Domestic Intelligence Research Articles

Domestic Intelligence in Nondemocratic Regimes

Domestic Intelligence in Nondemocratic Regimes

한국과 영국 정보기관의 조직체계와 직무에 관한 연구

This study aims to find the cause of problems such as political intervention and human rights violations related to the National Intelligence Service in Korea. To this end, the organization and duty of Korean and British intelligence agencies were analyzed using literature review research methods. As a result of the analysis, the study identified that the problems related to the National Intelligence Service were caused by the obscurity of the regulation - ‘domestic security information’ - under the National Intelligence Service Act and the abuse of investigative power during intelligence activities.
 British intelligence agencies collect, analyze, and exploit foreign and domestic intelligence and military intelligence, and perform espionage and counter-espionage. The role of the Security Service(MI5) is to protect national security from threats such as terrorism and espionage and to gather secret intelligence on threats to national security. The Secret Intelligence Service(MI6) works secretly overseas to gather intelligence, which is referred to as espionage.
 The controversy related to the National Intelligence Service is expected to be reduced due to the revision of the National Intelligence Service Act in 2020. In addition to this, the study proposes to separate the National Intelligence Service into each agency according to its roles of counter-espionage and foreign espionage.

Parliamentary Intelligence Oversight in Romania: Between Consolidation and Controversy

Romania represents one of the paradigmatic cases where security sector reform proceeded quickly after the collapse of the communist regime in 1989. The former Securitate was one of the most repressive intelligence services in the communist bloc and drastic reform was necessary in order to establish an efficient and trusted domestic intelligence service. Previous research by Bruneau and Matei highlighted the important steps that Romania has undertaken over the past years and argued that an efficient and robust oversight system has been built. This article addresses contemporary debates on factors triggering reform in parliamentary intelligence and focuses on Romania’s 2017 reforms. These reforms can be analyzed through the application of the “fire alarm/police patrol” model developed by Loch K. Johnson for changes in congressional oversight. By increasing and clarifying the power of the Joint Standing Committee for the Oversight of the Romanian Intelligence Service, the 2017 changes brought more clarity and more accountability to the oversight system. After 2017, the committee reverted to a “police patrol model” focusing on visits to intelligence sites and meetings with high-level intelligence officials.

Thirty Years of Jihad in Perspective, the Observations of Domestic Intelligence

AQIM, ISGS, GSIM, ISWAP... so many acronyms for so many different ideologies and political programs. The only thing they have in common is that they wage holy war in the name of a rigorous and intolerant Islam. These groups have gathered and then renamed

«Никакие сих развратных умов намерения нималейше успеть не могут»: российские власти и французские учителя в 1795 г.

The article investigates an archival file concerning a project submitted by French teachers to the Director of Elementary Schools in Moscow Guberniia in 1795. The project’s authors aimed at creating a trade union and a platform for legally authorized socializing and mutual aid. Fourteen individuals signed the project, about whom the archival file contains brief dossiers from the Secret Investigation Office (the administrative body in charge of domestic intelligence). The teachers’ initiative gave rise to correspondence between the Governor of Moscow and the Prosecutor General, as well as a direct personal appeal of the latter to the empress. All in all, the documents show the circumspect attitude of the Russian authorities toward the French community in Russia in the time of the French Revolution. The authors analyze this particular episode in the context of the history of the French community, and especially of French teachers, in eighteenth century Russia. The text of the Project for the Union of Teachers is published in the appendix.

Governmental reporting practice on extremism – Germany in comparison

ABSTRACT The reporting practice of domestic intelligence services is one of the sparse researched areas of democracy protection in European constitutional states. This article aims to lay a foundation for more detailed investigations by placing the already better explored German observation and reporting activities in the European context. To this end, it pools the results of investigations, a considerable part of them legal, evaluates the published reports and spreads the findings of a series of interviews with representatives of the security authorities and academic experts.

