Dog Biscuit Research Articles

Modified eggshell powder using thermal treatment and its application in Ca-fortified dog biscuits

Due to the high global consumption of eggs, eggshell has become as one of the top domestic, agricultural and industrial wastes. This study determined eggshell characteristics after boiling at 95 °C and steaming at 121 °C, with additional heat treatments using hot air at 200 °C, microwaving at 900 W and infrared at 1050 W. Boiling in water for 60 min inhibited spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms that was the equivalent of steaming at 121 °C for 15 min. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that heat treatments on dried eggshell power modified the pore size and the accumulation of particles on the powder surface. From the X-ray diffraction pattern, all eggshell powder samples presented a peak at 29.40° demonstrating a crystallographic lattice of calcium carbonate with crystallinity in the range 90.20–91.05%. The calcium releasability of the control sample was 205.17–208.40 mg/L. Further treatment using hot air for 10–20 min increased the calcium releasability of the boiled and steamed eggshell powders to 219.95–225.50 and 230.35–305.20 mg/L, respectively while the microwave treatment for 2 min increased the calcium releasability of the boiled and steamed eggshell powders to 230.85 and 244.60 mg/L, respectively. The infrared treatment did not improve the calcium releasability of the sterilized eggshell powders. Up to 2% eggshell powder could be added to the dog biscuit dough. The fortified calcium biscuits contained 507.12 mg calcium/100 g of biscuit, while the Ca-to-P ratio was 1.94:1, which is within the recommended range for dog food.

Feeding the team: Analysis of a Spratt’s dog cake from Antarctica

AbstractThe use of Spratt’s dog cakes is well documented in the diaries and reminiscences of many early Antarctic expedition members. Commercially produced dog food was promoted by the likes of Spratt’s as an advanced form of animal nutrition and would have been of interest to expedition planners who were already concerned with the nutritional requirements of expedition members. An approximately 100-year-old dog cake recovered from Antarctica was compared by chemical analysis and spectroscopic methods with a series of model dog cakes and a commercial dog biscuit to determine the composition and calorific content. The presence of bone fragments within the dog cake was confirmed, whereas starch in the bulk matrix of the sample was consistent with being a mixture of wheat and oat flour, while only minimal fat or oil was present. Calorific content, while insufficient compared to a modern feed for high-performance dogs, would nonetheless have been a valuable addition to the use of dried or frozen whole meat such as seal, fish, or pemmican and contributed additional energy compared to meat alone.

Artificial diets determine fatty acid composition in edible Ruspolia differens (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)

Abstract There are increasing interests in rearing edible insects in Africa, but information on how the feeds modify their fatty acids is largely lacking. In this work, the influence of artificial diets on the fatty acid contents and composition in the edible Ruspolia differens (Serville, 1838), in Uganda was assessed. R. differens was reared on the mixtures of six gradually diversified diets of two, three, four, six, eight and nine feeds. The diets were formulated from rice seed head, finger millet seed head, wheat bran, superfeed chicken egg booster, sorghum seed head, germinated finger millet, simsim cake, crushed dog biscuit pellet and shea butter. Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared using direct transesterification method, and analysed using gas chromatography. The contents of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid differed significantly among the diets. The more diverse diets resulted in increased content of the polyunsaturated fatty acids. The n6:n3 ratio differed significantly among the diets and between the sexes, with R. differens fed on the four-feed diet having a higher n6:n3 ratio than those fed on other diets. Also, the fatty acid composition differed significantly among the diets, and diet diversification corresponded with the proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic acid. Overall, our results demonstrate that higher levels of essential fatty acids can be achieved by rearing R. differens on highly diversified diets. These findings are important in informing the design of future mass-rearing program for this edible insect.

Utilização de métodos didáticos alternativos para o estudo da anatomia veterinária

Animals are routinely used both for educational and research as to its use occurs in order to pass on information already acquired mainly for anatomical studies. This work aims to develop alternative teaching models that can be used in the teaching of veterinary anatomy. Thus, the routine use would be reduced in practical classes in veterinary anatomy, anatomical parts derived from dead animals. To that end, the models were made of the shoulder joints and elbow dog biscuit dough using to represent the various structures existing in these joints. The faithful reproduction of the stomachs of horse and dog also was tested using their own stomachs taken from animals that died and came in this experiment were prepared and used as templates. All stomachs were pretreated with propolis extract and then were filled with sawdust, stitched and varnished. The drying air injection, a method of preservation of hollow viscera, also has been used in our industry in the preparation of the stomachs of different animal species. This technique allows us to compare the morphology of the digestive tract of different species. An analysis of the topography of the vascular face of a horse can be demonstrated with the use of wool (red) mounted on the bone surface of the animal's head, thus illustrating the whole plot which is responsible for arterial blood supply to this region. The use of teaching resources has proven to be a facilitator of learning, contributing positively in the teaching-learning. Thus, we conclude that the use of alternative methods to the unnecessary use of animals is ethical, effective and economically viable.

