Domain Of Glycoside Hydrolase Family Research Articles

Genome-Wide Investigation of BAM Gene Family in Annona atemoya: Evolution and Expression Network Profiles during Fruit Ripening

β-amylase proteins (BAM) are important to many aspects of physiological process such as starch degradation. However, little information was available about the BAM genes in Annona atemoya, an important tropical fruit. Seven BAM genes containing the conservative domain of glycoside hydrolase family 14 (PF01373) were identified with Annona atemoya genome, and these BAM genes can be divided into four groups. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that AaBAM3 and AaBAM9 were located in the chloroplast, and AaBAM1.2 was located in the cell membrane and the chloroplast. The AaBAMs belonging to Subfamily I contribute to starch degradation have the higher expression than those belonging to Subfamily II. The analysis of the expression showed that AaBAM3 may function in the whole fruit ripening process, and AaBAM1.2 may be important to starch degradation in other organs. Temperature and ethylene affect the expression of major AaBAM genes in Subfamily I during fruit ripening. These expressions and subcellular localization results indicating β-amylase play an important role in starch degradation.

A Novel Multifunctional Arabinofuranosidase/Endoxylanase/β-Xylosidase GH43 Enzyme from Paenibacillus curdlanolyticus B-6 and Its Synergistic Action To Produce Arabinose and Xylose from Cereal Arabinoxylan.

PcAxy43B is a modular protein comprising a catalytic domain of glycoside hydrolase family 43 (GH43), a family 6 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM6), and a family 36 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM36) and found to be a novel multifunctional xylanolytic enzyme from Paenibacillus curdlanolyticus B-6. This enzyme exhibited α-l-arabinofuranosidase, endoxylanase, and β-d-xylosidase activities. The α-l-arabinofuranosidase activity of PcAxy43B revealed a new property of GH43, via the release of both long-chain cereal arabinoxylan and short-chain arabinoxylooligosaccharide (AXOS), as well as release from both the C(O)2 and C(O)3 positions of AXOS, which is different from what has been seen for other arabinofuranosidases. PcAxy43B liberated a series of xylooligosaccharides (XOSs) from birchwood xylan and xylohexaose, indicating that PcAxy43B exhibited endoxylanase activity. PcAxy43B produced xylose from xylobiose and reacted with p-nitrophenyl-β-d-xylopyranoside as a result of β-xylosidase activity. PcAxy43B effectively released arabinose together with XOSs and xylose from the highly arabinosyl-substituted rye arabinoxylan. Moreover, PcAxy43B showed significant synergistic action with the trifunctional endoxylanase/β-xylosidase/α-l-arabinofuranosidase PcAxy43A and the endoxylanase Xyn10C from strain B-6, in which almost all products produced from rye arabinoxylan by these combined enzymes were arabinose and xylose. In addition, the presence of CBM36 was found to be necessary for the endoxylanase property of PcAxy43B. PcAxy43B is capable of hydrolyzing untreated cereal biomass, corn hull, and rice straw into XOSs and xylose. Hence, PcAxy43B, a significant accessory multifunctional xylanolytic enzyme, is a potential candidate for application in the saccharification of cereal biomass. IMPORTANCE Enzymatic saccharification of cereal biomass is a strategy for the production of fermented sugars from low-price raw materials. In the present study, PcAxy43B from P. curdlanolyticus B-6 was found to be a novel multifunctional α-l-arabinofuranosidase/endoxylanase/β-d-xylosidase enzyme of glycoside hydrolase family 43. It is effective in releasing arabinose, xylose, and XOSs from the highly arabinosyl-substituted rye arabinoxylan, which is usually resistant to hydrolysis by xylanolytic enzymes. Moreover, almost all products produced from rye arabinoxylan by the combination of PcAxy43B with the trifunctional xylanolytic enzyme PcAxy43A and the endoxylanase Xyn10C from strain B-6 were arabinose and xylose, which can be used to produce several value-added products. In addition, PcAxy43B is capable of hydrolyzing untreated cereal biomass into XOSs and xylose. Thus, PcAxy43B is an important multifunctional xylanolytic enzyme with high potential in biotechnology.