Learning to Think and Talk Like the Locals: The Soviet Political Police’s Efforts to Adapt in Lithuania and Ukraine, 1944-1949

ABSTRACT Following the Second World War, anti-Soviet groups emboldened by their wartime experience challenged the Soviets’ efforts to regain control over the Lithuanian and Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republics. The Soviet domestic intelligence officers, or political police, realized that if they were to have any hope of pacifying the local population and destroying these anti-Soviet groups, they needed to speak and think like the people they were surveilling. This article explores the attempts of the political police leadership to adapt their methods and organization to meet new challenges and succeed in the postwar operational environment.

Revisiting Domestic Intelligence

This article looks at the evolution of US domestic intelligence prior to and since 9/11 in light of the Capitol attacks. It also reviews the literature and practice of intelligence reform in the context of foreign comparative experience (France, UK, Canada, Australia). It looks at the promise of fusion centers, cocontemporay domestic intelligence models, and the continuing need for domestic intelligence reform. Additional Keywords: Domestic Intelligence, Intelligence Reform, Intelligence Fusion

Spying on Americans: US Intelligence, Race Protests, and Dissident Movements

Abstract Protests against racism erupt in cities across America. A White House, under siege, believes a vast conspiracy is at work, and, to uncover it, instigates a policy to spy on Americans. This is not the United States in 2020, but half a century earlier. Using a wealth of declassified records, this article explores a domestic intelligence collection program (CHAOS) instigated by two successive US administrations and conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency in the late 1960s and early 1970s. By studying this historical chapter, we observe how quickly an agency, equipped with intrusive powers, can infringe on Americans’ civil liberties when tasked by a US president. Applying this case to our contemporary context, this article argues that robust whistleblower procedures, as well as informal oversight, are powerful defenses against such abuses. Understanding why CHAOS occurred is an essential public policy first step to prevent similar abuses happening again.

TYPOLOGY OF VERBAL AGGRESSION OF prof. DOMINIC A. INFANTE: AN ATTEMPT TO PHRASEMICS ADAPTATION

The study of the phenomenon of verbal aggression is devoted to a large number of foreign and domestic intelligence, processed in different schools and areas. One such research center is the School of Communication Studies at Kent State University (UK). Its brilliant representative, the world-famous Professor Dominic A. Infante, together with his colleagues and students, has developed a programmatic line of research and theory of argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness inspiring many young communication scholars in the field. The object of the article is verbal aggression as a component of conflict communication. The subject is phrasemes denoting a certain type of verbal aggression, selected through a continuous survey of the academic dictionary of phraseology of the Ukrainian. Purpose: to identify and characterize the manifestations of verbal aggression (based on the typology of Dominic A. Infante) in Ukrainian phrasemics. The stated goal motivates the solution of the following tasks: 1) to outline the basic components of the terminological apparatus of the theory of verbal aggression in studies of Dominic A. Infante, his colleagues and students (‘verbal aggressiveness’, ‘verbal aggression’, ‘physical aggression’, ‘manifestation of verbal aggression’); 2) to describe the types of verbal aggression recorded in Ukrainian phrasemics, illustrating a specific communicative situation. Ukrainian phrasemics records all types of verbal aggression proposed by Dominic A. Infante: attack, curse, teasing, ridicule, threat, swearing, nonverbal emblems. A thorough analysis of the source base of the study shows that: а) the verbal aggression contains a negative evaluation nomination and serves as a marker of negative emotions towards the opponent (hostility, dislike, unfriendliness, dissatisfaction, anger, condemnation, evil, etc.); b) the verbal aggression actualizes severe / sharp attack, sensitive attack, attack with excessive demands; sharp condemnation with an ominous wish of failure, disaster, all evil; ridicule with caustic remarks, insulting words; calling someone names, giving nicknames; a promise to cause some evil, trouble; rude, unfriendly words and expressions and the spread of rumors, etc.; c) the attack correlates with swearing / quarreling and is accompanied by sharp, offensive words, condemnation, reproach with varying degrees of intensification; d) the threat is positioned as a warning, a warning about the transition to physical aggression; e) the main nonverbal sign is the look. We see the prospect of research in the further identification of the phrasemic specificity of the verbal aggression in a comparable aspect.