The case of the magic bones: Dogs’ memory of the physical properties of objects

Dogs’ memory for properties of occluded objects was assessed using a looking-time procedure. The looking-time procedure has been used to indicate that a change in expectation has been observed, with longer looking times associated with change as compared with no change. In our experiments, a bone-shaped dog biscuit (bone) was placed behind a horizontal screen that then rotated up to occlude the object before the screen returned to its horizontal position. Dogs were shown one of two test events. In one (congruent) event, the screen rotated up to obscure the bone and then rotated back down to reveal the unchanged bone. In the other (incongruent) event, the screen rotated up to obscure the bone and then rotated back down to reveal a bone that had changed in size (Experiment 1) or color (Experiment 2). Looking times were measured to assess which events represented the detection of a change. Increased looking time on incongruent trials indicated that the dogs remembered the size and color of the occluded object.

Repellency of Dettol, a Commercial Cleaning Product, Against Adult American Cockroaches <i>Periplaneta americana</i> (L.)

Dettol, a commercial cleaning product was tested for its repellent action against adults of Periplaneta americana (L.). Experimental cage was constructed with pieces of polypropylene plastic material to have a finished form measuring 30×30×60cm. Two cardboard shelters (for each trial) were assembled each 10cm square by size with an opening of 1.5×1.5cm to allow for free passage. One of the shelters was treated with undiluted Dettol, the other with water (control) prior to placement in the cage. Twenty five adult roaches were released in the cage also provided with water and 50g dog biscuit at each trial. The cage was placed close to the sunlight by midday over seven days observation period and the number of roaches in and close to the shelters were recorded three times by 30 minutes interval. Similar procedure was used when applying 1:37 and 1:74 dilutions of the product. A highest mean repellency (0.00±0.00) was observed in the treated shelter (TS) with undiluted concentration while the least (13.33±1.15) was in the control shelter (CS). Similarly, repellency was extended close to the treated shelter (CTS) than close to the control shelter (CCS). However, repellency was observed to be indirectly proportional to both concentration and exposure time. The active ingredient responsible for repelling the roaches in Dettol is discussed. Keywords: Repellency, Periplaneta americana, Dettol

The case of the disappearing bone: Dogs’ understanding of the physical properties of objects

To assess dogs' memory for an occluded object, a gaze duration procedure was used similar to one often used with nonverbal infants. A bone shaped dog biscuit was placed behind a solid screen that then rotated in the depth plane through an arc front to back. Dogs were shown either of the two test events. In one event (the possible event), the screen rotated until it reached the point at which it would have reached the bone and then stopped (about 120°); in the other event (the impossible event), the screen rotated through a full 180° arc, as though it had passed through the bone. The dogs looked significantly longer at the impossible event. To control for the differential time it took for the screen to move, for a control group, a bone was placed behind the screen and the screen was rotated either 60° or 120° (both possible events). No difference in looking time was found. To control for the movement of the screen through 120° or 180° when both were possible, for a second control group, the bone was placed to the side of the screen rather than behind the screen and the screen was moved 120° or 180°. Again, no significant difference in looking time was found. Results suggest that much like young children, dogs understand the physical properties of an occluded object. That is they appear to understand that an object (such as a screen) should not be able to pass through another object (such as dog bone).

Attractiveness of some food baits to the melon fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The attraction of the melon fly, Bactrocera Cucurbitae (Coq.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) to soybean hydrolysate, fishmeal, beef extract, banana/grapes, bread and dog biscuit was evaluated in snakegourd (Trichosanthes anguina L.) gardens during 2000–2001. Vinegar and beer were added as the ‘bait components’ to the above ‘base baits’ to enhance their attractiveness. Edible oils, glycerine and petroleum jelly were tested as the ‘controlled releasers’ to sustain the attractiveness. The results indicated that banana and soybean hydrolysate were 85–95% more attractive to adult B. Cucurbitae than fishmeal, beef extract, bread and dog biscuit. Among the fruit pulps, grapes and banana appeared to be more attractive than pineapple. The attractiveness of baits with palm oil lasted longer (up to 5 days) than that of baits without any controlled releaser (2–3 days). Grapes + beer + palm oil was found to be 37% more attractive than the other admixtures. The fruit flies were attracted towards the baits more intensively between 0600 and 0800 h and between 1600 and 1800 h.

