Domain Of Definition Research Articles

Prediction of Multi-Pharmacokinetics Property in Multi-Species: Bayesian Neural Network Stacking Model with Uncertainty.

Pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of a drug are vital attributes influencing its therapeutic effectiveness, playing an important role in the drug development process. Focusing on the difficult task of predicting PK parameters, we compiled an extensive data set comprising parameters across multiple species. Building upon this groundwork, we introduced the PKStack ensemble model to predict PK parameters across diverse species. PKStack integrates a variety of base models and includes uncertainty in its predictions. We also manually collected PK data from animals as an external test set. We predicted a total of 45 tasks for nine PK parameters in five species, and in general, the prediction accuracy was better for intravenous injections, including parameters such as human Vd (R2 = 0.72, RMSE = 0.31), human CL (R2 = 0.52, RMSE = 0.32), and others. In addition to predictive accuracy, we also considered the interpretability of the results and the definition of the model's application domain. Based on the findings, our model has great potential for practical applications in drug discovery.

Effect of the estimation result of the degree of polarization of target light on clear imaging.

Previous underwater imaging methods have not developed a clear idea of estimating the degree of polarization of target light (Pobj). To address this issue, this Letter answers the question of how the estimation result of Pobj affects clear imaging. First, the theoretical derivation states that Pobj is simply a scale modulation factor of the imaging result. Second, experiments are conducted for validation, and results conform well to the derivation. Hence, the effect of the estimated Pobj on clear imaging is obtained. This parameter only influences brightness rather than contrast but may cause noise amplification as well as the unfavorable result of negative pixels. Therefore, no precise estimation is needed; pick the value near the ends of the definition domain directly and take the absolute value. Based on these, a new imaging formula is proposed, enabling the processing time to fulfill the actual dynamic imaging requirements. As far as we are concerned, the attained prior knowledge and formula could provide strong assistance for underwater polarization imaging.

Elliptic curve cryptography: Theory, security, and applications in modern network security

Abstract. Due to the swift advancement of Internet and computer technology in the 21st century, the demand for network security is increasing. Classic cryptographic algorithms like Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) and Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) are insufficient in the face of modern network environments, while elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) has become a research hotspot due to its high security and high efficiency. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the theoretical basis, security analysis, and practical application cases of elliptic curve cryptography, to provide readers with a comprehensive understanding and trigger further research and thinking. This paper analyzes the theoretical basis of ECC, including group theory, domain theory, and the definition and properties of elliptic curves, and analyzes the application of ECC in combination with practical application cases, such as the SM2 algorithm. The article first introduces the concept of groups, the definition of domains, and the basic properties of elliptic curves. Then, the security of ECC is analyzed, especially the complexity of the Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem (ECDLP) and the selection of key length. In addition, the security of ECC in practical applications is discussed, including digital signatures, key exchange protocols, and applications in blockchain technology. The results show that ECC provides comparable security to traditional public key algorithms at a short key length, and shows strong security and efficiency in practical applications. As technology progresses and new threats arise, research in ECC will also evolve.

International Society for Diseases of the Esophagus consensus on management of the failed fundoplication.

Fundoplication is a durable, effective, and well-accepted treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease. Nonetheless, troublesome postoperative symptoms do occasionally occur with management varying widely among centers. In an attempt to standardize definition and management of postfundoplication symptoms, a panel of international experts convened by the Guidelines Committee of the International Society for Diseases of the Esophagus devised a list of 33 statements across 5 domains through a Delphi approach, with at least 80% agreement to establish consensus. Eight statements were endorsed for the domain of Definitions, four for the domain of Investigations, nine for Dysphagia, nine for Heartburn, and four for Revisional surgery. This consensus defined as the treatment goal of fundoplication the resolution of symptoms rather than normalization of physiology or anatomy. Required investigations of all symptomatic postfundoplication patients were outlined. Further management was standardized by patients' symptomatology. The appropriateness of revisional fundoplication and the techniques thereof were described and the role of revisional surgery for therapies other than fundoplication were assessed. Fundoplication remains a frequently-performed operation, and this is the first international consensus on the management of various postfundoplication problems.

Системи перерозподілення транспортних потоків. Транспортні розв'язки. Застосовувані терміни

Summary Introduction. In the introduction to the paper, the common questions concerning the assurance of the terminological congruence of national standards’ provisions, when being harmonized, with provisions of regional or international standards were outlined and also important sources of appropriate regional information in the sector of the transport infrastructure were identified. Problem statement. The issue of the paper concerns terminological matter in the domain of definitions for the interchange systems on motor roads peculiarly those constituting international traffic arteries and for elements of such systems. Purpose. The paper is aimed on the analysis of scientific sources and provisions of the EU regulatory acts to state the problems and develop the propositions concerning initial points for the enlargement of the structure of terminology relating the interchange systems on motor roads constituting international traffic arteries.

