Domestic Colonies Research Articles

The Intersection of Ableism, Domestic Colonialism and Statistics in Britain from Bentham to Galton

Statistics, ableism and domestic colonialism were inextricably intertwined in Britain over the long nineteenth century, based on both engineering people deemed to be “backward” and improving “waste” land, which together were used to justify farm colonies for the disabled, bookended by two key moments. The first is Sir John Sinclair's introduction of descriptive statistics into the English language in order to provide a foundation for domestic colonization which, as the founding president of the British Board of Agriculture and Internal Improvement, he promoted. He also enlisted Jeremy Bentham, who published his own domestic colonization plan (massive pauper panopticons on waste land) rooted in the statistics of his pauper population table. The second key moment occurs at the beginning of the twentieth century, when Sir Francis Galton develops key statistical arithmetic methods as the foundation for eugenics and his defense of compulsory segregation of the mentally disabled into domestic farm colonies.

The Integration of Veterinary Medicine and Behavioral Management in the Care of Captive Pigtail Macaques (Macaca nemestrina)

The Washington National Primate Research Center (WaNPRC) maintains the largest domestic breeding colony of pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina) in the United States, with animals housed in small to medium-sized social groups. As part of the animal care plan, a programmatic framework is utilized, which integrates clinical care with socialization considerations for nonhuman primates (NHPs). This framework encompasses the following areas: (1) socialization in the clinical setting; (2) positive reinforcement training (PRT); (3) measures to ensure proper identification and medication distribution; and (4) in-group treatments. The success of this framework is demonstrated by the high socialization rate for hospitalized animals (99.5% social pairing success), with the majority of clinical cases (95%) being treated in social groups. Ultimately, this framework seeks to buffer stressors when animals require clinical care or husbandry manipulations. Taken together, the above components foster an environment that provides a comprehensive approach to NHP medical and behavioral management.

There’s a Hinterland in Me

Northern Norrland has a long history of domestic colonialism and internal migration. However, in the latter half of the twentieth century the region has seen a decline in population, job opportunities and welfare services. This study analyses how contemporary popular music from the region represents it and reflects feelings and thoughts on life there, and how identity, moods and sentiments are constructed and attached to place to uncover the rhetoric of place-making in popular music. The analysis shows a complex relationship between the local area and the surrounding country, featuring themes of ambivalence, resistance, dualistic nostalgia and transience responding to contemporary realities of the region. The lyrical themes and rhetorical actions performed in twenty-first century popular music evinces clear connections to literary depictions of the region throughout the last hundred years, indicating a reinterpretation of cultural memory in light of present conditions. These lyrics perform a rhetoric of re-membering which serves to reinforce the bond of people to place through music.

From common land to farmhouses: agricultural penal colonies and the project of modern rurality in Sardinia, Italy

Between the 1860s and 1960s, sixteen colonie penali agricole were built in Italy, half of them on the island of Sardinia. As the tangible instances of a geopolitical project that intertwined penal and land reforms during a century of striking shifts in political regimes, they can be read as sites of intersecting colonialisms where domestic colonialism — in line with Barbara Arneil’s reading — mixed over time with elements of internal self-colonisation and settler colonialism. This essay provides a spatial analysis of the Sardinian agricultural penal colonies, framing them within similar experiences of domestic labour colonies in Europe: the 1840 penal colony at Mettray and the 1820s Dutch ‘Colonies of Benevolence’. It will elaborate on the role that large-scale spatial reasoning played at crucial moments of political transition in Italy. Borrowing from Gary Field’s insights, it will show how they were designed as germinal ‘institutions of dispossession’ set to accelerate what local historian Gian Giacomo Ortu calls the ‘ideological and moral offensive against feudalism, commonality and pastoralism’ in Sardinia. It will further discuss their impact in reshaping this rural domain in relation with the wider civilian agrarian plans of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries: Internal Colonisation, Fascist Plans of Reclamation and Repopulation, and post-war Agrarian Reform.

