Domestic Distribution System Research Articles

Analysis of the impact of domestic distribution systems on the dynamics of changes in tap water quality as a necessary element of risk management in the Warsaw Water Supply System - a case study, Poland

Analysis of the impact of domestic distribution systems on the dynamics of changes in tap water quality as a necessary element of risk management in the Warsaw Water Supply System - a case study, Poland

The CASPER project: an integrated approach for pollution risk assessment in peri-urban groundwater catchment areas

Abstract. In 2020, the European Union has established a recast of the 1998 EU Directive on the quality of water intended for human consumption, hereafter called Drinking Water Directive – DWD. One of the most significant innovative point in this recast is the introduction of an innovative “complete risk-based approach to water safety, covering the whole supply chain from the catchment area, abstraction, treatment, storage and distribution to the point of compliance” (article 7). In practice, a 3-level risk assessment and risk management is expected: (1) at the level of the catchment area (article 8), (2) at the level of the water supply systems (article 9) and (3) at the level of the domestic distribution system (article 10). In this context, the CASPER project, funded by SPGE in the Walloon Region of Belgium, aims at developing an integrated approach for the evaluation and management of pollution risks for peri-urban groundwater catchments. The approach, which fully complies with the requirements of the DWD recast, consists of several key components. First, point and diffuse pollution sources are identified in the groundwater catchment area based on a mapping of hazardous activities combined with a specific groundwater monitoring survey aiming at identifying specific tracers of such sources of pollution. In a second step, risks associated to each of the identified source of pollution is estimated based on the measurement of pollutant mass fluxes and mass discharges downgradient these sources. Finally, a groundwater flow and transport model is developed at the scale of the groundwater catchment area, with the aim of evaluating the cumulative effect of the multiple sources on groundwater quality deterioration in the catchment and at the abstraction points. The objective here is to describe the CASPER approach and to illustrate it using ongoing investigations in a peri-urban groundwater catchment exploiting groundwater from a chalk aquifer in Western Belgium.

분산전원 연계변압기의 전압 탭을 고려한 Volt-Var 제어 곡선 적합성 연구

This paper studies and proposes the Volt-Var control curve considering DER(Distributed Energy Resources) transformer voltage tap. As DER is increasing around the world, DER is required to have a system support function for power system stability. Recently, even in Korea, the power system support function is required for the DER. In particular, the Volt-Var reactive power function will be used to solve the overvoltage problem caused by the increase in generation of DER in distribution system. DER in the domestic distribution system uses a transformer to connect into the distribution system, and the transformer voltage tap is set differently depending on the system situation. Therefore, this paper analyzes the suitability of the Volt-Var control curve in the domestic system by considering the transformer voltage tap, and suggests a method for setting the Volt-Var control curve suitable for the domestic system.

Bisphenol A in drinking water – occurrence in domestic distribution systems after coating of pipes with epoxide resins

LebensmittelchemieVolume 76, Issue S2 p. S2-067-S2-067 Abstracts der Poster-Flashtalks Bisphenol A in drinking water – occurrence in domestic distribution systems after coating of pipes with epoxide resins Dr. T. Nietner, Dr. T. Nietner Fellbach/D Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Stuttgart, Schaflandstr. 3/2, 70736 Fellbach/DSearch for more papers by this authorC. Breitling-Utzmann, C. Breitling-Utzmann Fellbach/DSearch for more papers by this authorN. Bauer, N. Bauer Fellbach/DSearch for more papers by this authorM. Heinz, M. Heinz Fellbach/DSearch for more papers by this authorR. Perz, R. Perz Fellbach/DSearch for more papers by this author Dr. T. Nietner, Dr. T. Nietner Fellbach/D Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Stuttgart, Schaflandstr. 3/2, 70736 Fellbach/DSearch for more papers by this authorC. Breitling-Utzmann, C. Breitling-Utzmann Fellbach/DSearch for more papers by this authorN. Bauer, N. Bauer Fellbach/DSearch for more papers by this authorM. Heinz, M. Heinz Fellbach/DSearch for more papers by this authorR. Perz, R. Perz Fellbach/DSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 September 2022 https://doi.org/10.1002/lemi.202259040AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume76, IssueS2September 2022Pages S2-067-S2-067 RelatedInformation

Bisphenol A in drinking water – occurrence in domestic distribution systems after coating of pipes with epoxide resins

