Domestic Paradigm Research Articles

Формирование дискурсов уголовно-правового обеспечения национальной безопасности России

he article attempts to formulate the criminal law component of the problem of support national security, based on the National Security Strategy approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation in 2021. The authors consider the formation of the national security domestic paradigm, highlight the stages of creating a system of national security legal regulation in the Russian Federation, and assess the effectiveness of such regulation. It is concluded that the negative consequences of the reforms carried out in Russia partly themselves pose a threat to its national security. The article studies the formation of the state criminal law policy; the development of criminal law measures against terrorism, extremism, economic crime and corruption; countering the malicious use of artificial intelligence and robotics as priority areas of countering threats to national security by criminal legal means. The formation of an effective criminal legal framework for countering economic crime and corruption is associated with the development of the modern criminal and criminal-legal policy concept. The changes in Russian legislation aimed at ensuring national security through the tightening a number of the Criminal Code norms in relation to terrorist and extremist crimes after the coup d’état in Ukraine in 2014 are illustrative. The risks of malicious use of artificial intelligence require a proactive reaction of the domestic legislator. Analyzing the sphere of development of the economic foundations of the state and society, it is necessary to focus on the conditions of fierce competition from foreign goods, works and services. At the same time, it is impossible not to take into account the fact that competition is often associated not only with scientific and technological advantages, but also with various kinds of abuses on the part of legal entities, which brings the authors back to the discussion on the introduction of the institution of legal entities criminal liability in the Russian Federation.

The Morality of Unequal Autonomy: Reviving Kant’s Concept of Status for Stakeholders

Though we cherish freedom and equality, there are human relations we commonly take to be morally permissible despite the fact that they essentially involve an inequality specifically of freedom, i.e., parental and fidu- ciary relations. In this article, I argue that the morality of these relations is best understood through a very old and dangerous concept, the concept of status. Despite their historic and continuing abuses, status relations are alive and well today, I argue, because some of them are neces- sary. We must therefore carefully specify the conditions in which such status relations may morally obtain, as well as the duties of virtue and duties of right to which all parties are subject when it does (including a duty of care) to clearly articulate the ways in which these putatively moral status relations that essentially involve an asymmetry of autonomy (status relations) can go well or badly even within the context of the Kantian tradition from which our current legal and social practices arose. To this end, I offer Kant's own concept of status as a promising one because in Kant's theory, status is a nexus of virtue and right that is reducible to neither property nor contract but akin to each in familiar ways. Once status is admitted as an alternative to property and contract, status may be extended beyond Kant's domestic paradigm, most perspicuously to institu- tional ethics. In this article, I sketch a status-based theory of stakeholding that locates environmental impact, insti- tutional oppression, and other significant features of our moral landscape within a Kantian framework of duties rich enough to more accurately characterize the complexities of stakeholding than current tradition has allowed.

Chester Himes’s The Third Generation : A Dystopic Domestic Novel

For the sake of argument, imagine that you sit down to read a novel, and it opens with the following paragraphs: Spring was in the air. The bright morning sunshine had dried the dew and warmed the ground, and crocuses, bordering the front brick walk, bloomed in yellow flame. Rosebushes along the front picket fence were heavy with buds, and the tiny lacquered leaves of the spreading elderberry tree trembled as if in ecstasy. Everything seemed dazzlingly clean and dressed for an occasion. Beyond the vivid green of the sprouting grass the small frame house glistened with fresh white paint. The faces of two small children pressed wistfully against the front windowpanes gave eyes to the house. It was a pleasant house, and one could imagine it having eyes, and smiling, too, on such a morning. Professor Taylor rented it from the college president. (7) What kind of story would you anticipate from this? A sentimental tale in which the mother does her part to make the world a better place by educating her children with loving kindness and gracious moral examples? A British tale of a decorously impoverished gentleman's daughter who overcomes countless obstacles to finding love and succeeds in fulfilling a marriage plot? Given these opening paragraphs, it would be reasonable to anticipate either of these plotlines. However, these paragraphs actually open Chester Himes's 1954 novel The Third Generation, and rather than developing the serene domestic ideal portrayed in this scene, Himes proceeds to explode it. Born in 1909 into an educated, middle-class African American family in Jefferson City, Missouri, Himes spent his childhood in many locations in the Midwest and the South, as his father moved between teaching positions at various agricultural colleges. He attended Ohio State University but withdrew before he graduated. There are varying accounts given as to why he left, but perhaps the most likely story is that university officials asked him to leave the school after he brought some of his classmates to a combination speakeasy-whorehouse, where he then became involved in an altercation (Margolies and Fabre 25). Shortly after leaving college, Himes was arrested and convicted for armed robbery, serving eight years in prison. After his release from prison, he worked at various jobs and at the same time wrote and published. However, his writing offered him little in the way of financial success. Disgusted with the endemic racism of the United States, he moved to France, as Richard Wright and James Baldwin had before him. There Himes wrote a series of detective novels, which garnered him the literary notoriety and financial success that had eluded him in the United States. Himes is best known for this Harlem detective novel series, published in the late 1950s and 1960s, which features the detective duo Grave Digger Jones and Coffin Ed Johnson, who are propelled through violent, absurdist plot lines. Early on in his career, however, Himes wrote protest novels, most notably If He Hollers Let Him Go (1945), which features a young African American man who works (as Himes had) in a California shipyard during World War II. Critics have categorized Himes with other mid-twentieth-century social protest writers, such as Wright and Ralph Ellison, whose naturalism builds on the literary tradition of Theodore Dreiser and Upton Sinclair. His early novels, including The Third Generation, exude a palpable rage similar to that found in Wright's Native Son (1940) and Ellison's Invisible Man (1952). The Third Generation has received very little critical attention, and scholars who have written on it have focused mainly on the autobiographical nature of the novel. Although The Third Generation is indeed autobiographical, as a novel it would benefit from being exposed to additional critical approaches. In this article, I will focus on how Himes takes a literary-historical domestic paradigm and almost literally destroys it. …