Analysis of whole‐genome changes and characteristics of Linepithema humile (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Republic of Korea

AbstractThe Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr, 1868), native to the Paraguay River in South America, was first discovered in Korea in 2019. With increasing reports of L. humile, its genetic variation according to domestic growth colonies and its effects on the domestic ecosystem should be studied. Here, the genomes of L. humile specimens found at three locations in Busan were analyzed for genetic changes. First, morphological observation of L. humile samples collected from the three sites showed no phenotypic differences among them. Next, single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)/insertion and deletion (INDEL) analyses on the genomic DNA from the three groups showed that in the 1‐NIE sample, the most frequent mutations were G → A and C → T. The mutations A → C and T → G were confirmed in the 14‐NIE and 19‐NIE samples. Although the number of SNPs in the N section was small, sequences of 4681 bp (1‐NIE), 4217 bp (14‐NIE) and 4631 bp (19‐NIE) in length were identified. From the INDEL length distribution of the three samples, most changes were associated with insertions and deletions of 1–2 bp. However, no heterogeneity was found in the population samples analyzed based on SNP data. Comparative analysis of the SNPs investigated revealed that 760 819 (11.72%) of the total 6 492 517 SNPs were found in common, demonstrating that the three groups analyzed had different genetic backgrounds. Overall, we have developed a method for analyzing the genetic diversity of L. humile invading the Republic of Korea, precisely classified its genetic characteristics and obtained genomic data on interspecies mutations, according to the local environment.

The impact of housing on birth outcomes in breeding macaque groups across multiple research centers.

Demand for nonhuman primates in research has increased over the past several years, while nonhuman primate supply remains a challenge in the United States. Global nonhuman primate supply issues make it increasingly important to maximize domestic colony production. To explore how housing conditions across primate breeding colonies impact infant survival and animal production more broadly, we collected medical records from 7959 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and 492 pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina) across seven breeding facilities and used generalized mixed-effect modeling to determine prenatal and infant survival odds by housing type and group size. Infant survival odds for each housing type and group size varied for prenatal, neonatal, early infant, and late infant age groups. Odds of prenatal survival were lowest in paired indoor housing and small and medium outdoor groups. No housing type performed better than large outdoor groups for neonatal survival. Odds of early infant survival was greatest in indoor and mixed indoor/outdoor housing compared to large outdoor enclosures. Large outdoor housing was associated with higher survival odds for late infant survival compared to small and medium outdoor housing. These results may influence housing choices at macaque breeding facilities hoping to maximize infant success, although there are relative care costs, the promotion of species-typical behaviors, and infrastructure factors to also consider. Our study used an interinstitutional collaboration that allowed for the analysis of more infant macaque medical records than ever before and used the broad variations across the seven national primate research centers to make the results applicable to many other facilities housing macaques.

“Race” and Racism in the Journal of the Canadian Historical Association, 1922‑2021

With few exceptions, Journal articles have represented “race” and racism in step with the conventional wisdom of the times. Although “race” as a category of analysis has not been prominently on the agenda for most of the Journal’s one hundred years, the evolution of the concept and its role in Canadian historical interpretation can be discerned through the annual volumes. In the early years, “race” was taken for granted; it was accepted that humankind was divided into fixed groups known as “races,” and that “race” could be a causal factor in history. During and after World War II, there were some challenges to the significance of “race,” and even some denials of its existence altogether. In recent decades, articles in the Journal have begun to recognize the racism deeply embedded in Canadian social and economic structures, and its impact in domestic colonialism and in other forms of sanctioned discrimination. Racism, rather than biological “race,” is now being seen as a factor in Canada’s development. This understanding raises questions about prevailing accounts of Canadian history, with consequent calls for new versions of our collective past.

Internal Colonialism and Democracy

This essay examines the relationship between African American internal colonialism and democracy, highlighting the complexities of democracy that make it both susceptible to oppressive violence at home and abroad, as well as a potential resource for emancipation and equality. I understand “internal colonialism” here to encompass various terms used by African Americans beginning in the 1830s, including semi-colonialism, domestic colonialism, and a nation within a nation. Much political philosophy assumes that society is “nearly just” or “generally just,” or that oppression and injustice are found in societies that we nonetheless deem legitimate. Centering the complexities and possibilities of democracy instead shifts the focus to how democracy is compatible with violence and injustice, as well as their overcoming. Such a focus leads to a consideration of abolition democracy and the question of what the process of overcoming internal colonialism demands.