Non-degenerate metrics, hypersurface deformation algebra, non-anomalous representations and density weights in quantum gravity

Classical General Relativity is a dynamical theory of spacetime metrics of Lorentzian signature. In particular the classical metric field is nowhere degenerate in spacetime. In its initial value formulation with respect to a Cauchy surface the induced metric is of Euclidian signature and nowhere degenerate on it. It is only under this assumption of non-degeneracy of the induced metric that one can derive the hypersurface deformation algebra between the initial value constraints which is absolutely transparent from the fact that the inverse of the induced metric is needed to close the algebra. This statement is independent of the density weight that one may want to equip the spatial metric with. Accordingly, the very definition of a non-anomalous representation of the hypersurface deformation algebra in quantum gravity has to address the issue of non-degeneracy of the induced metric that is needed in the classical theory. In the Hilbert space representation employed in Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) most emphasis has been laid to define an inverse metric operator on the dense domain of spin network states although they represent induced quantum geometries which are degenerate almost everywhere. It is no surprise that demonstration of closure of the constraint algebra on this domain meets difficulties because it is a sector of the quantum theory which is classically forbidden and which lies outside the domain of definition of the classical hypersurface deformation algebra. Various suggestions for addressing the issue such as non-standard operator topologies, dual spaces (habitats) and density weights have been proposed to address this issue with respect to the quantum dynamics of LQG. In this article we summarise these developments and argue that insisting on a dense domain of non-degenerate states within the LQG representation may provide a natural resolution of the issue thereby possibly avoiding the above mentioned non-standard constructions.

An adaptive operation planning and EBO-BPNN optimization method for decision support systems

Formulating a course of action (COA) before a combat is crucial for operational command. Research in command and control (C2) artificial intelligence is currently focused on using intelligent auxiliary decision-making methods to implement COA. This paper proposes a COA planning method based on line of operation (LOO) and uses planning domain definition language (PDDL) to describe combat scenarios and COA. Following the effect-based optimization (EBO) principle, an effect evaluation model for COA was constructed, and dynamic bayesian networks (DBNs) was used to determine the reasoning and calculate the results of the effect evaluation network. To further improve the execution efficiency of the effect evaluation model in practical applications, the network was optimized through a back propagation neural network (BPNN). Relevant experiments based on the coordinated distributed air defense and anti-missile scenario were carried out using the LOO model to complete the planning of COA. A BPNN evaluation model based on the DBNs evaluation model was built. After training and fine-tuning, it achieved similar evaluation results, with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of less than 0.02%. Compared with the DBNs model, the BPNN model achieved an efficiency improvement of no less than 65%, effectively reducing the consumption of computing resources. This research is the first time to realize the modeled description of COA planning, automatic evaluation, and calculation optimization of COA effects. It can support the development of decision support systems (DSS) and has the potential for practical application.

Current and future advances in practice: SAPHO syndrome and chronic non-bacterial osteitis (CNO).

Synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome is a rare, underdiagnosed disease with a wide clinical spectrum. Sterile bone inflammation, predominantly of the anterior chest, and skin manifestations (palmoplantar pustulosis, psoriasis vulgaris and acne) are the key features of SAPHO, which shares certain similarities with SpA. SAPHO is closely related to paediatric chronic non-bacterial osteitis (CNO), a spectrum of autoinflammatory bone diseases. The aetiology of SAPHO is considered multifactorial based on a complex interplay of genetic, immune and infectious factors. Despite the increasing awareness of SAPHO/CNO, diagnostic delay is common, as validated classification and diagnostic criteria are lacking. Treatment of SAPHO represents a challenge and includes anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, bisphosphonates, synthetic conventional DMARDs and off-label use of anti-cytokine biologics and Janus kinase inhibitors. This review summarizes the current diagnostic and practical treatment approach to SAPHO/CNO and highlights the ongoing research endeavours concerning the definition and validation of diagnostic criteria, core domains and treatment.