LebensmittelchemieVolume 76, Issue S2 p. S2-267-S2-267 Lebensmittelüberwachung, Qualitätssicherung und Handelslabore (LQH) Bisphenol A in drinking water – occurrence in domestic distribution systems after coating of pipes with epoxide resins Dr. T. Nietner, Dr. T. Nietner Fellbach/D Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Stuttgart, Schaflandstr. 3/2, 70736 Fellbach/DSearch for more papers by this authorC. Breitling-Utzmann, C. Breitling-Utzmann Fellbach/DSearch for more papers by this authorN. Bauer, N. BauerSearch for more papers by this authorM. Heinz, M. Heinz Fellbach/DSearch for more papers by this authorR. Perz, R. Perz Fellbach/DSearch for more papers by this author Dr. T. Nietner, Dr. T. Nietner Fellbach/D Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Stuttgart, Schaflandstr. 3/2, 70736 Fellbach/DSearch for more papers by this authorC. Breitling-Utzmann, C. Breitling-Utzmann Fellbach/DSearch for more papers by this authorN. Bauer, N. BauerSearch for more papers by this authorM. Heinz, M. Heinz Fellbach/DSearch for more papers by this authorR. Perz, R. Perz Fellbach/DSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 September 2022 https://doi.org/10.1002/lemi.202259216AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume76, IssueS2September 2022Pages S2-267-S2-267 RelatedInformation

Incorporation of Microgrid Technology Solutions to Reduce Power Loss in a Distribution Network with Elimination of Inefficient Power Conversion Strategies

The increase in energy-efficient DC appliances and electronic gadgets has led to an upheaval in the usage of AC–DC power convertors; hence, power loss in converter devices is cumulatively increasing. Evolving microgrid technology has also become deeply integrated with the conversion process due to increased power converters in its infrastructure, significantly worsening the power loss situation. One of the practical solutions to this disturbance is to reduce conversion losses in domestic distribution systems through the optimal deployment of the battery storage system and solar PV power using microgrid technology. In this paper, a novel energy management system is developed that uses a new control algorithm, termed Inefficient Power Conversion Elimination Algorithm (IPCEA). The proposed algorithm compares the Net Transferable Power (NTP) available on the DC side with the loss rate across the converter. The converter is switched off (or disconnected from the grid and load) if the NTP is less than 20% of the converter rating to avoid low-efficiency power conversion. The solar PV system is connected to the DC bus to supply the DC loads while the AC loads are supplied from the AC source (utility power). An auxiliary battery pack is integrated to the DC side to feed DC loads during the absence of solar energy. A battery energy storage system (BESS) is deployed to manage energy distribution effectively. The power distribution is managed using a centralized microgrid controller, and the load demand is met accordingly. Thereby, the power generated by the solar PV can be utilized effectively. Microgrid technology’s effectiveness is emphasized by comparative analysis, and the achievements are discussed in detail and highlighted using a prototype model.

Changes of microbiological parameters of water in domestic distribution system in terms of water supply safety

Changes of microbiological parameters of water in domestic distribution system in terms of water supply safety

국내 배전계통에서의 CVR 계수 추정 및 경제적 효과 분석 적용 방안

In this paper, the CVR estimation method is proposed using the direct method. This method calculates the voltage change and the load change for the same time period when the tap of a main transformer in a substation changes. Through these CVR estimation results, economic analysis is conducted by analying the CVR effect of the domestic distribution systems. Based on the estimated CVR factor, a representative model of the domestic distribution system is assumed, and economic analysis is evaluated through CVR effect analysis when CVR control is operated. Demand reduction of a substation and line loss reduction costs are calculated using the CVR factor and voltage reduction. Through this analysis, CVR in distribution systems can be expected to reduce the power loss cost and power plant construction cost.

Pollution impact of residential loads on distribution system and prospects of DC distribution

Unlike in the previous decades, the recent past saw the advent of many modern appliances in residential buildings. The unique feature in most of these appliances is that they use direct current (dc) in their internal circuits. With an already established alternating current (ac) distribution system in the present scenario, this situation calls for an in-depth analysis for a suitable dc distribution scheme to improve power quality and efficiency. In this paper an extensive survey of loads is conducted in various residential buildings supplied by different distribution transformers and their harmonic pollution impact on the system is investigated. To improve the efficiency and power quality of the traditional domestic distribution system, a dc distribution scheme is proposed which reduces harmonics and neutral loading of distribution transformers. The scheme can be made effective by shifting the harmonic inducing loads to the dc network side. This system also eliminates redundant power conversion stages involved in the integration of renewable energy sources in the conventional distribution system. The effectiveness of the system is validated by simulating a prototype distribution system and the results are verified experimentally.