DOES PACKAGE SIZE MATTER? A UNIT‐PRICE ANALYSIS OF “DEMAND” FOR FOOD IN BABOONS

In a study examining "demand" for food, responding of 8 adult male baboons (Papio c. anubis) was maintained under a fixed-ratio schedule of food reinforcement during daily 23-hr experimental sessions. Completion of the ratio requirement resulted in the delivery of one, five, or 10 1-g food pellets. Supplemental feeding was limited to fruit and a dog biscuit daily. Responding increased as "cost" was increased across a wide range of fixed-ratio values before reaching a maximum and then decreasing. Increasing the number of food pellets per delivery decreased total responding and the number of reinforcements per day. A unit-price analysis, in which intake was converted to grams per day and fixed-ratio values were converted to responses per gram, yielded demand functions that overlapped at lower unit prices. Under one or more multiple-pellet conditions, however, intake decreased more quickly than under the one-pellet condition as the fixed-ratio value was increased in all but 1 baboon. This indicates that even when using unit-price conversions, there was variability in total intake. Although unit-price conversions yielded intake data that were more consistent across conditions, conditions differed in response topography even at the same unit prices: Under the multiple-pellet conditions there were longer pauses in responding, running response rate was slower, and the first eating bout (i.e., "meal") of the session was smaller than under the one-pellet condition. These findings (a) support the heuristic value of a unit-price analysis for studying responding for and consumption of commodities that have similar attributes, and (b) indicate that different response topographies may result in similar intakes of a commodity.

A field evaluation in Mexico of four baits for oral rabies vaccination of dogs.

We evaluated four baits for the delivery of oral rabies vaccines to dogs. In a controlled study in a town in rural Mexico, 177 randomly selected dogs were assigned to receive one of four experimental baits (two of which were developed by the Denver Wildlife Research Center [DWRC]): one of two cylindrical polyurethane sponges with a corn meal coating (one fried in corn oil [DWRC-corn], the other in fish oil [DWRC-fish]), a fish-flavored polymer bait, or a wax bait. Each dog was also offered a commercial dog biscuit. We recorded whether or not the bait was completely consumed, and used the following measures to estimate the amount of oropharyngeal contact with each bait: total chewing time, presence of pieces of bait on the ground following administration, the total area of ground surrounding the location of ingestion that was covered with green dye contained in each bait, and condition of ampules that contained the dye. The dog biscuits were completely consumed significantly more often than the baits (155 of 176 [88%] for the biscuits versus 89 of 176 [50.5%] for the four baits; P less than 10(-6)), but were chewed for a significantly shorter time than the baits (mean time 34 sec for the biscuit versus 60-82 sec for the four baits: P less than 0.001). The ideal bait would probably combine the attractiveness of the commercial biscuit and the ability of the sponge baits to promote contact with the mucous membranes.

Diarrhoea in the dog and cat I. Acute diarrhoea

Faeces are not always uniform in consistency. Many owners believe that variations in faecal consistency are abnormal, but consistency may vary during one evacuation, i.e. initially firm but latterly soft, or over the day, e.g. the initial morning faeces are frequently firmer than those passed later in the day. It is normal for a dog to defaecate more than twice daily. The accepted range of normality for the dog and cat is one to four times daily although this depends on the diet. The faecal output of a dog fed on a dry, complete diet may be twice that on a meat-based diet. The addition of dog biscuit to the meat has little effect upon faecal bulk as most biscuit is low in fibre.

LABORATORY REARING OF CULEX ANNULIROSTRIS SKUSE (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)

AbstractA successful technique was developed for laboratory rearing of Culex annulirostris. The larval rearing medium, containing water, crushed dog biscuit and yeast, required continuous aeration to prevent putrefaction. An emergence cage was designed to improve rearing and operational efficiency. Adults were fed on boiled sultanas, and females received their blood meals from guinea pigs. The culture room was kept at 26°C ± 1°C, and the relative humidity was alternated from 60% to 80% for three day periods to maximize reproduction and survival. Simulated dusk and dawn enhanced feeding and mating. Observations from culturing studies are reported.