Characterization and activity enhancement of a novel exo-type agarase Aga575 from Aquimarina agarilytica ZC1.

The novel β-agarase gene aga575 from the agarolytic bacterium Aquimarina agarilytica ZC1 is composed of 2142bp, and the encoded protein Aga575 has the highest amino acid sequence homology of only 65.2% with known agarases. Though carrying a domain of glycoside hydrolase family 42 in the C-terminal, Aga575 should belong to glycoside hydrolase family 50 according to the phylogenetic analysis. Gene aga575 was successfully cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3) cells. The recombinant protein had the maximal agarase activity at pH 8.0 and 37°C. The values Km and Vmax toward agarose were 8.4mg/mL and 52.2 U/mg, respectively. Aga575 hydrolyzed agarose and neoagarooligosaccharides to yield neoagarobiose as the sole product. The agarose hydrolysis pattern of Aga575 indicated that it was an exo-type β-agarase. Random mutagenesis was carried out to obtain two beneficial mutants M1 (R534G) and M2 (S4R-R424G) with higher activities. The results showed that the agarase activity of mutant M1 and M2 reached 162% and 192% of the wild-type agarase Aga575, respectively. Moreover, the activity of the mixed mutant M1/M2 (S4R-R424G-R534G) increased to 227%. KEY POINTS: • Aga575 is a novel exo-type β-agarase degrading agarose to yield neoagarobiose as the sole product. • Though owning a domain of glycoside hydrolase family GH42, Aga575 should belong to family GH50. • The agarase activity of one mutant increased to 227% of the wild-type Aga575.

Antifungal activities of LysM-domain multimers and their fusion chitinases

PrChiA is an antifungal chitinase obtained from Pteris ryukyuensis, a fern plant. It consists of two N-terminal lysin motif (LysM) domains and a C-terminal catalytic domain of glycoside hydrolase family 18. Previous studies have shown that the deletion of LysM domains or loss of hydrolytic activity causes the loss of the antifungal activity of chitinases. In this study, we produced LysM-domain multimers (LysMn, n = 2–5) and the respective multimer fusion chitinases (LysMn-Cat, n = 1–4), and characterized their enzymatic and antifungal properties. LysMn and LysMn-Cat showed a higher affinity to insoluble chitin than single LysM domain and single catalytic domain alone, respectively. LysMn-Cat hydrolyzed insoluble chitin more efficiently than the catalytic domain alone. Surprisingly, LysMn showed antifungal activity without chitinolytic activity. Further, LysMn-Cat exhibited a stronger antifungal activity than LysMn. Microscopic observation revealed that LysMn attacked only the tips of the fungal hyphae; LysMn-Cat attacked not only the tips, but also the lateral walls around the septa of the fungal hyphae. It is suggested that the LysMn act on the growing point of the hyphal tip through their chitin-binding ability and that the LysMn-Cat act on not only the hyphal tips, but also on the lateral walls through their chitin-hydrolyzing and -binding activities.

A novel pH-stable, endoglucanase (JqCel5A) isolated from a salt-lake microorganism, Jonesia quinghaiensis

