biden. In the second part, this paper contains data from a two-wave public opinion poll in China done before and after the 2020 US presidential election and illustrates how public opinion affects foreign policy decisions in authoritarian nations. The conclusions are: the space of China-US competition and cooperation is growing with their increasing conflict interests and common interests due to the increasing strength of China; After Biden became president, Chinese opinions of the USA and the bilateral relationship improved somewhat; The majority of Chinese respondents thought China was the largest and most powerful economy in the world and supported China being the worlds leading power; younger and more educated respondents had more pessimistic opinions. There are significant policy ramifications of these results.

Emotional labour in digital diplomacy: perceptions and challenges for European diplomats

Social media are increasingly important tools in diplomacy. Diplomats are expected to use social media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook and Instagram to communicate with each other and with both the domestic and international publics. This form of communication involves displaying positive emotions to generate attention in a competitive information environment. Emotions are essential to managing perceptions, conveying signals and safeguarding state reputations in traditional diplomacy. Commercial demands of online performance, however, activate new dimensions and challenges in the management of emotions in diplomacy. As digital disinformation and populist campaigns have transgressed the boundaries of domestic public debate, diplomats must also display emotional restraint to contain and counter such influence. This article analyses how diplomats perceive the demands of digital diplomacy and how emotions are engaged in their efforts to perform competently both online and offline. The study draws on fieldwork and interviews with 13 European diplomats as well as document analysis of handbooks and training material used to transfer ‘emotional communication skills’ to diplomats. The study findings suggest that the demands of digital diplomacy are challenging traditional enactments of ‘the good diplomat’. In addition to the tensions between outreach and countering communication practices, the emotional labour in digital diplomacy extends beyond what we see on social media. Diplomats perceive the expectations of constant performance online to at times conflict with their professional role offline.

Review and Prospect of Domestic Online Public Opinion Research Based on Keyword Analysis

Review and Prospect of Domestic Online Public Opinion Research Based on Keyword Analysis

Determinants of External, Domestic, and Total Public Debt in Nigeria: The Role of Conflict, Arms Imports, and Military Expenditure

ABSTRACT Nigeria’s external and domestic debt have been rising very rapidly in recent years despite the crushing weight of debt burden that almost crippled its economy in previous decades. This study examines the likely determinants of public debt in Nigeria over the period 1970–2020 with a focus on the effects of armed conflict, arms imports, and military spending. Unlike most previous studies that focus only on external debt, this study employs the three separate measures of public debt, namely, government gross debt, external debt, and domestic debt. In addition to being more applicable to the case of Nigeria, this also allows us to investigate whether the drivers of public debt vary with the measure of debt used. Employing the ARDL approach to cointegration and a number of robustness checks, findings suggest that whereas conflict, arms imports, and military spending have statistically positive effects on external debt, they do not have a significant effect on domestic debt. Conflict and arms import have positive effects on gross government debt which is unsurprising given that gross debt includes foreign currency denominated debt. Policy recommendations based upon these findings are discussed.

When Do Diplomatic Protests Boomerang? Foreign Protests against US Arms Sales and Domestic Public Support in Taiwan

Abstract Diplomatic protests convey one government's displeasure with the policies of another government. Yet, public support for their own government's policies can be influenced by the actions of others, so diplomatic protests have the potential to increase domestic support for the policy within the target country. A rally-’round-the-flag effect has been found to be associated with wars, crises, and sanctions. Here, we assess the existence of such an effect in relation to diplomatic protests by foreign governments. Using a survey experiment, we assess the impact of foreign government protests—specifically protests by China—against US arms sales to Taiwan on public support for Taiwan's government and its policies. We find that who lodges the protest, whether it is an adversary or a supporter, is more important than the language of the protest itself. We argue that diplomatic protests create a dilemma—lodging complaints about the behavior of other governments can increase public support for those very policies in the target country.

