Domestic Commerce Research Articles

Impact of Russia-Ukraine War on International Trade and Finance

Abstract: Beyond its geopolitical roots, the conflict between Russia and Ukraine has had a significant effect on international trade and finance in both countries. This study explores the complex effects of the Russia-Ukraine conflict on national economies. This study examines the complex interactions between the factors influencing the internal trade and finance sectors using a thorough research technique that incorporates qualitative and quantitative assessments. This study investigates interruptions in supply networks, changes in trade patterns, and the difficulties experienced by firms in navigating geopolitical uncertainty in order to determine the impact on domestic commerce. The examination also explores the world of finance, investment environments, and currency stability. This research reveals complex insights into the dynamic economic landscape driven by geopolitical tensions through meticulous data collecting and strong analytical techniques. The results of this study show how the conflict between Russia and Ukraine has had a significant impact on domestic trade and finance. Businesses must adapt to shifting markets and geopolitical concerns while facing unprecedented obstacles. Financial institutions struggle with volatility, which calls for creative approaches to guarantee stability. Additionally, this research reveals policy ramifications, providing useful information for governments and companies looking to be resilient in the face of geopolitical unrest. In the end, this research offers useful information that is crucial for financial institutions, corporations, and governments in addition to advancing scholarly discourse. Stakeholders may successfully manage obstacles by comprehending the complex interactions between geopolitical conflicts and national economies. This will promote economic stability and sustainable growth in the face of difficulty.

Promoting Domestic Commerce for Sustainable Pro-poor Growth

To frame the issue, two characteristics of Pakistan should be noted. First, Pakistan has a very large market of 160 million people. For decades, this fact has been ignored in policy because of the focus on production and exports.1 Second, a large and growing population has now produced a huge youth bulge in the population which will work itself out for much of this century: 50 percent of the population is “under 20”.2 Progress of the spread of education has been slow, leaving this bulge largely unskilled, and hence with limited employment possibilities. Domestic commerce is the most pro-poor growth possibility in the country. Currently, it employs about 40 percent of the labour force and contributes about 52 percent to GDP. If it can be provided with an enabling environment, our estimates suggest that it could help increase the growth rate by at least 2 percentage points. In addition, a pick up of activity in this area would increase employment substantially. Following this agenda would need a huge increase in construction activity, strong development in hotelling, retail shop, transport, warehousing, storage, and other service industries. The employment impact of this would be far larger than through investment in any other sector.

The Economic Crisis of the 1690s in England

AbstractBeginning in 1689, England was struck by not one but three economic shocks. First, the war against France – Europe's greatest military power – attracted swarms of hostile warships and privateers that heavily damaged English maritime trade, while military expenses also led to a doubling of the tax burden. Second, wartime conditions and government mismanagement sparked a currency crisis in 1695–7 that halted much domestic commerce and caused a run on the recently founded Bank of England. Third, William III's reign brought rapid inflation in the cost of the necessities of life, especially food and fuel, which resulted in prolonged widespread hunger from 1693 onwards. Yet, these hardships have rarely received more than a passing mention in political histories of the Glorious Revolution and do not fit easily into the narratives of economic expansion in the later Stuart period. Close analysis of these ‘hard times’ demonstrates the limits of histories that emphasize long-term developments over short-term crises. Using evidence from a wide range of local and national archives, this article shows the impact of these shocks on the lives of ordinary people.

Channelling violence at sea: States, international trade and the transformation of naval forces from the high Middle Ages to the age of steam

Certain late medieval changes in government practices, influenced by political developments and technological changes at sea, led to increasing limitations to acts of violence on European oceans and seas. The motivation of states became more overtly economic through the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. From around 1650 the expansion in trade, and most especially long distance trade, led to changes in the role, composition and size of naval forces. By the first decades of the nineteenth century nations directed their navies and violence at sea in general at protecting domestic commerce and disrupting that of any enemy.

Effect of Dividend on Stock Price: A Case of Fuel and Power Industries in Bangladesh

Dividend policy is an extensively researched topic in the arena of investments but still it remains an enigmatic that whether Dividend Policy affects the Stock Prices or not. The consequences of researches conducted in different stock markets are different. In Bangladesh, capital market investment is very essential and significant for the growth and market capitalization of domestic industry, trade and commerce. In current years Bangladesh had faced many precarious situations in its stock market. The Stock price reactions to the declaration of dividend of the fuel and power industry of Bangladesh are empirically examined. This study examines stock price reactions of listed dividend paying fuel and power industries in Dhaka stock exchange, Bangladesh for period of 11 years from of 2008-2018. This study will help us to make effective dividend decisions and effective implementation of dividend policies. In this study, Fixed Effect Model along with Random Effect Model have been used to estimate results. Both Models are implemented on panel data for explaining the association between dividend payments and share prices while controlling logarithm value of Profit after Tax, Earnings per Share and Return on Equity. The research is accompanied with a view to find whether the dividend announcement convey any evidence to the market that results a stock price volatility for adjusting the dividend announcement information while controlling the variables like Profit After Tax Earnings, Per Share and Return on Equity. The study also tested both the Models and found Random Effect Model is more significant than Fixed Effect Model. The result documented on the Random Effect Model shows that there are significant relationship with Retention Ratio, dividend per share and Return on Equity. In addition, Profit after tax shows the negative significant association and Earning per Shares insignificant with the share prices in Bangladesh Fuel and Power sector.

