Dohuk City Research Articles

Assessing the Effectiveness of Wet Mount and PCR Methods in Diagnosing Trichomonas vaginalis Infections in Endocervical and Urine samples

Trichomonas vaginalis is the cause of trichomonas’s infection, which is referred to be the global sexually transmitted disease (STD) worldwide. This parasite primarily spreads through sexual activity, though it can also spread through intimate. Vaginal inflammation in females causes a variety of clinical symptoms, such as a profusion of greenish-yellow, frothy, foul-smelling discharge, valvar enlargement, itching, and punctate erythematous lesions of the cervix, commonly referred to as "strawberry cervix." There are numerous scenarios in which women may be sick but not exhibit any symptoms. The purpose of the current study is to compare the diagnostic efficacy of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and wet mount preparation for detecting T. vaginalis in various sample types, including endocervical discharge, endocervical swabs, and urine, of 300 female patients (married and single), ages ranging from 15 to 62, who were referred to Dohuk Maternity Hospital, Shariya Camp, either inside or outside of Dohuk city. Based on the clinical symptoms of the patients, the diagnosis of parasite infection was validated by microscopically confirming the infection in the laboratory using two methods: PCR and direct wet mount preparation. The study findings demonstrated, out of 240 samples, 61 (25.4%) at Dohuk Maternity Hospital and 15 (25%) out of 60 samples in Shariya Camp were contaminated with T. vaginalis. Of the 300 samples, 74 (24.6%) had wet mount preparation infection, and 75 (25.0%) had PCR infection. In the current study, 42 single women had 10 (23.8%) and 258 married women had 66 (25.5%) infected. The age range of 15 to 25 had a higher infection rate (32.8%).

Evaluation of Oxidative Stress In Patients With Giardia Lamblia In Duhok City, Iraq

Giardia lamblia (Giardia intestinalis) is a widespread enteric parasite known as giardiasis, which infects the small intestine of human at different ages, particularly children. This parasite has direct and indirect effects on the host’s body. This study aimed to evaluate the role of oxidative stress is expressed by estimating the malondialdehyde concentration (As oxidative indicator), and estimating the non-enzymatic antioxidants concentration in the serum of 39 patients ( males and females), whose ages ranged between (3-38) years patients infected with the G.lamblia or suspected of being infected with this parasite who were referred to Public Health Prevention Center, Center, Heevi Pediatric Hospital, Shariya and Kaberto Camp inside or outside Dohuk city. The diagnosis of parasitic infection was confirmed on the clinical symptoms of patients, the macroscopic examination of stool infected patients, which cotained trophozoites and / or cysts of G. lamblia, by confirming the infection microscopically in the laboratory by two method the direct wet smear examination and the antigen detection test. in addition to 30 serum samples healthy controls who did not have this disease, of both genders and the same age as a healthy control.The results of current study showed a significant increase in the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration by 158% in the serum of patients with giardiasis compared to healthy controls of both genders, and by 183% in males, 134% in females. compared to healthy controls according to gender. And the results also showed a significant decrease in the concentration of both glutathione (GSH) and albumin in the serum of infected patients by 70% and 15%, respectively, compared to healthy controls of both genders. The significant percentage of decrease was in males by 71%, 16% respectively, and in females by 70% and 14% respectively compared with healthy controls according to gender. We conclude that infection with G. lamblia caused oxidative stress and dysfunction in physiological and metabolic processes.

Comparative analysis of medicinal plants from Kurdistan region-Iraq for chemical constituents and bioactivities

The medicinal plants in Kurdistan-Iraq are used widely for the treatment of many diseases. Therefore, it is very interesting to look after the components of these plants as they are involved directly in the therapy. The collected samples from Dohuk City in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq were Adiantum capillus-veneris, Polygonum avicular, Urtica dioca, Tribulus terretris, Artemisis splendens Willd, Scirpus lacustris, Mentha longifolia, Thymus kotschyanus, Achillea santolina and Anthenis des champs. The elemental contents of these samples were evaluated by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The antibacterial and antioxidant activities were identified for the methanolic extracts of these plants. This study aims to identify the components, evaluate elemental content and analyze the biological activities of certain medicinal plants used in the region. The qualitative analysis of the phytochemical by screening out the methanolic extract of the collected samples showed the presence of phenolic compounds, proteins, fatty acids, amino acids, anthraquinones, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins and steroids. Furthermore, the extracts have been analyzed to determine the presence of elements. The most abundant elements of the total 29 elements analyzed for the plant samples were iron, manganese, potassium and magnesium. This finding is important for potential drug discovery.

