Domestic Processing Research Articles

ANCIENT CEREAL CULTURE FOR THE MODERN GROAT INDUSTRY

At the origin of wheat-spelt breeding in Ukraine is the outstanding scientific breeder Fedir Pariy. As of today, seven varieties of wheat-spelt have been entered into the Register of plant varieties suitable for distribution in the territory of Ukraine. The first variety of spelt wheat Triticum spelta L. "Zoria Ukrainy" was entered into the register in 2011, and from that began the active study of this type of hulled wheat not only by breeders, but also by technologists, the goal of which was the introduction of hulled wheat in the domestic grain processing industry. Two years later, in 2013, the second variety of domestic spelled wheat "Yevropa" was entered into the register, the work on the selection of which was also headed by Fedir Pariy. The following varieties of spelt wheat were entered into the Register relatively recently during 2017-2021: Attergauer Dinkel (2016), Evrika (2017), Mv Martongold (2018), Vyshyvanka bilotserkivska (2018), Bilberi (2021). Considering wheat-spelt grain as a potential raw material for cereal production, it can be noted that thanks to the excellent chemical composition of the grain and its affinity with the grain of traditional wheat, it can be concluded that it can be processed at domestic grain factories of different productivity, using at the same time as the traditional available on technological equipment at the enterprise, and when building new lines and factories, use more modern solutions offered by world leaders in the production of technological equipment, such as the Buhler company. At the same time, it is possible to produce both a higher-quality product, traditional for the Ukrainian consumer, such as "Artek" and "Poltavska"groats, and to focus on the production of a new range of wheat products - the production of whole groats and flaked kernels, which in turn, with rational construction and the use of more efficient technological equipment, will give be able to produce functional and dietary food products. In addition, due to such products, the export potential of the grain processing industry can be increased, especially taking into account the small amount of spelt wheat cultivation in the countries of the European Union, with the constant increase in demand for environmentally friendly and high-quality products that are available in these countries, with the right approach, can make Ukraine an exporter of wheat-spelt processing products to EU countries and beyond.

Issues of efficiency of financing the agricultural sector

In many economically developed countries, state support, financial investments in the agricultural industry, increasing productivity and profitability, ensuring the availability of food are the main factors of economic growth, first of all, employment of the population. Purpose - the main problems of financing the agro-industrial complex of the republic and scientific approaches to their solution are considered. Methods - comparative analysis, synthesis, monographic, logical evaluation to determine the mechanisms affecting the effectiveness of state aid and investment. Results - the article analyzes the sources of budgetary allocation of the agrarian sector. The significance of the implementation of targeted programs aimed at improving the quality of life of rural residents through price, tax, leasing mechanisms, soft loans and subsidies is shown. The study presents information for 2018-2022, supplemented by the data of the National Project on the development of agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2021-2025, including the total volume of agro-industrial production and the size of capital investments. The study notes the need to increase the volume of domestic processing industry, allowing agricultural producers to expand the market for products, create conditions for new jobs, attract investment, and contribute to economic and social stability. Conclusions - specialization of rural areas, development of technical map and related organization of production in promising villages and district centers, increase in exports, distribution of online services are strategic directions of development of food complex, economic activity of agroformations. The use of external resources gives an opportunity to improve financial results, and farms - to increase income from core activities. When planning large investments in agricultural projects, one of the key criteria is the choice of capital structure to support the investment process.

Commercial Grading and Domestic Processing of Indonesian MZ Potato: Implications for Nutritional and Textural Properties [pdf

Commercial Grading and Domestic Processing of Indonesian MZ Potato: Implications for Nutritional and Textural Properties [pdf