Editor's Note: Broadcast Research in the Americas

Broadcasting and the electronic media of the Americas is the primary theme of this special issue of the Journal. U.S. scholars have studied systems all over the globe, yet little is known about our closest neighbors, especially Canada and Mexico. Included in this special issue is research from a variety of different countries of North, Central, and South America. It is intended to encourage research on the broader spectrum of international topics relating to the countries and electronic media systems of the Western Hemisphere. This issue was edited by two guest editors, David R. Spencer, Professor, Faculty of Information and Media Studies, University of Western Ontario, and Joseph D. Straubhaar, Professor, Department of Radio-Television-Film, University of Texas, Austin. These coeditors began last year with a call for papers, which produced numerous submissions. A limited number were selected for publication here to illustrate the breadth of research activities currently being undertaken. In the mid-1980s the first small steps were taken to eliminate the borders between two North America nations, Canada and the United States. Mexico eventually joined the agreement. Although it was relatively easy to figure out the dimensions under which hard goods could be shipped north and south, cultural goods were another matter. This collection of articles examines the role of North and South America media in a day and age of free trade. In many respects, it is a study in power and how one party relates to another when messages cross both borders and languages. In this issue, two articles focus on South America. Avila-Saavedra looks at the telenovela in Ecuador, a soap opera genre also popular in Mexico, Central American, and South American television. Wiley discusses the evolution of Chilean television in a rapidly approaching globalized world. Two articles focus on a history and criticism of Canadian broadcasting. Terzic provides a glimpse of policy history and political economy as it relates to the development of the pay-per-view system in Canada. Darnell and Wilson look at the sexist language of Vancouver radio, Talk Radio for Guys. Two articles on Mexico provide a look at Mexico's systems from a cultural perspective. Lozano discusses Mexico's public policies in relation to cultural diversity, and Wilkinson writes both history and critical analysis related to Mexican television within a North American Free Trade Agreement environment. Eyal and Cohen round out the Americas, researching the U.S. program Friends. Two additional articles continue the international focus of the issue, but reach across the oceans. Yuan and Webster discuss channel repertoires in Beijing, and Van Buren researches hate speech in a critical analysis of anti-Arab Web animations. The subject of international media is certainly not new to the Journal. However, as can be seen in the following JOBEM bibliography, provided by Professor Straubhaar, there has been comparatively little research from the last 50 years on U.S. systems and thus there is much yet to be accomplished. The purpose of this special issue is to provide a broad overview of what has been done, look at the current research, and hopefully provide a catalyst for future research ideas. This special issue begins with the JOBEM bibliography of research in the Americas. Next, the coeditors drafted an introduction summarizing the past research work with an eye toward the future. JOBEM Research on the Americas: A Bibliography Appelman, D. (1978). The mass media of Latin America: Selected information sources. Journal of Broadcasting, 22, 217-240. Browne, D. R. (1996). Comparing electronic media across cultures: Reflections in a myopic eye? Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 40, 265-280. Demers, F. (2003). Canadian television: The exhaustion of a domestic paradigm? Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 47, 656-661. …

Ethnic Lobbies as Transnational Actors: A Troubling Exception for International Relations

Ethnic groups capture foreign policy. Although the study of ethnic politics is relatively new, coming of age in the wake of Cold War paradigms, this view has gradually gained acceptance within academic communities. While many Cold War strategists have made the transition to thicker explanations for international relations, many holdovers have also sought to explain new developments within the unitary-rational-actor framework. Domestic theories of international relations have lent themselves to this type of realist co-optation. Ethnic groups have so far been considered sub-state actors, domestic interests which function within a state's political apparati to project their foreign policy preferences. Recent evidence on ethnic group influence challenges this domestic paradigm, however, and perhaps goes even further in dismantling realist intellectual dominance. In this paper, I argue that ethnic groups should be considered transnational actors in international relations, and as such, they pose grave challenges to traditional foreign policymaking. Because of their transnational status, under certain conditions, ethnic groups are able to exert preponderant influence over a state's foreign policy. This influence violates normative standards of state policymaking and exposes a fundamental failure of the modern nation-state.