The breeding of taeniorhynchus (Subgenus mansonioides) mosquitoes in the laboratory

1. 1) Three species of Taeniorhynchus (subgenus Mansonioides), ( T. africanus, T. annuliferus and T. uniformis), have been maintained in the laboratory for more than 1 year, and for more than 12 generations. 2. 2) The life history is briefly described and illustrated by photographs. 3. 3) The adult mosquitoes mate and feed readily in captivity. The routine method of keeping the adult mosquitoes, and a technique for obtaining eggs, are described. 4. 4) Experiments are reported in which various larval culture methods were tested. 5. 5) A simplified technique, suitable for rearing these mosquitoes away from the tropics, is described in which the larval environment is diluted dog biscuit, or guinea-pig dung, infusion, stabilized by a turf, and maintained by the addition periodically of biscuit or yeast. Living plants have been replaced by brown paper as an air source for the larvae. 6. 6) The greatest mortality in the cultures occurs soon after the larvae hatch, with a further appreciable loss at pupation.

INTRACELLULAR SYMBIOSIS IN COCKROACHES. I. PRODUCTION OF APOSYMBIOTIC COCKROACHES

1. The trans-ovarial inheritance of fat-body intracellular symbiotes in the German cockroach was prevented by subjecting the parent insects to high temperature or by feeding the parents aureomycin or sulfathiazole.2. The most certain and simple method of obtaining aposymbiotic nymphs is by feeding the parents ground dog biscuit plus 0.1% aureomycin all of their lives.3. Aposymbiotic nymphs are practically incapable of growth on a natural diet which is adequate for symbiotic nymphs.4. The addition of large amounts of dried brewers yeast to the diet enabled the aposymbiotic nymphs to grow to maturity in two to three times the period required by normal nymphs.5. Adult aposymbiotic cockroaches suffered impaired reproductive ability. The males were affected as well as the females.6. The second and third generations of aposymbiotic roaches are similar to the first in both histology and behavior.

Dog Biscuit as a Larval Medium for Sarcophaga bullata1

Dog Biscuit as a Larval Medium for Sarcophaga bullata1

Rearing Houseflies and Blowflies on Dog Biscuit

Rearing Houseflies and Blowflies on Dog Biscuit

Diet and Resistance to Infection—III. Genetic Versus Dietary Factors

IN our earlier publicationsl 2'8 we reported certain experiments which we interpreted as evidence of influence of maternal diet upon the resistance of the offspring to infection following inoculation with Salmonella enteritidis. The comparisons were limited to the descendents of the D line (unselected Swiss) mice. For many previous generations this line had been maintained in the stock of Dr. L. T. Webster at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research on Diet A, a diet of bread and milk, supplemented twice a week with a mixture of oats and buckwheat, and once a week with dog biscuit. On their arrival in our laboratory, all the mice were placed on a modified Steenbock diet of ten ingredients, Diet C (200). After an interval of 2 months, 4 females and 2 males which had been taken at the same time from the same breeding pen at the Rockefeller Institute, were divided into two breeding lots: females 1 and 3 with a male constituted one lot; females 2 and 4 with a male constituted the second lot. The first lot was continued on diet C (200). The second lot was