Background: Endoglucanase, one of three type cellulases, can randomly cleave internal β-1,4-linkages in cellulose polymers. Thus, it could be applied in agricultural and industrial processes. Results: A novel endoglucanase gene ( JqCel5A ) was cloned from Jonesia quinghaiensis and functionally expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3). It contained 1722 bp and encoded a 573-residue polypeptide consisting of a catalytic domain of glycoside hydrolase family 5 (GH5) and a type 2 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM2), together with a predicted molecular mass of 61.79 kD. The purified JqCel5A displayed maximum activity at 55°C and pH 7.0, with 21.7 U/mg, 26.19 U/mg and 4.81 U/mg towards the substrate carboxymethyl cellulose, barley glucan and filter paper, respectively. Interestingly, JqCel5A exhibited high pH stability over a broad pH range of pH (3-11), and had good tolerance to a wide variety of deleterious chemicals including heavy metals and detergent. The catalytic mechanism of JqCel5A was also investigated by site mutagenesis and homology-modeling in this study. Conclusions: It was believed that these properties might make JqCel5A to be potentially used in the suitable industrial catalytic condition, which has a broad pH fluctuation and/or chemical disturbance. Normal 0 21 false false false ES X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Tabla normal; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Times New Roman,serif;} Normal 0 21 false false false ES X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Tabla normal; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Times New Roman,serif;}

A Novel GH7 Endo-β-1,4-Glucanase from Neosartorya fischeri P1 with Good Thermostability, Broad Substrate Specificity and Potential Application in the Brewing Industry.

An endo-β-1,4-glucanase gene, cel7A, was cloned from the thermophilic cellulase-producing fungus Neosartorya fischeri P1 and expressed in Pichia pastoris. The 1,410-bp full-length gene encodes a polypeptide of 469 amino acids consisting of a putative signal peptide at residues 1–20, a catalytic domain of glycoside hydrolase family 7 (GH7), a short Thr/Ser-rich linker and a family 1 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM 1). The purified recombinant Cel7A had pH and temperature optima of pH 5.0 and 60°C, respectively, and showed broad pH adaptability (pH 3.0–6.0) and excellent stability at pH3.0–8.0 and 60°C. Belonging to the group of nonspecific endoglucanases, Cel7A exhibited the highest activity on barley β-glucan (2020 ± 9 U mg–1), moderate on lichenan and CMC-Na, and weak on laminarin, locust bean galactomannan, Avicel, and filter paper. Under simulated mashing conditions, addition of Cel7A (99 μg) reduced the mash viscosity by 9.1% and filtration time by 24.6%. These favorable enzymatic properties make Cel7A as a good candidate for applications in the brewing industry.

Direct detection, cloning and characterization of a glucoside hydrolase from forest soil.

A glucoside hydrolase gene, egl01, was cloned from the soil DNA of Changbai Mountain forest by homologous PCR amplification. The deduced sequence of 517 amino acids included a catalytic domain of glycoside hydrolase family 5 and was homologous to a putative cellulase from Bacillus licheniformis. The recombinant enzyme, Egl01, was maximally active at pH 5 and 50 °C and it was stable at pH 3-9, 4-50 °C, and also stable in the presence of metal ions, organic solvents, surfactants and salt. Its activity was above 120 % in 2-3 M NaCl/KCl and over 70 % was retained in 1-4 M NaCl/KCl for 6d. Egl01 hydrolyzed carboxymethyl cellulose, beechwood xylan, crop stalk, laminarin, filter paper, and avicel but not pNPG, indicating its broad substrate specificity. These properties make this recombinant enzyme a promising candidate for industrial applications.

A thermophilic β-mannanase from Neosartorya fischeri P1 with broad pH stability and significant hydrolysis ability of various mannan polymers

A new β-mannanase gene, man5P1, was cloned from the thermophilic fungus Neosartorya fischeri P1, and successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris. The predicted amino acid sequence of man5P1 consists of a putative 19-residue signal peptide at the N-terminus and a catalytic domain of glycoside hydrolase family 5. The purified recombinant Man5P1 (rMan5P1) was optimally active at pH 4.0 and 80°C, and was acid and alkali tolerant, exhibiting >20% of the maximal activity at pH 2.0 and 9.0. rMan5P1 had better stability over a broad pH range of 2.0–12.0, and was highly thermostable at 60°C and below. The enzyme was highly active towards galactomannan and glucomannan, and exhibited classic endo-activity producing a mixture of mannooligosaccharides (MOS). Moreover, it had strong resistance to SDS and Ag+ and proteases. The superior properties make Man5P1 a potential candidate for use in various industrial applications.