Analysis for Evaluating the Impact of PEVs on New-Town Distribution System in Korea

This paper analyzes the impact of Plug-in Electric vehicles(PEVs) on power demand and voltage change when PEVs are connected to the domestic distribution system. Specifically, it assesses PEVs charging load by charging method in accordance with PEVs penetration scenarios, its percentage of total load, and voltage range under load conditions. Concretely, we develop EMTDC modelling to perform a voltage distribution analysis when the PEVs charging system by their charging scenario was connected to the distribution system under the load condition. Furthermore we present evaluation algorithm to determine whether it is possible to adjust it such that it is in the allowed range by applying ULTC when the voltage change rate by PEVs charging scenario exceed its allowed range. Also, detailed analysis of the impact of PEVs on power distribution system was carried out by calculating existing electric power load and additional PEVs charge load by each scenario on new-town in Korea to estimate total load increases, and also by interpreting the subsequent voltage range for system circuits and demonstrating conditions for countermeasures. It was concluded that total loads including PEVs charging load on new-town distribution system in Korea by PEVs penetration scenario increase significantly, and the voltage range when considering ULTC, is allowable in terms of voltage tolerance range up to a PEVs penetration of 20% by scenario. Finally, we propose the charging capacity of PEVs that can delay the reinforcement of power distribution system while satisfying the permitted voltage change rate conditions when PEVs charging load is connected to the power distribution system by their charging penetration scenario.

Molybdenum distributions and variability in drinking water from England and Wales.

An investigation has been carried out of molybdenum in drinking water from a selection of public supply sources and domestic taps across England and Wales. This was to assess concentrations in relation to the World Health Organization (WHO) health-based value for Mo in drinking water of 70 μg/l and the decision to remove the element from the list of formal guideline values. Samples of treated drinking water from 12 water supply works were monitored up to four times over an 18-month period, and 24 domestic taps were sampled from three of their supply areas. Significant (p < 0.05) differences were apparent in Mo concentration between sources. Highest concentrations were derived from groundwater from a sulphide-mineralised catchment, although concentrations were only 1.5 μg/l. Temporal variability within sites was small, and no seasonal effects (p > 0.05) were detected. Tap water samples collected from three towns (North Wales, the English Midlands, and South East England) supplied uniquely by upland reservoir water, river water, and Chalk groundwater, respectively, also showed a remarkable uniformity in Mo concentrations at each location. Within each, the variability was very small between houses (old and new), between pre-flush and post-flush samples, and between the tap water and respective source water samples. The results indicate that water distribution pipework has a negligible effect on supplied tap water Mo concentrations. The findings contrast with those for Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, and Cd, which showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in concentrations between pre-flush and post-flush tap water samples. In two pre-flush samples, concentrations of Ni or Pb were above drinking water limits, although in all cases, post-flush waters were compliant. The high concentrations, most likely derived from metal pipework in the domestic distribution system, accumulated during overnight stagnation. The concentrations of Mo observed in British drinking water, in all cases less than 2 μg/l, were more than an order of magnitude below the WHO health-based value and suggest that Mo is unlikely to pose a significant health or water supply problem in England and Wales.

Metal leaching in drinking water domestic distribution system: an Italian case study

The objective of this study was to evaluate metal contamination of tap water in seven public buildings in Brescia (Italy). Two monitoring periods were performed using three different sampling methods (overnight stagnation, 30-min stagnation, and random daytime). The results show that the water parameters exceeding the international standards (Directive 98/83/EC) at the tap were lead (max = 363 μg/L), nickel (max = 184 μg/L), zinc (max = 4900 μg/L), and iron (max = 393 μg/L). Compared to the total number of tap water samples analyzed (122), the values higher than limits of Directive 98/83/EC were 17 % for lead, 11 % for nickel, 14 % for zinc, and 7 % for iron. Three buildings exceeded iron standard while five buildings exceeded the standard for nickel, lead, and zinc. Moreover, there is no evident correlation between the leaching of contaminants in the domestic distribution system and the age of the pipes while a significant influence is shown by the sampling methods.