Qualitative Profiling, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Polar and Nonpolar Basil Extracts.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is a widely used culinary herb. In this study, ethanol, dichloromethane, and sunflower oil were used separately as solvents with distinct polarities for the extraction of basil aerial parts to simulate the different polarity conditions in domestic food processing. The oil extract (OE) was re-extracted with acetonitrile, and the chemical composition, antioxidant potential, and antimicrobial activities of the ethanol (EE), dichloromethane (DCME), and acetonitrile (ACNE) extracts were determined. A total of 109 compounds were tentatively identified in EE, DCME, and ACNE by HPLC-DAD/ESI-ToF-MS. Fatty acids were present in all extracts. Phenolic acids and flavonoids dominated in EE. DCME was characterised by triterpenoid acids, while diterpenoids were mainly found in ACNE. The extracts were analysed for their antioxidant capacity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) assay. EE and DCME showed significant radical scavenging potential. Antimicrobial activity was explored in eight bacterial, two yeast, and one fungal species. All extracts exhibited high antifungal activity, comparable to or better than that of the commercial drug nistatin. Antibacterial activities were notable for EE and ACNE, while DCME showed no activity against bacteria in the applied concentration ranges. The different polarities of the solvents led to distinctive phytochemical compositions and bioactivities in the extracts.

Could Justice40 reproduce injustices in the critical mineral sector?

The United States is reprioritizing domestic extraction and processing of critical minerals, with billions of dollars of investments. Because of their uses in low-carbon technologies, the mining and processing of these resources falls under the scope of the Justice40 Initiative, the Biden administration’s flagship environmental justice policy. Justice40 prioritizes green investments to benefit communities deemed disadvantaged, including all recognized Tribes. This can lead to the siting of “green” mineral projects in disadvantaged communities (DACs), which is problematic if such projects are unwelcome or reproduce environmental injustices. These unintended consequences are our focus. We analyze how DACs are defined and operationalized, before examining whether and under what conditions critical mineral projects could be considered beneficial for local communities. We suggest three ways to better align Justice40’s spirit with its (currently problematic) application to critical minerals and other controversial projects – (1) centering free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC) and the transparency and power restructuring needed to achieve it; (2) incentivizing community ownership to strengthen economic benefits and democratize decision making; and (3) bringing currently-exempted critical mineral activities within the purview of Justice40, particularly for the Department of Defense.

Business on Nickel Downstreaming with China and European Union Lawsuits

That the downstream nickel business between Indonesia and China aims to obtain maximum profits for the welfare of the Indonesian people, which is based on legal regulations issued by the Indonesian government. As Chinese companies are building purification and processing plants or nickel smelters in Indonesia with a large investment value, the Indonesian government obtains a substantial advantage from the export through the export of domestically processed nickel. Also, Indonesian and Chinese companies both benefit from having a nickel smelter or refining and processing factory in Indonesia. These advantages encompass Chinese investment in Indonesia, job creation in Indonesia, and increased export outcomes. However, this development has raised concerns in the European Union, primarily because Indonesia recently banned the export of nickel ore. Instead, Indonesia has encouraged the domestic processing of nickel ore to add value to nickel products. Indonesia as one of the world’s largest nickel producers has regulations in terms of nickel exports. This is stated in the Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Number 11 of 2019 concerning the Second Amendment to the Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Number 25 of 2018 concerning the Business of Mineral and Coal Mining. In this regulation, Indonesia imposes a ban on the export of nickel ore. Related to this ban, the European Union also reacted by filing a lawsuit filed at the World Trade Organization (WTO). Based on the Constitution, the welfare of the Indonesian people is the main goal through the management of natural resources, so outside parties or other countries cannot intervene.

How Does Domestic Cooking Affect the Biochemical Properties of Wild Edible Greens of the Asteraceae Family?

Wild edible greens are a key ingredient of the so-called Mediterranean diet and they are commonly used in various local dishes in their raw or processed form. Domestic processing of edible greens may affect their nutritional value and chemical profile. In this work, six wild species (e.g., Cichorium spinosum L. (S1); Centaurea raphanina subsp. mixta (DC.) Runemark (S2); Picris echioides (L.) Holub (S3); Urospermum picroides (L.) Scop. ex. F.W. Schmidt (S4); Sonchus oleraceus L. (S5); and S. asper L. (S6)) were assessed for the effect of domestic processing (boiling) on chemical composition and bioactivities. Concerning the chemical composition, glucose, oxalic acid, α-tocopherol, and α-linolenic acid were the most abundant compounds, especially in P. echiodes leaves. After decoction, mainly sugars, tocopherols, and oxalic acid were decreased. The species and processing affected the phenolic compounds content and antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and anti-inflammatory activities. Specific compounds were not previously detected in the studied species, while hydroethanolic extracts contained a higher total phenolic compound content. Hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts were effective towards a range of bacterial and fungi strains. Therefore, the consumption of leaves has health-promoting properties owing to the bioactive compounds and can be integrated into healthy diets. However, domestic cooking may affect the chemical profile and bioactivities of the edible leaves, especially in the case of free sugars and phenolic compound content where a significant reduction was recorded in leaves after decoction. On the other hand, domestic processing could be beneficial since it reduces the oxalic acid content in edible leaves, which is considered an antinutritional factor.