Swedish-American Borderlands: New Histories of Transatlantic Relations

Swedish-American Borderlands: New Histories of Transatlantic Relations

Методолого-теоретические ориентиры изучения выученной беспомощности у осужденных с длительными сроками отбывания уголовного наказания

The increase in the number of convicts with long sentences in domestic correctional colonies over the past decade, and at the same time the expansion of persons with psychosocial immaturity among them, contributes to the acquisition by this category of special contingent with prolonged isolation of learned helplessness. Based on the analysis of foreign and domestic publications, the causes and features of the development of this destruction in different categories of convicts as a psychological state and personal education are revealed. In accordance with the requirement of the Concept for the Development of the Penitentiary System of Russia until 2030 on the implementation of an individually differentiated approach in the psychological support of convicts, methodological and theoretical guidelines have been determined, as well as methodological means of studying various types of personal helplessness among the special contingent.

Extraction, exploitation, expropriation and expulsion in the domestic colonial relations of theBritish welfare state in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.

This article acknowledges the important contribution that Gurminder Bhambra's article makes by using her concept of the imperial relations of extraction as a springboard to revisit the development of domestic social policies in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The paper analyses this development in terms of the intersecting relations of extraction, exploitation, expropriation, and expulsion which mark a continuing domestic colonialism in welfare settlements since the early twentieth century. This is illustrated with reference to three 'moments' of welfare settlement-social imperialism of the early decades of the twentieth century, the post-war settlement, and austerity welfare. The analysis also exemplifies how these relations reproduced forms of white privilege to social rights and norms while also drawing other marginalized welfare subjects into their practices and rhetorics of subordination.

Jeremy Bentham: Pauperism, Colonialism, and Imperialism

Using two recently published folios by Jeremy Bentham, I draw out a fundamental but little-analyzed connection between pauperism and both domestic and settler colonialism in opposition to imperialism in his thought. The core theoretical contribution of this article is to draw a distinction between a colonial, internal, and productive form of power that claims to improve people and land from within, which Bentham defends, and an imperial, external, and repressive form of power that dominates or rules over people from above and afar, that he rejects. Inherent in colonialism and the power unleashed by it are specific and profoundly negative implications in practice for the poor and disabled of Europe in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries subject to domestic colonialism and indigenous peoples subject to settler colonialism from first contact until today. I conclude Bentham is best understood as a pro-colonialist and anti-imperialist thinker.

Hokkaido: from the “Road to the Northern Sea” to “Japan's gateway to the Arctic”

ABSTRACT Despite the recent global interest in the Arctic, the concepts of the North, Northernness, and Arcticness are rarely discussed in the context of East Asia. Yet, the North has significantly affected the developmental paths of East Asia both as a geographical direction, and as an (imaginary) object associated with changing fears, hopes, and uncertainties. This research adds to the relatively scant literature on this topic by elaborating on Hokkaido's exceptional role in Japan's relationship with and understanding of the North. This study analyzes Hokkaido's path from a domestic colony and the northern frontier of the expanding and eventually collapsing Japanese empire, to an actor advancing initiatives in international forums and gaining the central government's recognition as Japan's gateway to the North and the Arctic. During this process, Hokkaido's representation of its northern location and cold climate have evolved, at least partially, from a focus on the perceived causes of underdevelopment to a concentration on the assets contributing to economic possibilities and a better quality of life. Rather than focusing on geophysical, climatological, or environmental conditions, this research approaches regions as constantly evolving sociocultural and political constructions.