Comments, suggestions, and criticisms of the Pragmatic Explanatory Continuum Indicator Summary-2 design tool: a citation analysis

IntroductionThe pragmatic explanatory continuum indicator summary (PRECIS) tool, initially published in 2009 and revised in 2015, was created to assist trialists to align their design choices with the intended purpose of their randomised controlled trial (RCT): either to guide real-world decisions between alternative interventions (pragmatic) or to test hypotheses about intervention mechanisms by minimising sources of variation (explanatory). There have been many comments, suggestions, and criticisms of PRECIS-2. This summary will be used to facilitate the development of to the next revision, which is PRECIS-3. MethodsWe used Web of Science to identify all publication types citing PRECIS-2, published between May 2015 and July 2023. Citations were eligible if they contained ‘substantive’ suggestions, comments, or criticism of the PRECIS-2 tool. We defined ‘substantive’ as comments explicitly referencing at least one PRECIS-2 domain or a concept directly linked to an existing or newly proposed domain.Two reviewers independently extracted comments, suggestions, and criticisms, noting their implications for the update. These were discussed among authors to achieve consensus on the interpretation of each comment and its implications for PRECIS-3. ResultsThe search yielded 885 publications, and after full-text review, 89 articles met the inclusion criteria. Comments pertained to new domains, changes in existing domains, or were relevant across several or all domains. Proposed new domains included assessment of the comparator arm and a domain to describe blinding. There were concerns about scoring eligibility and recruitment domains for cluster trials. Suggested areas for improvement across domains included the need for more scoring guidance for explanatory design choices. DiscussionPublished comments recognise PRECIS-2's success in aiding trialists with pragmatic or explanatory design choices. Enhancing its implementation and widespread use will involve adding new domains, refining domain definitions, and addressing overall tool issues. This citation review offers valuable user feedback, pivotal for shaping the upcoming version of the PRECIS tool, PRECIS-3.

Arc-smooth functions and cuspidality of sets

AbstractA function f is arc-smooth if the composite f ◦ c with every smooth curve c in its domain of definition is smooth. On open sets in smooth manifolds the arc-smooth functions are precisely the smooth functions by a classical theorem of Boman. Recently, we extended this result to certain tame closed sets (namely, Hölder sets and simple fat subanalytic sets). In this paper we link, in a precise way, the cuspidality of the (boundary of the) set to the loss of regularity, i.e., how many derivatives of f ◦ c are needed in order to determine the derivatives of f. We also discuss how flatness of f ◦ c affects flatness of f. Besides Hölder sets and subanalytic sets we treat sets that are definable in certain polynomially bounded o-minimal expansions of the real field.

Fractional calculus for distributions

AbstractFractional derivatives and integrals for measures and distributions are reviewed. The focus is on domains and co-domains for translation invariant fractional operators. Fractional derivatives and integrals interpreted as "Equation missing"-convolution operators with power law kernels are found to have the largest domains of definition. As a result, extending domains from functions to distributions via convolution operators contributes to far reaching unifications of many previously existing definitions of fractional integrals and derivatives. Weyl fractional operators are thereby extended to distributions using the method of adjoints. In addition, discretized fractional calculus and fractional calculus of periodic distributions can both be formulated and understood in terms of "Equation missing"-convolution.

Operationalisation of health equity principles in physiotherapy hospital triage policies

BackgroundHealthcare triage policies are vital for allocating limited resources fairly and equitably. Despite extensive studies of healthcare equity, consensus on the applied definition of equity in triage remains elusive. This study aimed to investigate how the principles of equity are operationalised in Australian hospital physiotherapy triage tools to guide resource distribution.MethodsA retrospective, qualitative content analysis of 13 triage policies from 10 hospitals across Australia was conducted. Triage policies from both inpatient and outpatient settings were sourced. Data were coded deductively using the five discrete domains of the multi-faceted operational definition of health equity posited by Lane et al. (2017): 1) point of equalisation in the health service supply/access/outcome chain, 2) need or potential to benefit, 3) groupings of equalisation, 4) caveats to equalisation, 5) close enough is good enough. Descriptive summative statistics were used to analyse and present the frequency of reported equity domains.ResultsWithin the included triage tools, four out of five domains of equity were evident in the included documents to guide decision making. Allocation based on perceived patient need and overall health outcomes were the central guiding principles across both inpatient and outpatient settings. Equal provision of service relative to patient need and reducing wait times were also prioritised. However, explicit inclusion of certain equity domains such as discrimination, ensuring equal capability to be healthy and other patient factors was limited.ConclusionsPhysiotherapy triage policies consider various domains of equity to guide resource allocation decisions. Policymakers and service providers can use the insights gained from this study to review the application and operationalisation of equity principles within their healthcare systems through mechanisms such as patient triage tools.