The history of domestic intelligence in the Russian empire: the 18th-19th centuries

The article aims at studying the historical formation and functioning of military and police units in the Russian Empire of the 18th-19th centuries, as well as determining some historical and legal patterns in the development of the institution of domestic intelligence. The main research method was the historical to study some historical stages, the historical and legal nature, the role of domestic intelligence and military-police units in the system of the Russian state power in the 18th-19th centuries. The scientific article also used the method of systemic analysis, deduction, induction, etc. The article concludes that the main secret services were subordinate to the Ministry of Internal Affairs from 1880 to 1917, i.e. the head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs stood between the supreme ruler (the emperor) and the heads of special services.

Surveilling and Criminalizing Austrian Muslims: The Case of ‘Political Islam’

In this commentary, I deal with how the governing conservative Austrian People’s Party (ÖVP) managed successfully to fundamentally reshape the state’s politics towards Muslim communities by introducing the terminology of ‘political Islam’ in the public discourse. I show how this affected the political discourse, how the governing ÖVP has been using institutions to produce knowledge in order to criminalize Muslimness, and how this also affected the work of the domestic intelligence agency and subsequently police operations. I argue that by introducing the notion of ‘political Islam’ came a criminalization of vocal and/or organized Muslims as well as anti-racist actors.

Colonial Sinews of Postcolonial Espionage - India and the Making of Ghana’s External Intelligence Agency, 1958-61

Based on untapped Indian archives, this article details how Delhi built Accra’s security service in 1958-61. Keen to reduce its dependency on the outgoing British colonial administration, Ghana sought India’s support when both the Cold War rivalry and the Afro-Asian Solidarity were at a peak. In doing so, Ghana inherited a similar set of problems affecting Indian intelligence, which in itself was supported by the British i.e. resorting to colonial policing methods, lack of legislative oversight, and a recruitment system based on partisan loyalties instead of professionalism. The Foreign Service Research Bureau (external intelligence) and the Special Branch (domestic intelligence) effectively secured Ghana’s first prime minister and then president Kwame Nkrumah from real and perceived adversaries. But their methods of functioning fed his authoritarian appetite –ultimately leading to an unceremonious ouster– during a highly turbulent phase in Ghanaian history. The first and only time India helped create, and unofficially lead, another country’s intelligence service, this history sheds light on India and Ghana’s approach towards intelligence in the aftermath of independence.

Domestic Intelligence: Leonora and National Security

ABSTRACT Maria Edgeworth’s epistolary novel Leonora, published in 1806, was one of her most unpopular works. To this day, it is the most under-examined novel she wrote during her period of peak popularity. Leonora tells a story of adultery that brings the dangers posed by Napoleonic France into the English domestic realm. Lady Olivia, returning to England from France, is invited by Lady Leonora to stay at L Castle, where she soon embarks on an affair with her friend’s husband. Edgeworth models this adulterous plot on Germaine de Staël’s Delphine, and she blends her mimicry of de Staël’s novel with an extensive critique of Mary Wollstonecraft’s The Wrongs of Woman; or, Maria. The target of Edgeworth’s mockery and criticism is radical sensibility, particularly its moralization of individual feeling and support for adultery and divorce. Edgeworth uses Leonora not just to support marriage and domestic attachment, but also to wrest female intellectuality back from Wollstonecraft’s tarnished reputation. Through writing a novel that debates with de Staël and Wollstonecraft, Edgeworth reclaims the female intellectual as a figure who promotes social stability; and she shows how morally strong, rational women operating from within the domestic realm can contribute to national security.

Indonesian Intelligence Reform: Recent Challenges and Opportunities for Encouraging Democratic and Professional Intelligence

This article describes the dynamics of Indonesia’s intelligence reform from combatant intelligence posture during the post-independence revolution of 1945 to the authoritarian state intelligence under the New Order regime after 1965, and to the era of intelligence reform after the 1998 reformation movement. Recently, the challenges for Indonesian intelligence institutions have shifted from the need for legislation and political policies to the need for a democratic intelligence posture and the ability to face emerging security threats. Another challenge is the sectoral rivalry between the military, police, and strategic intelligence services, all of which are oriented towards internal security threats and domestic intelligence operations. Domestic threats form a contested operational domain, a ‘grey’ zones of defense, security, and intelligence threats. © Partnership for Peace Consortium of Defense Academies and Security Studies Institutes.