The Effect of Household Detergent Waste on Groundwater Quality

Domestic detergent waste has become an important concern regarding the environmental impact on groundwater quality. This research aims to investigate the effect of household detergent waste on groundwater quality and efforts to reduce the impact of pollution that can be caused by domestic detergent waste. By using qualitative data methods, this research reveals that domestic detergent waste contains various chemicals that are potentially dangerous and have negative impacts on humans and the environment, which can pollute groundwater and cause household awareness of the household environment. In addition, exposure to residues can cause health problems such as cancer. This research covers various domestic detergent waste processing solutions, including environmentally friendly use and effective waste processing, as well as the role of government in determining groundwater quality parameters. These findings can provide an important contribution to guiding sustainable environmental policies to reduce the negative impacts of domestic detergent waste on groundwater quality

Evaluating Proximate, Antinutrient, and Antioxidant Activity of Raw and Processed Quinoa (Chenopodium Quinoa Willd) Flour and Developing Food Products by Incorporating Them

Background: This study evaluates proximate, antinutrient, and antioxidant activities of raw and processed quinoa flour (RQF and PQF). Product development and sensory evaluation were also addressed to provide prospects for human consumption. Methods: Quinoa was processed by two methods - soaking and roasting. Some nutrients like moisture, ash, protein, carbohydrate, crude fibre, fat, iron, calcium, vitamin C, phytic acid, saponins, total phenol, and 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were analyzed. The recipes were made and conduct acceptability evaluation by a 9-point hedonic scale. The mean, standard deviation, and One-Way Analysis of Variance (proximate, antinutrient, antioxidant) were utilized as the statistical approach for the analysis of data. Results: The study revealed that some nutrient composition of RQF was found to be impressive with moisture (11%), ash (2.1%), protein (16.6%), crude fibre (2%), iron (11.6%), and calcium (76.1%) as compared to PQF; however, carbohydrate (69.9%), fat (9.6%), and vitamin C (9.1%) was increased in PQF, and phytic acid and saponins were decreased in all the PQF. DPPH’ free antioxidant potential was observed that RQF lowered free radical scavenging activity. In all PQF, the total phenol content was both raised and reduced. Also, proximate and antioxidant activity showed significant differences (P<0.05), and antinutrient analysis showed no significant differences (P>0.05). The two recipes were prepared as upma (soaked for 48 h), and chakli (roasted at 145 °C). Sample B of upma (50% semolina with 50% soaked quinoa flour) and sample A of chakli (75% refined flour with 25% roasted quinoa flour) were more acceptable. Conclusion: This study concluded that the use of domestic processing of quinoa seeds decreases some nutrient value compared with RQF and also infers the dietary importance of quinoa.

Pathways toward Climate-Neutral Red Meat Production

Ruminant livestock industries can support the climate stabilization ambitions of the Paris Agreement through interventions that reduce GHG emissions (predominantly biogenic methane) and sequester carbon in landscapes. This study explored pathways for the Australian red meat industry (grazing, feedlot finishing, and domestic processing) to become climate neutral, whereby the radiative forcing (RF) footprint is plateaued and there is no additional forcing contribution. Emissions timeseries (CO2, N2O, CH4) were compiled for 1990 to 2020 and projected to 2030 under a business-as-usual scenario (including an 18% increase in sheep and 13% increase in beef cattle) and with a range of production system and vegetation management interventions. The RF footprint peaked in 2018 at 7.13 mW/m2 and decreased to 7.07 mW/m2 in 2020. With the future expansion of the herd/flock and under business-as-usual conditions, the RF footprint is projected to increase by 2.8% by 2030. However, with a combination of interventions, production has the potential to increase with a decreasing RF footprint, a condition that can be described as climate neutral. The Australian red meat industry has made an historical contribution to global RF increase. However, with ongoing RF management, it is possible to increase food production within climate-neutral limits.