Between powerlessness and protest: Indigenous men and masculinities in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis/St. Paul and the emergence of the American Indian Movement

ABSTRACT The Red Power era (1969-1978), the most pivotal time for Indigenous people in the twentieth century, is commonly associated with a fundamental restructuring of Indigenous-settler colonial relations and a major cultural renewal of self and society across Indian Country. This article examines the social formation of those Indigenous men and masculinities who instigated that profound change and became politically active, questioning domestic colonialism and challenging their subaltern status vis-à-vis dominant U.S. society. More specifically, this article explores the shared experiences of Indigenous male activists within the American Indian Movement (AIM) during its early beginnings between 1968 through mid-1972. AIM (1968–1978) originated in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis/St-Paul and rose to become the most significant player in Indigenous protest politics at its time. Indigenous men in AIM shared key experiences with settler colonial institutions and the forces of modernity (boarding schools, military service, prisons, the urban experience) that affected their male identities in multiple, complex, and contradictory ways. Western-centric concepts of race, gender, and nation have consistently worked towards the marginalization and oppression of the Indigenous ‘other' -commonly through the imposition of colonial standards as a ‘civilizing force.' This article argues that the inculcation of Indigenous men with hegemonic ideals, together with experiences of emasculation, have led to an unintended outcome, namely the emergence of a ‘protest masculinity.' This ‘protest masculinity’ arose as a result of and in reaction to assimilationist policies. Paradoxically, Indigenous male activists contested dominant concepts of masculinity, yet at the same time conformed to the very cultural ideals they struggled against. This article offers an understanding of how gender and race bias intersect to disadvantage Indigenous men and how this in turn constitutes a powerful catalyst for change.

Laboratory Oviposition Choice of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) From Kenya and Gabon: Effects of Conspecific Larvae, Salinity, Shading, and Microbiome.

The mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.) is the primary vector of several arboviruses. Mosquito control and surveillance are essential to restrict disease transmission, the effectiveness of which depends on our understanding of the mosquito's behaviors, including oviposition. Previous studies have identified a variety of oviposition cues. However, most of these studies involved only Ae. aegypti outside of the species' native range, Africa. Populations outside Africa differ in their genetics and some behaviors from their African counterparts, suggesting possibly different oviposition preferences. Within Africa, Ae. aegypti can be found in both ancestral forest habitats and domestic habitats. The African domestic populations may represent an intermediate state between the forest and the truly domesticated non-African populations. Comparing mosquitoes from these three habitats (African forest, African domestic, and non-African domestic) might provide insight into the evolution of oviposition behavior. In this study, I examined the oviposition choices of multiple Ae. aegypti colonies from all three habitats in laboratory settings. I applied a two-choice assay to test four oviposition cues: the preexistence of conspecific larvae, salinity, shading, and microbiome. A subset of African colonies showed similar oviposition choices as their non-African counterparts, whereas the rest show little response to the factors tested. Within the African colonies, oviposition choices of the domestic colonies were significantly different from the forest colonies in most experiments. Yet, their preferences were not always intermediate between that of mosquitoes from the other two habitats. Collectively, this study adds to our understanding of Ae. aegypti oviposition, especially in previously understudied African populations.

Origins: Colonies and Statistics

AbstractIn this address, I examine the lexical, geographic, temporal and philosophical origins of two key concepts in modern political thought: colonies and statistics. Beginning with the Latin word colonia, I argue that the modern ideology of settler colonialism is anchored in the claim of “improvement” of both people and land via agrarian labour in John Locke's labour theory of property in seventeenth-century America, through which he sought to provide an ideological justification for both the assimilation and dispossession of Indigenous peoples. This same ideology of colonialism was turned inward a century later by Sir John Sinclair to justify domestic colonies on “waste” land in Scotland—specifically Caithness (the county within which my own grandparents were tenant farmers). Domestic colonialism understood as “improvement” of people (the “idle” poor and mentally ill and disabled) through engagement in agrarian labour on waste land inside explicitly named colonies within the borders of one's own country was first championed not only by Sinclair but also his famous correspondent, Jeremy Bentham, in England. Sinclair simultaneously coined the word statistics and was the first to use it in the English language. He defined it as the scientific gathering of mass survey data to shape state policies. Bentham embraced statistics as well. In both cases, statistics were developed and deployed to support their domestic colony schemes by creating a benchmark and roadmap for the improvement of people and land as well as a tool to measure the colony's capacity to achieve both over time. I conclude that settler colonialism along with the intertwined origins of domestic colonies and statistics have important implications for the study of political science in Canada, the history of colonialism as distinct from imperialism in modern political thought and the role played by intersecting colonialisms in the Canadian polity.