Matter Out of Place:Paradigms for Analyzing Textile Cleaning

The approaches and judgments used in conservation cleaning, as well as in domestic cleaning, have developed as part of a social process. This paper identifies four paradigms that have influenced textile conservation cleaning: the domestic, the sacred and heroic, the art-historical, and the evidential. The domestic paradigm is based on a link that usually remains uncontested, between cleanliness and social and/ or moral worth, as demonstrated by examples drawn from literature. The effects of the other three paradigms are demonstrated through analysis of published case studies. Recognizing the contextual relationships of these influential paradigms enables curators and conservators to overtly debate and more fully document decisions about conservation cleaning.

Canadian Television: The Exhaustion of a Domestic Paradigm?

The 2003 deregulatory efforts by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) have focused American media critics' and scholars' attention on the issue of media consolidation. Yet, at the same time, consolidation and audience fragmentation have also come to characterize the television industry in Canada. These two forces, in combination with sporadic efforts to preserve Canada's bifurcated French and British heritage, have forged the agenda for many Canadian television researchers during the last decade. By 2001, the three main Canadian private television networks had become completely integrated into large Canadian trusts. CTV, the largest television network in English-speaking Canada, is now owned by Bell Canada Enterprises (BCE), which grew out of the telephone business but is now involved in almost all the telecommunications sectors, as well as in dailies through a joint venture with The Globe and Mail, a Toronto-based national newspaper. In 2001, CanWest/Global, the number two network in the English speaking markets, acquired more than 200 titles from Conrad Black's newspaper empire--Hollinger Company. Finally, TVA, the number one broadcaster in the French-speaking television market, has become part of the Quebecor print empire with subsidiaries all around the world (Demers, 2000; Centre d'etudes sur les medias [CEM], 2003). In April 2003, the Canadian Senate Communications Committee initiated a formal inquiry into a series of broadcast issues which included concentration of ownership and convergence. But at the time, lan Morrison, a spokesman for Friends of Canadian Broadcasting, noted that Canada had already developed the type of broadcast consolidation that was being met with so much resistance in the United States (Shinhat, 2003). In what may have been a belated reaction to the wave of transactions at the beginning of the new millennium, in July 2003, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunication Commission (CRTC) blocked the transfer of control of a radio chain to Quebec's TVA Group because of concerns over concentration (CRTC, July 2, 2003). For its part, the public network, which includes the English language CBC and the French language Radio-Canada, has been losing ground to the private channels, both general and specialized, with regard to audiences since the early 1980s--a trend which has become more rapid in the last ten years. Now, during the most popular viewing hours, CBC attracts less than 10% and Radio-Canada less than 15% of their respective media audiences (Cauchon, 2003; Petrowsky, 2002). The major television networks attempt to appeal to general audiences but they now find themselves in an environment where the specialized networks and digital television--a service in which the CRTC approved the launch of 300 new channels in 2002--are collectively gaining audience every day. In addition, access through cable or satellites to the American channels has further fragmented the Canadian television market. For example, in the vicinity of Quebec City, where basic cable service penetrates more than 80% of the households, that basic service offers four French speaking general channels (SRC, TVA, TQS, and Tele-Quebec), along with five specialized ones (one all-news, one for infomercials, two community channels, and one on provincial parliamentary activities), three English-speaking Canadian channels (CTV, CBC, Global), four American channels, and a few service channels that provide such things as weather and classified advertisements. In such a fragmented environment, audience members have been using their remote controls to zap programming, which adds even more flux to the viewing dynamics. The fragmented and chaotic nature of this marketplace may explain why many researchers have apparently shied away from studying Canadian television, whose ability to exert control over its potential audience seems to have evaporated with the loss of its monopolistic structure. …

The search for paradise: Japanese property investments in North America

Summary This research reports on a survey of Japanese real estate investment institutions and their behaviour in North American markets during the period 1985–1993. A number of issues are covered relating to investment motivations, Japanese perceptions of real estate values, the timing of investments, and locational choices. The article concludes that Japanese investors initially viewed North America as a real estate ‘paradise’. Yet, due to cultural differences between Japan and America, Japanese investors often made poor investment decisions which eventually soured their confidence in the overseas market. After 1990 levels of investment declined and many firms were forced to disinvest or financially restructure. It is concluded that Japanese and other real estate investors need to be wary of transposing their own domestic paradigm of how assets behave onto other property markets.

The domestic paradigm: Violence, nurturance and stereotyping of the sexes

The Women's Movement has rightly concentrated, in recent years, upon criminal assault at home (“domestic violence”) as the most pronounced field of violence against women. Violence against women on the streets is recognised as important, but to an extent has taken a backseat. Yet the dynamic that operates in male violence against women on the hearth is identical with that which operates in male violence against women outside the home. This is illustrated by reference to violence against women at work — for example, against nurses in hospitals. It is vital to acknowledge that the power and violence are directed against woman-as-sex-object, or woman-as-nurturer. It is meted out by those who require the care of a woman-as-wife, and the ministrations of a sex object. In looking at violence against women, it is crucial to find the answer to why men bash, beat, abuse, and rape women, whom they cast in the nurturant and sex-object roles.