Evaluation of Serum B12 Levels among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background and objectives: Vitamin B12 insufficiency is widespread among type 2 diabetic people. Advanced age of patients, malnutrition, and malabsorption are the causative factors. Vitamin B12 deficiency causes raised levels of homocysteine & estimation of homocysteine will represent the metabolic status of B12. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of B12 in relation with homocysteine levels and Insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus regardless type of treatment used in treating diabetes. Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional study at Dohuk Azadi teaching hospital (biochemistry department)/Dohuk city from (February 2022. - August 2022), offering questionnaire randomly we collected 138 subjects and biochemical tests include (B12 assay, fasting glucose, HbA1c, fasting insulin, homocysteine) with measuring of Body Mass Index. Exclusion criteria: Age < 18 years old, using vitamin B/multi vitamins, using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, debilitating diseases, alcohol intake. Results: the sample (138) was divided into 2 groups: Type 2 Diabetes Miletus (70) patients & apparently healthy subjects (68). The difference was significant in age (51.24±9.27 vs29.57±7.2 years, p<.05), B12 (252.05±83.7vs337.03±121.6 pg/ml, p<.01), Homocysteine (13.493±4.8 vs 10.041±2.2 μmol/L, p<.01), insulin resistance (6.82±2.0 vs 1.47±0.56, p<.001). ), there was a significant negative correlation between serum B12 and age, BMI, insulin resistance and serum homocysteine p value <0.01. Conclusion: Vitamin B12 deficiency is frequent in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Yearly screening for vitamin B12 deficit using serum homocysteine and supplement should be adopted among diabetes individuals with risk factors of vitamin B12 insufficiency.

Designing the physical attributes card for primary school students as an indicator of sports selection in the city of Dohuk

Designing the physical attributes card for primary school students as an indicator of sports selection in the city of Dohuk

Detection of Common Bacterial And Viral Pathogens Causing Community Acquired Pneumonia Using Rt-pcr And Its Correlation with Some Clinical And Demographic Parameters

Dohuk city is hydrologically located in a relatively narrow watershed bounded by mountain ridges with heavy rainfall seasons. Due to its topographical characteristics and rapid urban development, the city is prone to floods during intense rainfall events or storms and in need of a proper storm water drainage system and flood control hydraulic structures for managing intense storm rainfalls, avoiding urban flooding, property loss, and most importantly human casualties. Nevertheless, the local civil engineers are in need of having up-to-date hydrological formulas, relationships, and information in order to be able to adequately design the flood control hydraulic structures. One of these important relationships is IDF curves which correlates the Intensity, Duration, and Frequency of an observed rainfall event. The authors have been able to develop updated IDF curves and empirical intensity formulas for Dohuk city by converting maximum annual rainfall readings for 21 consecutive years (2000-2020) into sub-daily rainfall records for durations of 10, 20, 30, 60, 120, 180, 360, 720, 1440 minutes with recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 years using Gumbel and Log Pearson distribution (LPT III). The accuracy and reliability of the results were statistically confirmed through applying coefficient of determination with the value of (R2=1) and Goodness of fit test (Chi-square) with the confidence degree of (95%)

Calcareous nannofossils biostratigraphy and Paleoclimatology of the Bekhme Formation, Bekhere anticline, Dhouk area, Kurdistan region, Northern Iraq

A Detailed Calcareous nannofossil study conducted on the Bekhme Formation that is cropped out at the Southern limb of the Bekhere anticline, eastern ward of the Dohuk city near Bajlur village, northern Iraq. The Bekhme Formation is composed of marly limestone, Organic limestone and fossiliferous limestone. The nannopaleontological classification of these calcareous nannofossils led us to determine thirty-four genus/species belonging to nine families. The nannobiostratigraphic analysis suggested three calcareous nannofossils biozones from oldest to youngest are: (1) Quadrum sissinghii Interval Zone; (2) Quadrum trifidum Interval Zone; (3) Tranolithus phacelosus Interval Zone. These biozones suggest that the studied section from the Bekhme Formation is the Middle to Late Campanian, and it refers to temperature fluctuations which considered as possible warm time period at subtropical areas.