Demobilised Soldiers, Small Holdings Colonies and the Compulsory Acquisition of Land after World War One: Scotland and Canada

This article compares the Small Holdings Colonies Acts (1916 and 1918) for demobilized WWI soldiers in Britain upon which the Land Settlement (Scotland) Act of 1919 was established; and similar small holdings colonies for demobilized soldiers in Canada with a particular focus on provisions for the state to engage in compulsory acquisition of land for this purpose. My research shows in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, colonies and compulsory acquisition of land under the 1919 Act were part of a larger land reform movement (breaking up large estates) and represent progressive advances for traditional occupants – the crofters and tenant farmers – to have rights over their own lands. In Canada, on the other hand, domestic colonies for British soldiers served to displace indigenous peoples from their reserves already vastly diminished compared to traditional territories. The compulsory acquisition of land through surrenders from reserves compounded the problem. As such colonies in Canada had negative impacts on indigenous peoples as part of an ongoing settler colonization process. Thus I show that small holdings colonies particularly when combined with compulsory acquisition of land work in opposite directions normatively and materially in each country.

Colonies of benevolence: A carceral archipelago of empire in the greater Netherlands

ABSTRACT The Colonies of Benevolence were an early nineteenth century Dutch utopian social experiment in pauper relief, domestic settler colonialism, and segregative rehabilitation; it served as the model for Mettray, held as the epitome of the ‘carceral archipelago’ in Discipline and Punish: the birth of the prison. This disciplinary experiment served as a model of ‘domestic colonization’ for more than a hundred years that was widely emulated throughout Europe; and was also applied in the distant colony of Java. Many have noted Foucault’s failure to address colonialism in what more rightly should be described as a ‘carceral archipelago of empire’. Here, I address the emergence of domestic colonization as a response to Liberalism’s inner contradictions; between its protection of the individual rights of property holders, and the need to discipline, but not jail, the property-less. Only in this way can the colony’s status as a ‘prison designed not to be a prison’ be understood.

A real-time search strategy for finding urban disease vector infestations

Abstract Objectives Containing domestic vector infestation requires the ability to swiftly locate and treat infested homes. In urban settings where vectors are heterogeneously distributed throughout a dense housing matrix, the task of locating infestations can be challenging. Here, we present a novel stochastic compartmental model developed to help locate infested homes in urban areas. We designed the model using infestation data for the Chagas disease vector species Triatoma infestans in Arequipa, Peru. Methods Our approach incorporates disease vector counts at each observed house, and the vector’s complex spatial dispersal dynamics. We used a Bayesian method to augment the observed data, estimate the insect population growth and dispersal parameters, and determine posterior infestation probabilities of households. We investigated the properties of the model through simulation studies, followed by field testing in Arequipa. Results Simulation studies showed the model to be accurate in its estimates of two parameters of interest: the growth rate of a domestic triatomine bug colony and the probability of a triatomine bug successfully invading a new home after dispersing from an infested home. When testing the model in the field, data collection using model estimates was hindered by low household participation rates, which severely limited the algorithm and in turn, the model’s predictive power. Conclusions While future optimization efforts must improve the model’s capabilities when household participation is low, our approach is nonetheless an important step toward integrating data with predictive modeling to carry out evidence-based vector surveillance in cities.

First record of domestic colonies of the dark chromatic variant of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

Triatoma infestans (Klug) is the main vector of Chagas disease in southern South America. Although this species shows a similar morphology and chromatic pattern throughout its geographical distribution, some melanic variations have been described. Most of these variants were recognized as part of wild populations constituting evidence of a wild distribution for T. infestans greater than the expected. This paper reports the presence of eight adults and fifteen immature individuals of melanic T. infestans in domiciliary units of Argentine Gran Chaco. This is the first report of domestic colonies of the dark chromatic morph of T. infestans