Analysis of the Impact of Trade Shocks on Some Macroeconomic Variables in Iraq for the Period (2004-2020)

This research was presented to address a realistic problem affecting the Iraqi economy and its overall variables due to its rentier nature related to the oil sector. The right conditions to curb its negative effects. The research aims to analyze the impact of trade shocks on some macroeconomic variables represented by (Gross Domestic Product, Public Expenses, and Exchange Rate in the parallel market) for the period (2004-2020).The results of the analytical side showed the inherent rentier nature of the Iraqi economy and almost complete dependence on the revenues of crude oil exports. This indicates the failure of policies and the absence of economic planning, as it concluded that there is a strong direct response between trade shocks and both (GDP and Public Expenses), and an inverse response between trade shocks and the exchange rate. The research recommends the establishment of a sovereign fund to benefit from it in achieving economic stability and compensating for the severe shortage when adverse shocks occur.

PUBLIC POLICY IN PAKISTAN A ROADBLOCK TO THE EXECUTION OF FOREIGN ARBITRAL AWARD

The International Public Policy of Pakistan is profoundly entangled between contractual laws, domestic arbitration, and loose & broad definition by Courts; hence hampering the execution of foreign arbitral award. The article seeks to better comprehend and investigate the doctrine of public policy as a basis for refusing enforcement of foreign arbitral awards. What complicates matters is the absence of a universally accepted definition of public policy or practise in its implementation, which differs from state to state. The vagueness, subjectivity, and unpredictability connected with the notion of public policy have hindered the efficacy of international commercial arbitration on many occasions. Pakistan, which is in dire need of international investment and access to international markets for its products, needs to come out with strong and predictable public policy mechanism. Case study is particularly done to understand the complex influence of domestic and international public policy. New phenomenon arising in the name of Transnational Public Policy is also explored. This study further argues that Pakistani courts need to redefine the categories of public policy keeping in consideration the growing demands of international trade and commerce. Keywords: Arbitral Award, Foreign Award, Public Policy, Arbitration, Domestic Public Policy.

Cross-National Social Influence: How Foreign Votes Can Affect Domestic Public Opinion

Do voters follow the preferences of foreign mass collectives? Despite the growing research on policy diffusion and theoretical debates on the emergence of transnational public spheres, we know little about the impact of foreign votes on domestic public opinion. Yet, the results of elections and referendums may provide a signal to people in other countries and trigger a process of contagion. This study leverages the coincidence of the 2005 French referendum on the European Constitution and the fieldwork of two surveys to analyze the causal effect of cross-national social influence. Results show that the French rejection increased public opposition to the Constitution abroad. A process of cognitive activation explains why knowledgeable voters also grew Eurosceptic after the vote. These findings attest to the interdependence of national publics and contribute to our understanding of mechanisms of social contagion.

The Threshold Effect of Domestic Public Borrowing on the Nigerian Economy

TLike many other developing countries, the Nigerian government has increased domestic borrowing recently. This study examines the nonlinear relationship between domestic borrowing and economic growth, covering 1980 and 2019. The study adopts the threshold regression approach to establish the switching point between domestic borrowing and economic growth in Nigeria. The results reveal that the domestic borrowing and economic growth threshold is 14.88% of GDP with an inverted U-shaped curve. The maximum turning point of the variables implies the application of the debt Laffer Curve in Nigeria, showing that domestic borrowing is favourable to the economy before the threshold. However, additional domestic borrowing after the threshold induces an adverse effect on the economy. Also, the regression results of the non-varying threshold measures show that while the effect of external debt has been positive and significant on economic growth, gross fixed capital formation and inflation were negative and significant. Therefore, while recommending more rigorous monitoring and efficient utilisation of domestic borrowed funds by the government, the study emphasises the application of the threshold of 14.88% of GDP on domestic borrowing in the country.

Does Domestic Public Debt Affect Financial Development? New Evidence from Central and Eastern European Economies

Does Domestic Public Debt Affect Financial Development? New Evidence from Central and Eastern European Economies