Normal Emptying Time of the Stomach of the Dog

In the course of experimental work on the effect of anoxemia on the emptying time of the stomach of the dog a good deal of control data was obtained. It was felt that these data might be of interest and use to other workers, especially as there appears to be a considerable difference of opinion as to the time it takes the stomach of a dog to empty. Dogs varying in weight from 5 to 10 kilos were used in these experiments. They were fed approximately the same time each day. The experimental meal consisted of 40 gm. of hamburger steak, 10 gm. of dried ground bread and 50 cc. of milk; 15 gm. of barium sulphate were added so that the stomach contents could be seen with the x-rays. The animals ate this meal with relish. Immediately afterward they were put into a large steel respiratory chamber so that they would be protected from extraneous influences. The chamber was kept well ventilated by means of an air pump of large capacity. It was necessary, of course, to remove the animals from the chamber in order to examine them fluoroscopically. This procedure took from 5 to 15 minutes, so that an experimental error of a plus or minus 15 minutes was allowed. Summary. Twenty-five dogs were used; a total of 200 tests was run. The average emptying time of the stomach of the dogs was 6.59 hours; the mean was 6.54 hours. The average for the tests was 6.61 hours and the mean 6.62. The extremes for the emptying time were 5.42 hours and 8.07 hours. It was interesting to observe that the normal emptying time of the stomach for an individual dog was remarkably uniform from day to day. It: was necessary, of course, to keep all the factors quite constant. As a matter of fact the extremes for the 25 dogs as before mentioned were 5.42 hours and 8.07 hours—a variation of only 2.65 hours. No correlation was noticed as to size or breed. The results reported in this paper are higher than those obtained by Ivy and by Thomas. The former reports the normal emptying time of the stomach in 5 dogs as varying from 4 hours and 25 minutes to 5 hours and 17 minutes. He used a meal of 125 gm. of Swift's Silver Fox Food and 100 cc. of milk. Thomas states that a dog fed about 300 gm. of dog biscuit and a pint of milk would probably empty in somewhere around 3 hours. Both of these authors used a different type of meal from the one reported in this paper and this probably accounts for the difference in results. The experimental meal we used proved very successful in our work and we can recommend it highly; it is fairly well balanced; the dogs ate it with relish and small dogs subsisted solely on it. Conclusions. The normal emptying time of the stomach was determined on 25 dogs under carefully controlled conditions. The meal consisted of 40 gm. of hamburger steak, 10 gm. of dried ground bread and 50 cc. of milk; barium sulphate was added (15 gm.). A total of 200 tests were made. The average emptying time of the stomach of the dogs was 6.59 hours; the average for the tests was 6.61 hours. The variations were between 5.42 and 8.07 hours. It was found that the emptying time of the stomach for an individual dog was strikingly uniform from day to day.

Factors Affecting the Calcium Content of the Tissues of the Carcinoma—Susceptible Rat

These experiments were undertaken to determine whether or not the body calcium of white rats could be influenced by the action of certain chemicals, such as calcium gluconate, viosterol (irradiated ergosterol), and paroidin (parathyroid extract). The rats used were from an inbred carcinoma-susceptible strain. They were given a mixed diet of high calcium content, consisting of dog biscuit, oats, cabbage or carrots, and fresh milk. Each rat was kept in a separate cage. Treatments were begun when the rat was about 100 days old. Method The following method for determining the calcium in the tissues was employed. A rat was kept without food for twenty-four hours before it was killed. After the animal was killed by ether, it was weighed and skinned. The skin was placed in one silica dish, the viscera in another, and the remaining parts, including the skeleton and muscles, were put through a meat grinder and placed in a third dish. These dishes were allowed to stand in a drying oven at 80–90°C. until they came to constant weight. The tissue was then ashed. To complete the oxidation of all the carbon, at the end of the ashing process about 5 c.c. of concentrated nitric acid were added and the ash heated to dryness. The ash was dissolved in 50 per cent hydrochloric acid by allowing it to stand over night. It was then filtered through a Gooch crucible, using an asbestos mat. The filtrate and washings were diluted to either 100 or 200 c.c.

Studies on Calcium. VI. Effective Dose of Calcium Gluconate Subcutaneously administered in Completely Parathyroidectomized Dogs.

Lieberman and Szurek have previously shown that parathyroid tetany can be prevented (dogs) by injecting subcutaneously large quantities of calcium gluconate (in 10% concentration). Whereas this salt of calcium is the only one so far described which can be injected subcutaneously without causing necrosis, no attempt was made to determine how little of a 10% solution sufficed to prevent the appearance of tetany following a single daily subcutaneous injection of this salt on the basis of cc/kg body weight in the thyropara-thyroidectomized animal. Method. Complete data were obtained from 5 dogs. The average weight of the dogs was 10 kg. (Extremes: 7.5 kg.-13.5 kg.). For the the first 2 weeks after operation the animals were put on milk and meat diet. Thereafter, on dog biscuit diet. Syringe and needle were sterilized in 70% ethyl alcohol. The shaved skin area through which the subcutaneous injections were to be made was “Sterilized” with 70% alcohol, which seemed to be a better disinfectant than an alcoholic picric acid solution. A 10% solution of calcium gluconate was used throughout. As everyone knows who has worked with parathyroidectomized dogs, each animal presents an individual problem, probably because of the difference in the degree of parathyroid deficiency produced by the usual thyro-parathyroidectomy. The amount of calcium (in terms of cc. of a 10% solution of calcium gluconate) necessary to prevent tetany is therefore only an approximation which we hope will nevertheless be found useful to those working in this field (on dog or man). To certain that tetany would ensue in a given animal, no injection was given after the operation until definite signs of tetany appeared. After restoring the animal to an apparently normal status by a large dose of calcium gluconate, the dose was cut down in time until on a given dose tetany appeared.