Small and medium-sized entities in livestock sector of the Republic of Kazakhstan: factors of increasing production volumes

The goal is to study the current situation and prospects for the development of livestock farming in the Abay region, identify main problems and determine ways to solve them, aimed at stimulating and increasing the efficiency of the industry. Methods – to prepare the article, various economic research methods were used: abstract-logical, monographic, synthesis and analysis, comparative and statistical, systematic approach. Results - analysis of the state of livestock sector in this region in 2021-2023 was carried out based on comparison of indicators of the number of livestock of farm animals and poultry, production volumes, output per unit of livestock, use of resources, feed, pasture lands, and the size of attracted investments in fixed capital. The dynamics of the amount of processed livestock products is considered, main limiting factors are identified, and the possibilities of small and medium-sized business entities for growing the potential of processing industry are shown. Conclusions - main problematic issues of livestock farms in the region include: ineffective realization of potential due to insufficient access to innovative technologies, low level of developed infrastructure, risks of livestock diseases, lack of feed, lack of domestic large processing enterprises in the dairy industry, low utilization of their production capacities . An effective and efficient tool is proposed as measures to support small agricultural producers - government procurement of food products from small farmers in the region based on the division of large contracts into lots. This method is widely used in EU countries, which has allowed small-scale farmers to expand access to the national market, increase their incomes and contributed to the growth of employment in rural areas.

Effect of Some Technological Factors of Extraction on Total Lentinan Content in Sapa Shiitake Mushroom Extract

In Vietnam, the source of shiitake mushroom is very abundant and grown in many provinces/cities, the total yield reaches hundreds of thousands of tons/per year, mainly serving the demand of domestic food processing, and did not develop into medicinal mushrooms yet. Among them, Sapa shiitake mushroom is being widely cultivated in Sapa-Vietnam, and is a raw material with great potential for lentinan exploitation. Until now, researches on extracting and obtaining lentinan in Vietnam are still limited. Those are reasons to carry out this research. The effects of solvent in combination with assistance of ultrasound wave in lentinan extracting capability in Sapa shiitake mushroom were studied. Before carrying out extracting of lentinan; The dried fruit bodies of Sapa shiitake mushroom was crushed in to 1mm. Five extracting parameters include concentration of Na0H solvent (%), proportion of Na0H solvent and raw material (v:w), extracting temperature, ultrasound time and ultrasound intensity were carried out. An extraction without the use of ultrasound for 180 min was control sample. Total lentinan content was obtained during the extracting process. The results indicated that shiitake mushrooms were extracted by using 0.35% Na0H solvent, the rate of Na0H solvent and mushrooms was 12:1 (v:w), intensity of ultrasound was 58 W/cm2, frequency was 20 kHz, extracting temperature was 65 °C, time of extraction was 6 min gave total lentinan content 1.63 times higher than the control.

Chinese State Capital as a Partner for Resource-Based Structural Transformation? The Belt and Road Initiative and Downstream Linkages in Bolivia and Kazakhstan

Lee argues that outbound Chinese state capital (CSC) is distinct from global private capital in terms of a greater willingness to accommodate recipient country priorities. This article uses the cases of Kazakhstan and Bolivia to explore this claim in relation to state-led efforts to foster structural transformation via upgrading in extractive industries (lithium and iron/steel in Bolivia, and petrochemicals in Kazakhstan). We focus particularly on attempts to move into domestic downstream processing. The article explores variation in the degree of accommodation with local demands on the part of CSC and proposes an explanatory framework for these differences, grounded in three axes. These are (i) mix of BRI drivers motivating a particular project from the Chinese side (export of industrial surplus, political relations with partner states and/or concern for resource security); (ii) nature of state-capital investment partnership (the mix of Chinese institutions and firms involved in negotiating and implementing the deal, as well as the time horizon implied by contract type); and (iii) a range of local contextual factors such as availability of alternative sources of capital, host state industrial capacities and local political conditions. Further research will be needed to refine and test this framework across other sectors and developmental goals beyond upgrading in extractives.