A highly active beta-glucanase from a new strain of rumen fungus Orpinomyces sp.Y102 exhibits cellobiohydrolase and cellotriohydrolase activities

A new strain of rumen fungus was isolated from Bos taurus, identified and designated Orpinomyces sp.Y102. A clone, celC7, isolated from the cDNA library of Orpinomyces sp.Y102, was predicted to encode a protein containing a signal peptide (Residues 1–17), an N-terminal dockerin-containing domain, and a C-terminal cellobiohydrolase catalytic domain of glycoside hydrolase family 6. CelC7 was insoluble when expressed in Escherichia coli. Deletion of 17 or 105 residues from the N-terminus significantly improved its solubility. The resulting enzymes, CelC7(-17) and CelC7(-105), were highly active to β-glucan substrates and were stable between pH 5.0 and 11.0. CelC7(-105) worked as an exocellulase releasing cellobiose and cellotriose from acid-swollen Avicel and cellooligosaccharides, and displayed a Vmax of 6321.64μmole/min/mg and a Km of 2.18mg/ml to barley β-glucan. Further, the crude extract of CelC7(-105) facilitated ethanol fermentation from cellulose. Thus, CelC7(-105) is a good candidate for industrial applications such as biofuel production.

A thermophilic α-galactosidase from Neosartorya fischeri P1 with high specific activity, broad substrate specificity and significant hydrolysis ability of soymilk

An extracellular α-galactosidase (Gal27A) with high specific activity of 423Umg(-1) was identified in thermophilic Neosartorya fischeri P1. Its coding gene (1680bp) was cloned and functionally expressed in Pichia pastoris. Sequence analysis indicated that deduced Gal27A contains a catalytic domain of glycoside hydrolase family 27. The native and recombinant enzymes shared some similar properties, such as pH optima at 4.5, temperature optima at 60-70°C, resistance to most chemicals and saccharides, and great abilities to degrade raffinose and stachyose in soymilk. Considering the high yield (3.1gL(-1)) in P. pastoris, recombinant rGal27A is more favorable for industrial applications. This is the first report on purification and gene cloning of Neosartorya α-galactosidase.

The first α-1,3-glucosidase from bacterial origin belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 31

Genome analysis of Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC533 has been recently completed. One of its annotated genes, lj0569, encodes the protein having the conserved domain of glycoside hydrolase family 31. Its homolog gene ( ljag31) in L. johnsonii NBRC13952 was cloned and expressed using an Escherichia coli expression system, resulting in poor production of recombinant LJAG31 protein due to inclusion body formation. Production of soluble recombinant LJAG31 was improved with high concentration of NaCl in medium, possible endogenous chaperone induction by benzyl alcohol, and over-expression of GroES–GroEL chaperones. Recombinant LJAG31 was an α-glucosidase with broad substrate specificity toward both homogeneous and heterogeneous substrates. This enzyme displayed higher specificity (in terms of k cat/ K m) toward nigerose, maltulose, and kojibiose than other natural substrates having an α-glucosidic linkage at the non-reducing end, which suggests that these sugars are candidates for prebiotics contributing to the growth of L. johnsonii. To our knowledge, LJAG31 is the first bacterial α-1,3-glucosidase to be characterized with a high k cat/ K m value for nigerose [α- d-Glc p-(1 → 3)- d-Glc p]. Transglucosylation of 4-nitrophenyl α- d-glucopyranoside produced two 4-nitrophenyl disaccharides (4-nitrophenyl α-nigeroside and 4-nitrophenyl α-isomaltoside). These hydrolysis and transglucosylation properties of LJAG31 are different from those of mold ( Acremonium implicatum) α-1,3-glucosidase of glycoside hydrolase family 31.

Gene cloning, expression, and characterization of a beta-agarase, agaB34,from Agarivorans albus YKW-34.