16世紀 對中貿易의 盛況과 國內商業

This paper is a research on the prosperity of the trade with China in the 16th century, focusing on domestic commerce and intermediary trade by Joseon merchants.BR In the 16th century, since King Joongjong’s reign, the private trade with China using silver was actively developed by Joseon silver produced in Dancheon and other regions by Joseon merchants. After then, around the last year of King Joongjong’s reign, the large influx of Japanese silver resulted in the prosperity of the trade with China. In the course, sanctions by Chinese government and criticisms by its people upon the private trade accompanied with Sahaeng(使行) grew.BR During this period, the trade with China was grounded on the growth of domestic commerce since the late 15th century. Therefore, not just the import of luxury goods, but also the silk weaving industry using Chinese silk thread, developed in Joseon, and affordable processed ginseng product called Pasam (把蔘) which targeted general public was produced and exported.BR In the 16th century, Joseon merchants were monopolistic in the intermediary trade of the early Japanese silver, Chinese silk fabrics and silk thread. However, after King Myeongjong’s reign, this initiative intermediary trade of Joseon merchants diminished, as the direct trade between China and Japan increased.

A Look At The Merchant Marine Act Of 1920: Is It Time For The U.S. To Change Course?

Due to recent changes in global shipping, we investigate the Merchant Marine Act of 1920 – also known as the Jones Act. When constructed, our governing body decided that the Act was necessary for the country’s naval defenses and for proper growth of foreign and domestic commerce. The plan was for the fleet to be owned and operated privately by citizens of the United States. However, in today’s economic conditions some are wondering if the Jones Act is a liability to foreign commerce. In our work, we explore the advantages of naval defense and shipbuilding as well as the disadvantages on commerce and U.S. transportation infrastructure. To conclude, we offer opinions for policy changes to create a more level playing field for the U.S. to compete in global logistics.

Protecting Consumers in Privacy and Data Security: A Perspective of Information Economics

This note provides an economic approach to consumer privacy and data security based on the extensive economic literature on how information flows, and is used, in the marketplace. We apply that approach to consumer protection in privacy and data security, as a step toward the ultimate goal of facilitating well-grounded cost-benefit analysis of future policy and law enforcement action in this area. Over the past two decades, the FTC has led the governmental effort to protect the integrity of consumer privacy choices in the market. This note attempts to describe the economic basis for that work in one coherent piece. Given the scope of the topic, this note is only a first step in providing clarity on the economic perspective on consumer protection in this area. We hope the note will improve future actions in privacy and data security. As a matter of scope, we do not discuss the potential implications of privacy and data security for antitrust or competition. Nor do we discuss data access and data use beyond domestic commerce. We also do not claim to provide the economics of privacy and data security. Other authors have provided the basic research and surveys that this work builds on. Other perspectives might usefully focus on how property rights in information influence the creation and flow of information through the market, or how structuring privacy as a human right would change markets and influence social welfare. Such other perspectives might also facilitate cost-benefit analyses of privacy and data security policy and enforcement. In comparison, we articulate privacy and data security issues primarily in information economic terms. In particular, we highlight the distinction between process and outcome: while an individual’s privacy outcome is the realized restriction on the flow and use of information, the process that leads to that outcome depends on many parties. The decisions that each of those parties make about how that information flows, and the control that each party exercises over the flow of the individual’s information, all contribute to the privacy outcome. The distinction between process and outcome is important. This is in part because while consumers may prefer more or less privacy – the outcome – given a particular situation, they all want themselves, and by extension the sellers they interact with, to have a certain amount of control over the flow. In line with other areas of market intervention, a focus on the process ensures that consumers and sellers have the tools to exercise appropriate control on the process. In turn, this should help bolster a healthy market to facilitate and honor their choice of privacy. This approach is in contrast to a more paternalistic approach that attempts to determine consumer preferences on privacy outcomes and directly impose that determination on the market. Next, we articulate how consumer-to-seller information flows are more complicated in practice than the typical seller-to-consumer information flows that typically concern the FTC in other areas, such as advertising enforcement. In particular, information flows generated by a transaction can persist over time and create effects outside of that initial transaction. These persistent effects often complicate market incentives. Because the persistence of information can cause commitment problems, and tends to exacerbate information asymmetry and externality, it is more starkly important for policy makers to foster a healthy information environment about privacy outcomes and processes, to encourage industry to develop standards and mechanisms that support a healthy information market, and to police that market if necessary. In this document, we identify some market mechanisms that have arisen to address potential market failures, and when interventions in consumer protection are most likely justified. In light of these potential market failures, we then list potential policy tools and discuss their pros and cons.