Selected Indicators of the National Distribution System Dependability

The article discusses a significant problem, which is the analysis of the dependability of the national distribution system. The distribution of selected failure rates was analysed in two perspectives: dependability analysis at the local utility company level, and for the distribution power system. In the first part of the paper failure rates are analysed for five domestic utility companies. The second part presents an analysis of the distribution of SAIDI, SAIFI and MAIFI indicators for domestic distribution system operators in 2007–2012. DOI: 10.12736/issn.2300-3022.2013403 Introduction A power system (SEE) is one of the most important engineering systems developed and operated by man. The SEE primary role is reliable delivery of demanded electricity with the required quality to each customer. In market conditions the SEE operation and further development requires the assurance of quality energy supply to consumers in a commercially reasonable manner. The quality of electric power supply consists of: quality of supplied electricity, dependability of supply, and quality of customer service. The quality of supplied electricity and dependability of the supply is essentially determined by the SEE dependability [1]. Dependability of the entire SEE consists of the operability degrees of individual system components responsible for electricity generation, transmission and distribution to customers. Unfortunately, in general, the importance and role of individual SEE elements is visible only at the time when they do not perform their functions properly, for example when there is no electricity supply caused by a failure. Unexpected depriving consumers of electricity supply may cause serious damage to property, and constitute a threat to people and equipment. Precise and unambiguous definition of dependability measures for each group of power equipment enables the identification of critical SEE items. This knowledge enables SEE performance improvement by way of upgrading the most failure-prone items, or use of newer technologies, thereby raising the dependability level of the entire SEE. Pursuant to current legal regulations, the domestic distribution system operators (DSOs) are responsible for the level of electricity supply dependability. The ongoing changes in the energy sector can be seen both in terms of changes in the ways of organizing its operations, as well as of a search for the best ways to improve the existing grid infrastructure’s performance. Not without significance is the current issue of the SEE implementation based on Smart Grid premises. The dependability indicators most frequently determined for power distribution systems include: number of shutdowns in a certain period of time, total duration of interruptions in the supply of electricity in a specified time period, number of faulty equipment items (in each group), and SAIFI, SAIDI and MAIFI indicators widely used in international practice. A very important problem encountered in the determination of grid dependability indicators is the lack of available data, due to the general absence of dependability services in utilities (ZE). Analyzing network failure, one should also be aware that this data is collected in a hierarchical manner, i.e. from individual energy districts (RE) to ZE headquarters, and then to the respective DSO branches. Typically only the averages of received dependability data are disclosed in reference publications. The lack of details of this data’s distribution between individual ZE utility companies does not allow for a complete analysis of the issue. This paper discusses the analysis of selected failure rates in two perspectives: dependability analysis as seen from the local utility company level, and for the entire domestic distribution power system. In the first part of the paper failure rates are analysed for five ZE utility companies operated by domestic DSOs. The second part presents an analysis of SAIDI, SAIFI and MAIFI indicators developed for the national distribution system on the basis of data posted on DSO websites in 2007–2012. Selected standards and legislation concerning the dependability One of the documents explaining notions related to dependability issues is PN-N-50191 93 standard “Glossary of electrical M. Kornatka | Acta Energetica 4/17 (2013) | 27–32

Towards an improved human exposure assessment for contaminants in drinking water released by products used for domestic water distribution

Substances migrated from products or micro-organisms released from biofilms in the domestic distribution system may affect the quality of tap water. The approach to protect consumers against these possible contaminants and specifically the sampling protocol for compliance monitoring at the tap is not well described in the European Drinking Water Directive. Regulators of the member states like to have guidance. This paper describes the issue and proposes a possible approach.

22.9 kV-Y 계통에서 지락고장이 인체 및 저압설비의 안전에 미치는 영향

This paper presents experimental results on the safety of persons and protection of low-voltage equipments of the sub-station due to a single-phase ground fault in 22.9 kV-Y distribution system. In order to evaluate the hazard voltages and the stress voltage of the low-voltage(LV) equipment due to faults between high-voltage systems and earth based on the newly prescribed KS C IEC 60364 standard series, the verification tests in a 22.9[kV] neutral multiple grounding system were carried out. From the experimental results, we introduce serious problems causing some discomfort when applying KS C IEC 60364 standard series to the existing domestic distribution system and the effective protective measures against temporary overvoltages due to a ground fault in the common grounding which is combined the 22.9 kV-Y grounding and the customer`s installation grounding are proposed. As a consequence, it was found that the equipotential bonding is an important prerequisite for the effectiveness of the protective measures for the safety of persons and LV equipment in the combined 22.9 kV-Y and low-voltage grounding system.