Guidelines for naming and studying plasma membrane domains in plants.

Biological membranes play a crucial role in actively hosting, modulating and coordinating a wide range of molecular events essential for cellular function. Membranes are organized into diverse domains giving rise to dynamic molecular patchworks. However, the very definition of membrane domains has been the subject of continuous debate. For example, in the plant field, membrane domains are often referred to as nanodomains, nanoclusters, microdomains, lipid rafts, membrane rafts, signalling platforms, foci or liquid-ordered membranes without any clear rationale. In the context of plant-microbe interactions, microdomains have sometimes been used to refer to the large area at the plant-microbe interface. Some of these terms have partially overlapping meanings at best, but they are often used interchangeably in the literature. This situation generates much confusion and limits conceptual progress. There is thus an urgent need for us as a scientific community to resolve these semantic and conceptual controversies by defining an unambiguous nomenclature of membrane domains. In this Review, experts in the field get together to provide explicit definitions of plasma membrane domains in plant systems and experimental guidelines for their study. We propose that plasma membrane domains should not be considered on the basis of their size alone but rather according to the biological system being considered, such as the local membrane environment or the entire cell.

Geometry-Tuned Optical Absorption Spectra of the Coupled Quantum Dot-Double Quantum Ring Structure.

We investigate the energy spectra and optical absorption of a 3D quantum dot-double quantum ring structure of GaAs/Al0.3Ga0.7As with adjustable geometrical parameters. In the effective mass approximation, we perform 3D numerical computations using as height profile a superposition of three Gaussian functions. Independent variations of height and width of the dot and of the rings and also of the dot-rings distance determine particular responses, useful in practical applications. We consider that a suitable manipulation of the geometrical parameters of this type of quantum coupling offer a variety of responses and, more important, the possibility of a fine adjusting in energy spectra and in the opportunity of choosing definite absorption domains, properties required for the improvement of the performances of optoelectronic devices.

Enhanced lake elevation mapping using a zone-based method

Abstract Inland lakes play a crucial role in monitoring global climate change and managing responses to extreme weather events, with lake elevation being critical for assessing their regulatory capacities. However, due to the limited temporal resolution of current altimetry satellites, obtaining high-frequency, high-precision elevation data for water bodies remains challenging. Consequently, most studies utilize elevation-area (E-A) models constructed from historical elevation and area records, integrated with area observations from high-temporal resolution optical satellites to infer precise water levels. Yet, the construction of the E-A model often assumes a uniform water level across the lake, thus overlooking potential segmentation during dry periods. To address this, our study implemented a zone-based approach, utilizing hydrological connectivity principles to ensure that elevation data within E-A models are confined to appropriate zonal regions. This method effectively minimized uncertainties by preventing errors from zonal discrepancies, significantly improving accuracy compared to traditional methods. It reduced root mean square errors (RMSE) by 0.71–1.73 m during the dry season, achieving RMSEs of 0.35, 0.64, and 0.37 m across three segments. Furthermore, this method ensures water level data are confined to specific zones, preventing the inconsistencies typically caused by averaging data across multiple stations or selecting data from varying elevations. This consistent domain definition reduces extrapolation errors during the model prediction and inversion. Moreover, the method compensates for time information losses often incurred by relying on multi-year percentile charts, thereby enabling more precise aquatic boundary delineation than traditional regional boundaries.

Generating Mortality Rate Intensity for Life Insurance Applications through Novel Method of Successive Differencing Under the Parsimonious Generalised Makeham’s Framework

Developing and implementing age dependent mortality rates in functional forms have presented critical modelling problems for life insurance and annuity firms thereby creating serious research gaps. A recurring problem with the existing life tables is that their underlying generating functions are not capable of showing any evidence that mortality at 10 declines. This observed irregularity in the age pattern of mortality is the prime motivation in the search for analytical functions which fully capture the observed variations of mortality with age. To fill the gaps identified, the study aims to develop specific life table function under the Generalised Makeham’s framework. The objectives of this study are to (i) compute the mortality rate intensities (ii) compute the curve of deaths densities (iii) compute the probability of deaths and then compare the common domain of definition of these measures. From the method of successive differencing employed to model, the male ageing parameter value fall within the globally accepted interval for the. This method is superior to the method of maximum likelihood estimation which mostly violates the permissible interval of validity. Computational evidence from our analysis proves that under the Generalised Makeham’s law, the mortality rate intensity declines at .