The Effectiveness of Using Asynchronous E-Language Learning by High School Learners in Dohuk City

Coronavirus, or COVID-19, is classified as a deadly pandemic that has paralyzed every aspect of life all over the world including education (COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic, 2020; Sun et al., 2020). The spread of this virus has pushed the world into quarantine and to the implement of emergency lockdown plans to limit the virus’ spread. Most countries have been asked to stay at home to save their lives (UNESCO, 2020). With the advent of Covid-19, the luxury of making the choice was abolished. It has caused educational institutions around the world to close their doors and apply social distancing strategies such as moving their teaching and learning processes into the online space. COVID-19 has affected education systems severely. This deadly pandemic has challenged universities to provide students with online teaching and learning settings. During the Covid-19 period, e-learning became a temporary shift of instructional delivery to an alternate delivery mode due to the crisis situation (Hodges et al., 2020). As Murphy (2020) stated schools also have been threats to securitization at the time of the pandemic and needed to be closed to provide safety of students by creating social distance and preventing social interactions among people in which recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2020). Daniel (2020) indicated that education, which has grown up considerably at all levels for 50 years, has its greatest challenge so far. Thus, %90 of students could not attend their schools in the world and it has been estimated that there are 1,5 billion learners affected by school and university closures (UNESCO, 2020). The responses to the COVID-19 pandemic threat by schools around the world have varied, from total study cessation to a switch to online/distance learning. Like many governments, The Iraqi Kurdistan Regional Government also ordered to cancel face to face instruction and determined to convert to the system into an online or distance education one.

Isolation and antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli and S. aureus from urinary tract infections in Dohuk city, Iraq

Isolation and antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli and S. aureus from urinary tract infections in Dohuk city, Iraq

The Investigation of EFL Teachers Challenges of Autistic Learners in Inclusive Schools in Dohuk City

Abstract
 To communicate and to interact is of such central importance, not only in education but in everyday life activities, where a child or young person experiences significant difficulties in these areas, it is essential that suitable educational provision is put in place to help ensure that the pupil makes the best progress possible. (Farrel, 2006)
 The research deals with the challenges that EFL teachers, who teach learners with autism, suffer from in their classrooms. Different inclusive schools have been visited by the researcher in order to investigate such challenges. Analysis of the data is presented in detail and many points are recommended to be done in order to make sure that all children are included in the process of learning in such schools.

Customer Experience is an Entry Point for Achieving Marketing Success: an Exploratory Study in a Number of Private Banks in the Governorate of Dohuk

The current research aims to identify the role of customer experience in its dimensions (interaction with service, emotional experience, social experience, service experience, physical environment) in achieving marketing success. The organization’s services and interaction with them and building strong relationships with customers contribute to achieving the goals of the organization, as well as the study addressing the issue of marketing success as a long-term plan that works to provide a set of innovative services through which it can achieve success, continuity and stay in the market as a reliable variable, and from this point of view The study problem was identified by several questions, as follows: 1- Do the respondents have a clear perception of the customer experience? 2- Do the respondents have a clear vision of marketing success? 3- Is there a significant correlation between the customer experience and the marketing success of the surveyed banks? 4- Does the customer's experience have a significant effect on the marketing success of the surveyed banks? The questionnaire form was distributed to a sample of workers in several (civil banks) in the city of Dohuk, and (109) forms were distributed to some workers in (civil banks), and some hypotheses were tested with the correlation and influence between the research variables using many methods. Statistically, based on the Spss program, many conclusions were reached, the most important of which is the existence of a significant correlation between the research variables and in the light of which some proposals were presented, the most important of which is the need to realize the dimensions of the customer experience, absorb and enhance them, and then harness them to serve the researched organizations to achieve marketing success.