The Intelligence Process in Finland

Civilian and Military Intelligence Acts entered into force in Finland on 1 June 2019. With the Finnish Security and Intelligence Service and the Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency securing new statutory powers to collect and use information on both domestic and international threats to Finland’s national defence and security, these authorities have been transformed into combined domestic security and foreign intelligence services. The intelligence reform represents the most profound change ever made in the Finnish security sector, and it will have a major impact on the work of Finnish intelligence authorities in the years to come. How then is the Finnish intelligence organised as a process? This article aims to distinguish norms regulating the intelligence process from the vast intelligence legislation, and to organise this legal substance into four stages: (1) steering, (2) collection, (3) processing and analysis, and (4) sharing. The second objective is to identify areas of development in the intelligence process and suggest law and policy recommendations for the future.

Spying: Assessing U.S. Domestic Intelligence Since 9/11

Spying: Assessing U.S. Domestic Intelligence Since 9/11

Digital surveillance and access to encrypted communications in Australia

Australia’s counterterrorism laws have significantly expanded the powers of its law enforcement and intelligence agencies with regard to digital surveillance. In this article, we explain and evaluate Australia’s counterterrorism laws with respect to intercepting telecommunications, other forms of digital surveillance and access to encrypted communications. We focus on the statutory powers held by federal law enforcement agencies and the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO), Australia’s domestic security intelligence agency. These powers confirm several important trends. They have further blurred the lines between intelligence and evidence and they have granted law enforcement and ASIO extraordinary powers to modify consumer technologies. They also create significant potential for conflict of laws across national boundaries. Significant strengthening of existing accountability mechanisms is needed to ensure public transparency and reduce opportunities for misuse.

Software architecture for enhancing interagency collaboration on intelligence and records management

At a time Nigeria is facing internal security challenges such as Boko Haram insurgency, kidnapping, armed banditry, ethno-religious crisis, etc, it became imperative for authorities to look for ways of strengthening the effectiveness of security agencies. Information Technology (IT) has the potential of improving service delivery as demonstrated in many sectors of the economies of both developed and developing countries. Critical to the utilization of hardware in organizations is well-engineered software built based on good architecture. This paper proposes software architecture or model for building software application that provides enabling environment for security agencies to work in synergy in the management of domestic intelligence information and records. The proposed architecture was implemented and the two-step authentication technique employed was effective in making the software secured and robust.Keywords: Software architecture, Inter-agency collaboration, Records management

A magyar hírszerző és elhárító szervek története 1918-tól a II. világháború végéig

A hírszerzés és az elhárítás szerves részei a biztonságért felelős szervezetek mindenkori tevékenységének. Akár politikáról, háborúról, gazdaságról vagy bűnüldözésről van szó, az arra hivatottak igyekeznek minél többet megtudni vagy megőrizni ezek titkaiból. A politikai hatalom, a társadalmi viszonyok és a környező világ változásai erőteljes hatással vannak az erre hivatott szervezetek átalakulásaira és munkájára. A tanulmány a hazai hírszerzés és elhárítás szervezeti fejlődését kívánja bemutatni ezen külső hatásokkal párhuzamosan, két részben. Az első rész az önálló magyar hírszerzés és elhárítás kialakulásától a II. világháború befejezésig mutatja be ezen szervezetek fejlődését, változásait. A katonai szolgálatok megalakulása, a csendőrség és a rendőrség politikai rendészeti osztályainak felépítése, vezetői, valamint a társadalmi környezetből eredő folyamatos átalakulásuk jól tükrözik a kor viszontagságait. A nácizmus térnyerése, majd a II. világháború eseményei szintén folyamatos változásokat eredményeztek az állambiztonsági közösségben is. A szervezetek bemutatásán túl érdekes az egyes vezetők további sorsa is, amely információk kevésbé közismertek. Volt, akit kivégeztek, volt, aki külföldre menekült, de volt, aki hátat fordított a szolgálatoknak, és hosszú életkor ért meg egyszerű nyugdíjasként.