Transitional Changes in Foreign Trade, Domestic Commerce, and Green Economy in China

As China’s economy is stepping toward a “New Normal,” China’s economic growth is likely to hit a twenty-five-year low of 6.7 percent this year, pushing government policy to focus on supply-side ref...

Analysis on Current Situation and Countermeasure of Domestic Electronic Commerce Logistics in the Internet Age——Based on Resource Dependence Theory

This paper analyzes the status of electric business logistics in the current Internet era in China, and combines the SWOT analysis with AHP to do the empirical analysis, then puts forward the countermeasure that the electric business logistics resource should be shared based on the resource dependence theory. Through the empirical analysis, it is found that the disadvantages and opportunities of the logistics status are important in the Internet era.The resource sharing strategy based on the resource dependence theory is more scientific. The rational use of Internet technology in electric business logistics industry can achieve “sharing”. It is of great significance for its balanced development, intelligent development and optimization and development.

Small and Medium Private Enterprises: A Bridge for Cuba-U.S. Relations

Right since December 17, 2014, the White House said that one of the principal objectives of its new Cuba policy would be promoting the expansion of the private sector on the island. However, those decisions practically have had no effect. On the one hand, the U.S. government wants this aid to directly reach the private sector without benefiting the Cuban state apparatus. But this seems impossible given the Cuban economic structure, where the state-run enterprises retain the monopoly over domestic wholesale commerce, foreign trade and the banking system.

The Prague Spring and the Big Chill: the marketing moment in communist Czechoslovakia

Purpose – This paper aims to analyze an important series of events in the history of marketing in socialist Europe and the internationalization of marketing thought and practice. Examining the reception of the marketing concept in communist Czechoslovakia, the study shows the effective blockage of the implementation of marketing approaches by orthodox communist authorities. The paper demonstrates the distinctiveness and importance of the Czechoslovak case and provides a basis for integrating that experience into the larger history of marketing under socialism. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on an extensive review of the most relevant Czech and Slovak primary sources including trade journals, manuals and textbooks in marketing and related fields, party and government documents and statements on commercial issues, and other important professional literature on domestic commerce. Findings – The paper provides insights into the use of communist political power to suppress the use of marketing as contrary to the social and ideological goals of socialism. It identifies the rise of marketing approaches during a brief “marketing moment” following market-oriented economic reforms in 1965 and lasting through the “Prague Spring” of 1968. Following the restoration of orthodox communist control, new policies of “normalization” dictated the decline of marketing, which returned to its earlier status of near-invisibility. The suppression of marketing thought and practice lasted until the end of communist rule in 1989. Originality/value – This paper analyzes an unexamined case of marketing in a socialist society and places the case in broader comparative context.

Review of the Development of Mobile Electronic Commerce

Mobile e-commerce is the use of electronic business mobile phone, PDA and palm computer wireless terminals of the B2B, B2C or C2C. It will be the technology of Internet, mobile communication technology, the short distance communication and information processing technology the perfect combination, so that people can carry out a variety of business activities at any time, any place, whenever and wherever possible, the realization of online and offline shopping and trading, online electronic payment and various trade activities, business activities, financial activities and related comprehensive services activities etc.. Study according to the latest data analysis of domestic and foreign electronic commerce development present situation, summarizes the key technology of WAP and J2ME in mobile environment, and the prospect of the future development trend of electronic commerce.

A Study on the Marketing Strategies of Major Domestic Social Commerce Companies

A Study on the Marketing Strategies of Major Domestic Social Commerce Companies

Joint stock company with variable capital (JSCVC)

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose joint stock company with variable capital (JSCVC), as financial sharing funds and banks necessitate that their capital and number of shareholders be instantaneously variable. Legal personality and accounts clearing of this type of corporations are different from conventional companies. Design/methodology/approach – JSCVC is a corporation in which capital and shares of shareholders vary by new entrance or withdrawal of shareholders at any point of time. Findings – Interest rate-based calculations were removed and Rastin Sharing Accounting was applied for JSCVS. Shareholders of JSCVC share the company’s nominal capital proportional to nominal values of their shares. Financial outcome of JSCVC is proportional to values of shares weighted by shares duration of participation. Research limitations/implications – To prevent spoiling of shareholders’ rights, legal procedure of issuing shares for JSCVC should be defined in compliance with domestic commerce laws in any country. Practical implications – JSCVC can be used by majority of investment funds, credit unions, saving and loan associations, pension and provident funds, thrift saving plans as well as Islamic banks and financial sharing activities. In JSCVC, deposit at a bank is treated as a share of the company (bank). Social implications – JSCVC has fair profit distribution and accounts clearing arrangements. Originality/value – Different variable capital companies have been defined in many countries’ laws, but essential modifications are presented in JSCVC definition to regulate financial sharing arrangements and bank’s performances.