Analysis and Classification of Autism Data Using Machine Learning Algorithms

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects children worldwide between the ages of 2 and 8 years. Children with autism have communication and social difficulties, and the current standardized clinical diagnosis of autism still relies on behaviour-based tests. The rapidly growing number of autistic patients in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq necessitates. However, such data are scarce, making extensive evaluations of autism screening procedures more difficult. For this purpose, the use of machine learning algorithms for this disease to assist health practitioners if formal clinical diagnosis should be pursued was investigated. Data from 515 patients were collected in Dohuk city related to autism screening for young children. Three classification algorithms, namely (DT, KNN, and ANN) were applied to diagnose and predict autism using various rating scales. Before applying the above classifiers, the newly obtained data set was in different ways undergo data reprocessing. Since our data is unbalanced with high dimensionality, we suggest combining SMOTE (Synthetic Minority Hyper sampling Technique) and PCA (Primary Component Analysis) to improve the performance of classification models. Experimental results showed that the combination of PCA and SMOTE methods improved classification performance. Moreover, ANN exceeded the other models in terms of accuracy and F1 score, suggesting that these classification methods could be used to diagnose autism in the future.

Assessment of Serum Podocalyxin as a Biomarker for Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetes patients in Duhok City

Podocalyxin, a glycosylated cell surface sialomucin of the CD34 family, is a kidney podocyte membrane negatively charged protein and the essential constituent of the glomerular basement membrane charge barrier. Additionally, it has a crucial role in maintaining the glomerular filtration barrier permeability. It has been considered that one of the most important factors in diabetic nephropathy is podocyte injury. In the natural history of diabetic nephropathy and macrovascular complications, podocytes have been shown to be structurally and functionally affected. The current study aimed to determine serum podocalyxin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and to analyse its relation to glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria. This cross-sectional study was performed at the diabetic center in Azadi Teaching Hospital and Golan Hospital in Dohuk city from September 2021 to March 2022. Consecutive sampling was applied to select 200 subjects (case group) with T2DM aged 30-65 years and 93 healthy subjects (control group). BMI, eGFR, albuminuria, HbA1c, and serum podocalyxin levels were measured for all study subjects. Serum podocalyxin levels were significantly higher in the case group (P =0.019). There was no significant difference in serum podocalyxin levels between case groups (normoalbuminuria, microalbuminuria, and macroalbuminuria). A significant negative correlation between eGFR and serum podocalyxin was found in both control and case group (P =0.010 r =-0.267, P =0.030 r =-0.154, respectively). Although S.PCX levels had a significant difference between the case and control group and a significant negative correlation with eGFR, it may not be considered as a diabetic nephropathy biomarker.

The Genocide against the Nastorian Assyrians in Iraq, A study in the Historical of Simele Massacare (111933-8-)