A beta-agarase gene, agaB34, was functionally cloned from the genomic DNA of a marine bacterium, Agarivorans albus YKW-34. The open reading frame of agaB34 consisted of 1,362 bp encoding 453 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence, consisting of a typical N-terminal signal peptide followed by a catalytic domain of glycoside hydrolase family 16 (GH-16) and a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM), showed 37-86% identity to those of agarases belonging to family GH-16. The recombinant enzyme (rAgaB34) with a molecular mass of 49 kDa was produced extracellularly using Escherichia coli DH5alpha as a host. The purified rAgaB34 was a beta-agarase yielding neoagarotetraose (NA4) as the main product. It acted on neoagarohexaose to produce NA4 and neoagarobiose, but it could not further degrade NA4. The maximal activity of rAgaB34 was observed at 30 degrees and pH 7.0. It was stable over pH 5.0-9.0 and at temperatures up to 50 degrees . Its specific activity and kcat/Km value for agarose were 242 U/mg and 1.7x106/sM, respectively. The activity of rAgaB34 was not affected by metal ions commonly existing in seawater. It was resistant to chelating reagents (EDTA, EGTA), reducing reagents (DTT, beta-mercaptoethanol), and denaturing reagents (SDS and urea). The E. coli cell harboring the pUC18-derived agarase expression vector was able to efficiently excrete agarase into the culture medium. Hence, this expression system might be used to express secretory proteins.

Bifidobacterium bifidumLacto-N-Biosidase, a Critical Enzyme for the Degradation of Human Milk Oligosaccharides with a Type 1 Structure

Breast-fed infants often have intestinal microbiota dominated by bifidobacteria in contrast to formula-fed infants. We found that several bifidobacterial strains produce a lacto-N-biosidase that liberates lacto-N-biose I (Galbeta1,3GlcNAc; type 1 chain) from lacto-N-tetraose (Galbeta1,3GlcNAcbeta1,3Galbeta1,4Glc), which is a major component of human milk oligosaccharides, and subsequently isolated the gene from Bifidobacterium bifidum JCM1254. The gene, designated lnbB, was predicted to encode a protein of 1,112 amino acid residues containing a signal peptide and a membrane anchor at the N and C termini, respectively, and to possess the domain of glycoside hydrolase family 20, carbohydrate binding module 32, and bacterial immunoglobulin-like domain 2, in that order, from the N terminus. The recombinant enzyme showed substrate preference for the unmodified beta-linked lacto-N-biose I structure. Lacto-N-biosidase activity was found in several bifidobacterial strains, but not in the other enteric bacteria, such as clostridia, bacteroides, and lactobacilli, under the tested conditions. These results, together with our recent finding of a novel metabolic pathway specific for lacto-N-biose I in bifidobacterial cells, suggest that some of the bifidobacterial strains are highly adapted for utilizing human milk oligosaccharides with a type 1 chain.

Cloning, Sequence Analysis, and Expression of the Gene Encoding Sphingomonas paucimobilis FP2001 α-L-Rhamnosidase

The gene (rhaM) encoding the alpha-L-rhamnosidase of Sphingomonas paucimobilis FP2001 was cloned, sequenced, and expressed in Escherichia coli. The rhaM consisted of 3,354 nucleotides and had a promoter and Shine-Dalgarno sequences typical in bacteria. The rhaM encoding a protein (Rham) deducted from the sequence consisted of 1,117 amino acids and had a putative signal peptide of 25 amino acids. Rham has no similarity to other known rhamnosidases. Rham has a sugar-binding domain of glycoside hydrolase family 2, which has been well conserved in beta-glucuronidase, beta-mannosidase, and beta-galactosidase, in its C-terminal region. Rham is possibly a member of a new bacterial subfamily in glycoside hydrolase family 78 (alpha-L-rhamnosidase). RT-PCR analysis of rhaM mRNA indicated that the induction of alpha-L-rhamnosidase by the addition of L-rhamnose occurred on the transcriptional level.