State Regulation of Canadian Pharmacies: A Prescription to Violate the Supremacy Clause

“This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States … shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.”Under the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution, federal law, such as the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (“FDCA”), is supposed to be the “supreme Law of the Land.” The FDCA establishes a national closed domestic distribution system for approved prescription drugs in an effort to ensure drug integrity and safety. In doing so, it purportedly sets the “gold standard” for prescription drugs regulation around the world. Lately, though, this “gold standard” has been tarnished by personal importation, the practice of buying prescription drugs directly from foreign pharmacies—primarily Canadian—in conflict with the FDCA's restrictions on unapproved drugs and importation.

Levels of exposure from drinking water

The relative exposure from drinking water is generally small, although there is a lack of information on total daily intake of individual organic micropollutants. There are, however, a few exceptions. Materials used in domestic distribution systems (lead, copper and plastics) may cause a deterioration of the water quality, especially in stagnant water. The relative exposure to the related compounds may increase considerably. Monitoring data from the tap (with defined sampling techniques) are needed. Also, disinfection/oxidation by-products (bromate, trihalomethanes) can be present in drinking water in considerable amounts and the relative exposure from drinking water may even approach 100%. Especially for volatile organic micropollutants, exposure routes from drinking water other than ingestion must be taken into account (inhalation, percutaneous uptake). When there is a need for detection of substances at very low levels it is important that the measurements are reliable. International interlaboratory comparisons for organic micropollutants are lacking at the moment.

Japanese import demand behavior: The cointegration approach

Acknowledging the effect of the structural break in late 1985, a Perron-type detrending method is adopted with respect to the variables concerned with Japanese import demand. The detrended series are revealed to be nonstationary and not cointegrated, making previous research invalid. This implies that the traditionally used market force variables cannot explain Japanese import demand well, even for the officially well-liberalized period. Closed minds or a private barrier such as the peculiar domestic distribution system not related to the Japanese government's official liberalization measure seem to be important in explaining Japanese import demand behavior.

The "Sogo Shosha": Japan's Multinational Trading Companies.

The sogo shosha, Japan's general trading companies, are regarded as a key element in the country's rapid economic growth after World War II and its great success in international trade. In Japanese fiscal year 1975, the ten largest sogo shosha had total sales of $155 billion, accounting for 56 percent of Japan's exports and imports, 18 percent of domestic wholesale trade, and 31 percent of GNP. On the international level, the transactions of these companies in the same year were 5 percent of world export trade. This book—the first comprehensive, English-language work on the sogo shosha—systematically describes and analyzes the basic characteristics, business methods, sales and profit trends, strategies, national roles, global reach, strengths and weaknesses, and future prospects of these global trading conglomerates. In examining both the national and the global facets of the sogo shosha, the author presents the economic and social origins of the ten largest companies, how they differ from the pre-World War II zaibatsu, and how they resemble and differ from Western multinational corporations. A wealth of statistical and tabular material supplements his account of the sogo shosha as Japan's chief importers of foodstuffs, raw materials, and equipment; as the advance guard of Japanese exports; as a driving force to rationalize the domestic distribution system; and as investor-organizers of multinational overseas natural resource development programs.

The changing pattern of distribution

Over the last decade the domestic distribution function has changed its internal and external appearance in order to meet the needs of the market, and enable companies to remain competitive in the market place. The object of this paper is threefold: firstly, to define what changes have occurred within the domestic distribution system; secondly, to identify the reasons for these changes; and thirdly, to forecast future developments within the marketing channel structure. Recently there have been considerable improvements in productivity within the distribution function leading to both absolute cost reductions and increases in customer service levels. Four main factors are considered to have influenced these changes. Firstly, improved management awareness in the role of the distribution functions. Secondly, a significant number of technical developments affecting the operating activities within the distribution function. Thirdly, structural change within the channel and co-operation between the independent channel memebers. Finally, the external channel environment has changed considerably as a result of urban renewal programmes and increasing Government constraints. The methods by which management could achieve change with the distribution function are identified and an outline is given of the problems which may be encountered in the process. It is forecast that planning activities will play an important role in developing the distribution system to meet the market needs of the future.