The present study has investigated the massacre committed by the Iraqi army in 1933 against the defenseless Assyrians in the village of Simele, located 16 km west of the city of Dohuk. A few days before the massacre, the Iraqi government asked the Assyrians in the neighboring villages to gather in Simele to come under the protection of the police station and Iraq’s flag. Most of the books and previous studies on modern and contemporary history of the Assyrians as well as the attempts of the Iraqi government to hide the truth have been reviewed. A study carried out by the English inspector in Mosul, Lt. Col. Ronald Stafford, entitled “The Tragedy of the Assyrians”, Mr. Odisho Barzana’s book “Hardship Years : The Battle of Derbon and the Tragedy of Simele”, and Abd Al-Razzaq al-Hasani’s book “The History of the Iraqi Ministries” are considered the most reliable sources on that massacre. Both Stafford and Barzana participated in the events and are considered eyewitnesses, but Al-Hasani’s book represents the viewpoint of the official Iraqi government. He recorded the government’s statements on the events, and thus moved away from the facts. It is worth mentioning that the Al-Hassni has lived the era, but his book is only an official document on the formation of the Iraqi governments in the royal era, their actions and the most prominent events in Iraq. Nevertheless, the book is of a great importance in which a researcher can extract useful information from it. The testimonies of women and boys or girls who witnessed the horrifying massacre with their own eyes are important documents that reveal the untold story and refute the government’s story about what really happened in Simele. The League of Nations recorded these testimonies and kept them in a special file. After studying and investigating the aforementioned and many other sources, it was crystal clear that what happened in Simele was premediated. Accordingly, the massacre is to be considered crimes against humanity in general and Genocide, in particular. Consequently, the Iraqi Council of Representatives (the Parliament) and the Iraqi government should recognize the massacre of Semeil as a crime against humanity and that the Iraqi army and the government were involved in that crime. Moreover, they should offer an official apology to the victims and their relatives who remained alive, and that they compensate the families of the victims who witnessed the massacre with their own eyes. Indeed, the prophecy of W. A. Wigram and E. T. A Wigram was fulfilled when they indicated in their book “The Cradle of Mankind” that massacres could actually take place and the perpetrators would not be punished if the slaughterers were strong and ferocious enough (The Cradle of Humankind: p. 338 ). Unsurprisingly, the failure to hold the Iraqi government accountable for its crimes against humanity at that time encouraged the successive Iraqi governments in Iraq to commit other crimes against humanity, especially against the Kurds. The crimes reached its climax in the Anfal (genocide) operations committed against the Kurds in 1988. Moreover, the crimes of the terrorists against the Iraqi people in general, and the Yazidi Kurds, in particular in August 2014 have also to considered crimes against humanity as well. The terrorists of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS) invaded the lands of the Yazidi Kurds, killed their men, enslaved their women and children, and made their money their booty in front of the civilized world and still thousands of Yazidis are still missing.

Investigation of Air Solar Collector with Energy Storage for Domestic Purposes

ABSTRACT
 In the current study, a three-pass solar air collector (SAC) connected with a stone storage bed is investigated. The thermal energy storage was used to store energy during the day time and then re-use it at night or during the cloudy hours. Four solar air collectors were used in this research which were connected consecutively to the stone storage bed. High density black stones (440 kg) of different sizes and weights were used as a storing medium. The physical properties of the stones were measured in the lab. The experiments were conducted on clear and partly cloudy days for three random days at a constant air flow rate (0.0377 kg/s) for the climate of the Dohuk city, Iraq. The parameters that affect the thermal performance of (SAC) were evaluated with integration of the stone storage bed. The solar radiation intensity, air temperatures at different locations were measured. Obtained data showed that the stone storage bed gives a temperature difference of about 10℃ after sunset and lasts for about 4-5 hours. The used stone bed has the property of acquiring stored heat for a long time after sunset which was released at night or on partly cloudy days.

Gauss-Hermite Cubature Method to estimate parameters of a multivariate GLMM

In this paper, the multivariate generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) was studied when there are three response variables, distributed as Normal, Bernoulli, and Poisson. And because there is a multiple integration in the likelihood function for the model under study, it is necessary to use mathematical methods to solve this integration, and because it is not possible to obtain the result of this integration by the well-known methods of integration, numerical methods have been used, the Gauss-Hermite Cubature (GHC) algorithm, which is one of the most common numerical integration methods. Then the estimates were obtained by maximizing the resulting likelihood function with respect to the parameters, and thus, estimates were obtained for the parameters. On the practical side, we have used real data representing the effect of potassium as a fixed effect, and referring patients were considered as a random effect on three response variables: calcium, creatinine, and urea as they follow Normal, Bernoulli, and Poisson distributions taken from the records of the Vajin Hospital in Dohuk city. The regression coefficients showed that the effect of potassium is positive on both calcium and urea because the values of the coefficients are positive, while its effect is negative on the creatinine because the value of the coefficient is negative. Based on the results, the researchers recommended several recommendations, including estimating the standard error of the estimates in their light, in order to construct hypotheses for a significance test about regression coefficients.