Authenticity of academic lecture passages in high-stakes tests: A temporal fluency perspective

Corpus-based studies have offered the domain definition inference for test developers. Yet, corpus-based studies on temporal fluency measures (e.g., speech rate) have been limited, especially in the context of academic lecture settings. This made it difficult for test developers to sample representative fluency features to create authentic listening passages. To address this issue, the Fluency Corpus of Academic English Lectures (FCAEL) was created to offer insight into the thresholds for temporal fluency features in academic lecture settings. The current study compared the corpus data to the academic lecture passages in the Test of English as a Foreign Language Internet-based test (TOEFL iBT) and International English Language Testing System (IELTS) to examine the domain definition inference of these tests. In total, 14 temporal fluency measures were examined. A bootstrapped one-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), followed by a series of bootstrapped analyses of variances (ANOVAs), independent t-test, and Tukey tests showed some support for the tests, although many limitations were also found. The study suggests the 25th–75th percentile of FCAEL as tentative thresholds for each temporal fluency feature. The proposal may be useful for test developers to create and revise test materials. Coding schemes, analysis codes, and raw corpus data are available on the project’s Open Science Framework page, exemplifying how Open Science can provide benefits beyond the academic community.

A random forest approach for interval selection in functional regression

AbstractIn this article, we focus on the problem of variable selection in a functional regression framework. This question is motivated by practical applications in the field of agronomy: In this field, identifying the temporal periods during which weather measurements have the greatest impact on yield is critical for guiding agriculture practices in a changing environment. From a methodological point of view, our goal is to identify consecutive measurement points in the definition domain of the functional predictors, which correspond to the most important intervals for the prediction of a numeric output from the functional variables. We propose an approach based on the versatile random forest method that benefits from its good performances for variable selection and prediction. Our method builds in three steps (interval creation, summary, and selection). Different variants for each of the steps are proposed and compared on both simulated and real‐life datasets. The performances of our method compared to alternative approaches highlight its usefulness to select relevant intervals while maintaining good prediction capabilities. All variants of our method are available in the R package SISIR.

Application of SysMLv1 vs SysMLv2 in the Scope of the MagicGrid Framework

AbstractThis paper aims to assess the impact of the next generation Systems Modeling Language, SysMLv2, on MagicGrid, an established framework for the model‐based systems engineering (MBSE). The research involves the parallel application of SysMLv1 and SysMLv2 to build two models of the problem domain definition by following the steps defined by the framework. The paper compares the modeling concepts of both languages used to create the model, discloses differences, and assesses advantages and disadvantages over each other. While SysMLv2 offers both textual and graphical notations, this study primarily focuses on the graphical representation. The paper concludes with a comprehensive summary of distinctions observed in the application of SysMLv2 versus SysMLv1. As anticipated, SysMLv2 was found a completely fresh modeling language. Significant alterations has been observed in the use case specification and functional analysis. Additionally, the absence of explicit guidelines on the utilization of definitions and usages was identified.

On prime end distortion estimates of mappings with the Poletsky condition in domains with the Poincar´e inequality

This article is devoted to the study of mappings with bounded andfinite distortion defined in some domain of the Euclidean space. Weconsider mappings that satisfy some upper estimates for thedistortion of the modulus of families of paths, where the order ofthe modulus equals to $p,$ $n-1<p\leqslant n.$ The main problemstudied in the manuscript is the investigation of the boundarybehavior of such mappings, more precisely, the distortion of thedistance under mappings near boundary points. The publication isprimarily devoted to definition domains with ``bad boundaries'', inwhich the mappings not even have a continuous extension to theboundary in the Euclidean sense. However, we introduce the conceptof a quasiconformal regular domain in which the specified continuousextension is valid and the corresponding distance distortionestimates are satisfied; however, both must be understood in thesense of the so-called prime ends. More precisely, such estimateshold in the case when the mapping acts from a quasiconformal regulardomain to an Ahlfors regular domain with the Poincar\'e inequality.The consideration of domains that are Ahlfors regular and satisfythe Poincar\'e inequality is due to the fact that, lower estimates forthe modulus of families of paths through the diameter of thecorresponding sets hold in these domains. (There are the so-calledLoewner-type estimates). We consider homeomorphisms and mappingswith branching separately. The main analytical condition under whichthe results of the paper were obtained is the finiteness of theintegral averages of some majorant involved in the defining modulusinequality under infinitesimal balls. This condition includes thesituation of quasiconformal and quasiregular mappings, because forthem the specified majorant is itself bounded in a definitiondomain. Also, the results of the article are valid for more generalclasses for which Poletsky-type upper moduli inequalities aresatisfied, for example, for mappings with finite length distortion.