Performance modification of an acid gas incinerator to reduce atmospheric pollutants impact: Energy management, HAZOP and LCA analyses

In today's industrial landscape, energy management, process modification, and reduction of atmospheric concentrations of pollutants and safety risks have become paramount. This focus is driven by the need to address environmental concerns, economic efficiency, and the global energy and climate change crisis. In gas refineries, incinerators are widely used to convert deadly and environmentally polluting acid gases into less hazardous gases. Therefore, improving incinerator performance can significantly impact environmental, economic, and energy aspects. According to the results of an energy management study at the domestic gas processing plant, the acid gas incineration unit was identified as a significant energy use. Therefore, based on the effects of the performance of this incinerator from environmental and energy points of view, the mentioned unit was prioritized for modification in this work. For this purpose, incinerator performance was assessed using Promax simulation, and Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) analysis was employed to identify potential hazards. The simulations revealed that acid gas residence time was 0.81s, longer than the 0.6s initial design with the damper in place. This suggests damper removal is feasible. Removing the damper reduces residence time and lowers incinerator temperature, especially during startup. Therefore, temperature was considered as the keyword in the HAZOP study, and a number of recommendations were proposed to eliminate or mitigate the risks of system modification. Furthermore, the assistance of results obtained from energy management based on ISO 50001:2018 standards confirm improvements in energy efficiency and fuel consumption, which have positive economic and environmental impacts. Moreover, the study employs a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach using SimaPro Software 9.5.0.1 and the CML-baseline method (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) for environmental impact assessment. The results reveal that, across ten environmental impact categories, the modified project exhibits significantly reduced environmental impacts compared to its original state.

RAW MATERIAL EXPORTS REDUCTION IN TRANSFORMING THE STRUCTURE OF RUSSIA’S GDP

The article presents a thesis that a phased reduction of the share of raw materials in the total volume of Russian exports and re-direction of a much greater part of it to domestic processing and subsequent export of final high-tech products are required. The need for such structural transformation is explained not only by the intensification of anti-Russian sanctions against fuel and energy complex, including the introduction of an embargo and price ceiling for its products, but also by the urgent need for a radical change in the very type of growth of the domestic economy - from raw materials export to the one based on innovations. Such shift is associated with devising and implementing a nationwide structural government policy, designed to resist further deindustrialization of the national economy. Based on the analysis of the key imbalances of the Russian economy developed during its market transformation, with a special emphasis on the ratio of consumption, investment, government purchases and trade balance, the author offers his own vision of an algorithm for a reasonable increase in the investment quota not through reducing personal consumption, but by temporarily reducing the contribution of net exports. The analysis concludes with the description of a fundamental scheme of urgently required changes in the functional structure of Russia’s GDP with the vision of ways to prevent an excessive imbalance between the revenue and expenditure parts of the Russian state budget.

Effect of domestic heat processing techniques on the trace metals concentration in imported frozen fish products in Bayelsa State, Nigeria, and health risk assessment