The Role of Industrial Ecology in Maximizing the Value of the Organization

The research aims to show the role of industrial ecology in optimizing the value of mineral water industry organizations in the city of Dohuk through the adoption of a significant problem: What is the role of industrial ecology in optimizing the value of organizations? The researcher has adopted a primary hypothesis in studying the problem. The researcher also measured the reality of the problem and the validity of the hypothesis on the method of opinion questionnaire: a sample of organizations of mineral water industry consisting of 27 individuals using a questionnaire consisting of a set of questions related to the independent research variables (industrial ecology) and the approved variable (the value of the organization). The number of questions related to the independent variable was 10 questions, and 16 questions were related to the dependent variable. Then the researchers used some statistical methods in analyzing the questionnaire. The relationship and impact between industrial ecology and the value of the organization has been settled. The researchers have reached a significant conclusion that there is a positive correlation between the two research variables and that the industrial ecology affects the maximization of the value of mineral water industry organizations in the market of the city of Dohuk (0.114 once).

Dimensions of customer relationship management and its role in enhancing marketing knowledge-A An exploratory study of a sample of workers in private banks in the city of Dohuk

This research aims to identify the role that the dimensions of customer relationship management play in enhancing the marketing knowledge of banks in order to achieve communication and success. Banks with their customers, thus leading them to the correctness of their approved decisions. (The private banks in the city of Dohuk) were selected as a community for the study, and a group of workers was chosen randomly as a sample for the Study or Search. The Study or Search approved the questionnaire form after ensuring its validity and stability as a main tool for collecting field side data. The primary data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences Applications (SPSS) and the following statistical methods were used (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, weighted mean, multiple simple correlation coefficient, simple and multiple regression). The Study or Search was enhanced by a set of hypotheses that were tested through a set of statistical analyzes that reflected the reality of those hypotheses, in the affirmative or negative, to arrive at a conclusion that supports the main hypotheses of the research. The Study or Search reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which was that banks should reinforce the customer’s voice dimension, especially with regard to establishing secret channels in a way that enables the bank to hear the customer’s voice about the level of service it provides. Consistent with the content of the conclusions, the researcher reached a set of recommendations, the most important of which is that banks should reinforce the customer’s voice after establishing secret channels in a way that enables the bank to hear the customer’s voice about the level of service it provides.

Paleoenvironmental Study of Khurmala Formation by Ostracoda in Shaqlawa and Dohuk area, Northern Iraq

A detail paleoenvironmental study of ostracods fauna to investigated the paleoenvironment of Khurmala Formation for two section Northern Iraq; the first (Hjran section) lies near Shaqlawa city, and the second (Dohuk section) lies near Dohuk city. Based on ostracods study conclude that Khurmala Formation were deposited in shelf environment, about (30 – 200) meter in depth.

User’s Characteristics and Its Role in the Diffusion of Health Information Technology in the Private Hospitals in Dohuk

The diffusion of health information technology (IT) is still one of the most important issues in this sector. The main reason behind this issue is that health IT is employed in an institutional environment characterized by high technical complexity, and this makes the processes of change towards the adoption and diffusion of health IT are difficult, especially with resisting change by some staff are working in health institutions. The current study came to identify the user’s characteristics that impact the diffusion of IT. The study has been designed based on the literature of information systems and includes four constructs: personal innovativeness, self-efficacy, the user's attitude towards technology, and trust in information technology. Concerning the sample, it included the health staff working in six private hospitals in the city of Dohuk, and a questionnaire was built based on the previous studies as a tool to collect data, and the number of study sample individuals was (233). The main result of the study is that there is a significant effect of user characteristics (at the level of each characteristic and at the macro level) on the diffusion of health IT. This result is prove that the process of diffusion IT applications depends mainly on the characteristics obtained by users that support the diffusion process. The study recommends to pay more attention to the user’s characteristics, such as personal Innovations, enhancing his self-efficacy, contributing to building his positive attitude towards technology and enhancing the trust in IT, due to its role in diffusing the health IT.