Tax Revenue Loss under Electronic Commerce in China

Based on the analysis of the loss of e-commerce taxation, this paper analyzes the issue of how to deal with China's current e-commerce revenue drain. By comparing the domestic and foreign commerce collection models and experience, combined with the current status of tax collection, this paper analyzes the main problems of e-commerce in China. And it proposed the principles on managing the network infrastructure to establish a mature network system, and on strengthening tax electronic services. This paper brings forward the models for tax collection and network technology development in China.

The EU's Footprint in Swiss Policy Change: A Quantitative Assessment of Primary and Secondary Legislation (1999‐2012)

In this brief contribution to the debate on Europeanization, we further expand previous work on the proportion of Swiss domestic legislation that is influenced by the EU (Gava and Varone 2012). In so doing, we focus on questions of considerable normative implications: To what extent are policy changes traceable in legal reforms “infiltrated” by the EU? Is the EU's footprint higher in primary legislation (enacted by Parliament) or in secondary legislation (enacted essentially by the Executive)? Do these linkages result from bilateral agreements (i.e. direct Europeanization) or indirect Europeanization processes? How do policy sectors differ in this regard?

Transnational Consumer Law: Co-Regulation of B2C-E-Commerce

The nation states provide workable contract enforcement institutions for domestic commerce. Due to a lack of international cooperation the same does not hold true when it comes to cross-border situations. Thus, the institutional organization of international commerce is characterized by its reliance on private ordering or private legal services. Many believe that the emergence of a New Law Merchant can be observed in international commercial arbitration. This trend towards the privatization of commercial law, however, is believed to be limited to the sphere of corporate actors or merchants. When it comes to the protection of weaker contract parties like consumers, self-regulation is not held to be a viable option. In fact, consumers do shop increasingly across borders when engaging in e-commerce, often without noticing. The 1999 OECD Guidelines proposed to tackle the resulting consumer protection concerns by means of co-regulation. In this article, I intend to examine the potential role of private ordering and co-regulation in the area of cross-border consumer contracts. I start with a survey of the different mechanisms of private ordering, which have developed in e-commerce. This illustrates that electronic market places fulfil an essential role in bundling different means of private ordering into what I call transnational civil regimes for consumer protection. Finally, I aim at demonstrating how states, industry, and civil society actors can jointly contribute to the establishment of a civil constitution for such regimes.

Capitalism's Captives: The Maritime United States Slave Trade, 1807-1850

The maritime interstate trade in bondspersons illustrates the contours of United States capitalism of the early nineteenth century as it developed between 1807 and midcentury. The saltwater trade between the Chesapeake and New Orleans comprised four stages corresponding to larger economic developments. An incidental slave trade rose in the context of the US ban on imported slaves, embargoes, and the growth of domestic commerce. An essential trade followed, growing in the post-War of 1812 transatlantic market for agricultural staples. It was carried on aboard vessels plying the so-called cotton triangle and also ships carrying regionally-specific goods and commodities between domestic ports. The 1830s witnessed a vertical trade exemplified by one slaving firm that responded to the swift expansion of credit and surging demand. Following the panic of 1837, market fragmentation led to a mechanical trade, which was also dependent on robust exports of slave-produced crops. Financial technologies propelled that development, and the maritime slave trade was nearly seamlessly integrated into the broader coastal trade.

Online Reviews' Trustworthiness Analysis Based on Power-Law Distribution

In online shopping, studies on consumer reviews are mostly based on the Attitude Change Model. Illustrated from the perspective of perceived trustworthiness, however, it is not easy to measure and characterize the subjective perception of consumers. Starting from the inherent property of online reviews and based on the real data of 360buy which is the domestic large-scale B2C commerce website in China, this paper focuses on the interval distribution of consumer reviews and the data for statistical analysis. Research finds that the distribution of reviews interval can be depicted by the power-law function and there is a monotonically increasing relationship between power-exponent and the customers concerns with the commodity, the higher exponent, the attention consumer get. The findings give an objective basis to judge the credibility of online reviews. The relationship between power-exponent and the consumer attention has demonstrated the vital role of consumer attention in online shopping, and then the double parity between attention and exponent will effectively regulate the e-commerce market environment and promote its healthy operation. Tech Publications.