IntroductionTrace metals in fish play different important roles, both for the fish itself and humans who consume them. However, some of these metals are toxic at low concentrations, and are considered as health hazards. In this study, the concentration of six trace metals (Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu, Mn and Zn) were determined in imported frozen fish species available in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The effect of domestic heat processing techniques (cooking, frying and smoking) on the trace metals concentration, and the potential risk due to consumption of these metals in fish were also evaluated. MethodsSix different species of imported frozen fish species were purchased from wholesale and retail outlets, and were prepared as raw, cooked, fried and smoked samples. A mixture of acids was used for digestion of fish samples, while Flame atomic absorption spectrometer was used for quantification of metals. The hazard index was employed for evaluating the non-carcinogenic risk of metals in fish. ResultsThe average trace metals concentration in the raw fish samples followed the order: Zn > Cu > Cd > Ni > Mn. Pb was undetected in all fish samples. The concentration of the detected trace metals ranged as follows - Cd: 3.45–9.40 mg/kg, Ni: <0.001–13.13 mg/kg, Cu: 6.10–9.95 mg/kg, Mn: <0.001–1.05 mg/kg, and Zn: 14.50–43.65 mg/kg. The Cd concentration in all raw fish species greatly exceeded its permissible limits. The effect of domestic heat processing techniques on trace metals concentration in fish did not follow any regular pattern, and only Cd concentrations exceeded its permissible limit in all heat processed fish samples. The hazard quotient (HQ) values showed that only Cd had HQ values >1 for both child and adult exposure scenarios. ConclusionThe results suggest trace metal contamination of fish samples by Cd, with significant potential non-carcinogenic risk. Since Cd is toxic, continuous screening of imported fish products is necessary, in order to safeguard public health.

Обеспечение энергетической безопасности на основе развития внутреннего производства продуктов переработки природного газа

The article presents the results of a study of energy security processes based on the development of domestic production of natural gas processing products. The structure of the global ammonia market has been studied. The possibilities of the Russian Federation for the development of domestic processing of natural gas through the use of volumes previously exported to Europe have been identified.

Physico-Chemical and Rheological Trait-Based Identification of Indian Wheat Varieties Suitable for Different End-Uses.

India has increased its wheat production phenomenally in the last two decades and it now has a buffer stock of 9.7 million tonnes. However, despite the release of several wheat cultivars, the end-use quality traits of Indian wheat varieties have not been explored in-depth to determine the increasing demand of the domestic processing industry as well as export. In this study, 55 wheat genotypes including 47 released varieties, and 8 genetic stocks were grown along with 10 Australian varieties grown during cropping seasons: 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 and diversity in different physiochemical and rheological traits was evaluated. They showed considerable diversity in all the quality traits studied. However, very few genotypes could be found suitable for any one end-use. Five genotypes were found to possess four to five traits for superior bread-making quality. Two varieties and three advanced breeding lines had up to four good chapati quality traits. None of the released varieties investigated had suitable traits for biscuit making; however, two breeding lines possessed requisite quality traits suitable for biscuit making. It is, therefore, concluded that systematic breeding efforts are required to develop genotypes that bring together the most important quality traits in a single genotype to be suitable for domestic industry as well as for export.

Implikasi Putusan World Trade Organization terhadap Larangan Ekspor Nikel Indonesia oleh Uni Eropa

Indonesia as a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is bound by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and WTO regulations. In an effort to increase domestic raw material processing, Indonesia implemented an export ban on nickel ore and other minerals. However, this action sparked protests from the European Union, leading to a lawsuit filed with the WTO. This article analyzes the WTO decision in the context of international trade principles, examining its legal applicability in Indonesia and its impact on other types of minerals. The research method used is a normative legal approach or doctrinal research. The final decision of the WTO dispute settlement panel declared that Indonesia's policy of export bans and mandatory processing of nickel minerals violated Article XI.1 of the GATT 1994. Nevertheless, Indonesia appealed the decision and remains committed to the nickel ore export ban to advance the economy and welfare of its people. Thus, this policy represents a bold step towards downstream the mining industry.

CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION THROUGH CARBON STORAGE AND PRODUCT SUBSTITUTION IN THE HUNGARIAN WOOD INDUSTRY

In our study we estimated under two different scenarios the historic and future carbon balance of the Hungarian harvested wood product (HWP) pool using the HWP-RIAL model. We also estimated the effect of product and energy substitution and the magnitude of avoided emissions based on international substitution factors. According to our results in the period 1985–2021 the average of the HWP net emissions plus substitution effects was -3,800 kt CO2. In this period the 49% of the forest industry-related climate benefits was attributable to carbon storage in forests, while 4% was attributable to carbon storage in wood products and 47% to product and energy substitution. According to our projection the HWP net emissions plus substitution effects could reach -14,994 kt CO2 up to 2050 under an intensified domestic wood processing industry. This means that product substitution benefits could be tripled, while the net removals of the HWP pool could be 5 times higher than the historic values.