Dodecylbenzenesulfonic Acid Sodium Salt Research Articles

Sodium salt of dodecyl benzene sulphonic acid as an effective corrosion inhibition for different heat-treated steel in sulphuric acid medium

Abstract The purpose of this work is to use electrochemical and gravimetric techniques to investigate the inhibition of DBSS on the corrosion of heat-treated dual-phase AISI 1040 steel in a 0.5 M sulphuric acid solution at 35 °C. The corrosion studies are performed by potentiodynamic polarization study (PDP), electrochemical impedance study (EIS), and gravimetric method. To confirm the inhibition surface characterization like x-ray diffraction technique (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and EDS analysis are performed. Depending on the phase change of metals due to heat treatment, the corrosion inhibition of the heat-treated metal increased when it was exposed to 0.5 M H2SO4 at 35 °C in the presence of dodecyl benzene sulphonic acid sodium salt (DBSS) inhibitor. The highest inhibition efficiency of 63%, 82%, 87%, 43%, and 63% was obtained for AISI 1040 steel at heat treatment conditions of Normalized, Quenched at 700 °C, Quenched at 750 °C, Quenched at 790 °C and Quenched at 900 °C respectively. In the gravimetric and electrochemical study, the IE increases with the increase with the concentration of DBSS unto 75% from gravimetric analysis and 87% from PDP analysis for Quenched at 750 °C and 790 °C respectively. The metal protection is achieved by heat treatment process as well as by using DBSS as inhibitor. Corrosion inhibition on the metal’s surface was confirmed by SEM and XRD. In addition, the adsorption of DBSS on the anodic and cathodic sites of the metal surface was well explained.

Potassium nickel hexacyanoferrate–polyacrylonitrile composite for removing cobalt, strontium, and cesium from radioactive laundry wastewater

AbstractThe applicability of potassium nickel hexacyanoferrate–polyacrylonitrile (KNiFC–PAN) for the sorption of Co2+, Sr2+, and Cs+ from radioactive laundry wastewater generated in nuclear power plants was investigated. Competitive sorption of Co2+, Sr2+, and Cs+ onto KNiFC–PAN was studied for single, binary, and ternary solutions. The Langmuir, Freundlich, Kargi–Ozmıhci, Koble–Corrigan, and Langmuir–Freundlich models predicted the single‐sorption data (R2 ≥ 0.942, sum of squared error ≤ 0.105). The sorption isotherms were nonlinearly favorable (Freundlich coefficient, NF = 0.288–0.842). According to the Langmuir, Freundlich, Kargi–Ozmıhci, Koble–Corrigan, and Langmuir–Freundlich models, at pH 5 (C0 = 20 mM), KNiFC−PAN exhibited the highest maximum sorption capacity (qmL) for Cs+ among the investigated cations, wherein the primary mechanism was physical sorption. The competition between the metal ions in the binary and ternary systems reduced the respective sorption capacities. Binary and ternary sorption models, such as the ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) model coupled with Freundlich (IAST–Freundlich), IAST–Langmuir, and IAST–Langmuir–Freundlich models, were fitted to the experimental data; among these, the IAST–Freundlich model was the most accurate for the binary and ternary systems. The presence of sodium 4‐n‐octylbenzenesulfonate and dodecylbenzene–sulfonic acid sodium salt as anionic surfactants strongly affected the sorption capacity on KNiFC–PAN owing to increased distribution coefficients (Kd) of Cs+, Sr2+, and Co2+. Thus, KNiFC–PAN is promising for removing Cs+, Sr2+, and Co2+ from radioactive laundry wastewater.

Thermoelectric properties and intrinsic conduction processes in DBSA and NaSIPA doped polyanilines

Seeking to gain fundamental understanding of the thermoelectric (TE) behavior of polyanilines (PANIs), structure- property relationships of PANI nanorods, doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) and 5-sulfoisophtalic acid sodium salt (NaSIPA), and prepared by an indirect synthetic route, are discussed in terms of the contribution of the acid concentrations on the thermoelectric properties.The synergistic combination of high doping level and layer structure, accounts for the moderately high electrical conductivities (σ) and low constant Seebeck coefficients (α) of PANI-DBSA. Conversely, the poor doping ability of NaSIPA and low crystallinity degree explain the low electrical conductivities along with significant increases in Seebeck coefficient values. In relation to conduction mechanisms, PANI-DBSA shows a hopping behavior with a carrier concentration of c≈0.49 (hole type), while PANI-NaSIPA displays a diffusive regime, characteristic of degenerate metallic semiconductors, with an estimated charge carrier density of n ≈3 × 1021 e/cm3.

Doped polypyrrole with good solubility and film forming properties suitable for device applications

Polypyrrole (PPy) soluble in various organic solvents was synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization with ammonium persulfate as the oxidant and di (2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinic acid sodium salt (NaDEHS) and dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid sodium salt (NaDBSA) as dopants. The solubility of the PPy/NaDEHS/NaDBSA samples in various solvents was investigated. PPy-NaDEHS sample shows high solubility and the polymer film show conductivity of the order of 10-1 S/cm compared to PPY-NaDBSA. The FTIR spectra of the samples show the presence of all the characteristic absorption peaks of polypyrrole and the dopants were found to be incorporated into polypyrrole. Thermogravemetric analysis shows high PPy-NaDEHS is more thermally stable compared to PPY-NaDBSA. XRD patterns of the samples show partially crystalline nature. UV visible absorption spectroscopic studies of the homogeneous solutions of the doped PPy samples prepared from the various solvents show different absorption behaviour in the near IR region depending on the polarity of the solvent.

EDTA-modified PANI/SWNTs nanocomposite for differential pulse voltammetry based determination of Cu(II) ions

Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) based electrochemical sensor dedicated for the determination of Cu(II) ion concentration is reported in this research. Sensor was based on electrochemically synthesized polyaniline (PANI) and single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) nanocomposite (PANI/SWNTs), which was additionally functionalized by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in order to get structure (EDTA-PANI/SWNTs) with advanced selectivity towards Cu(II) ion. Synthesis of PANI/SWNTs nanocomposite was performed by potential cycling, dodecyl benzene sulphonic acid sodium salt (DBSA) was used as a surfactant during the synthesis of PANI/SWNTs nanocomposite to get a uniform suspension of SWNTs at room temperature. In the next step, PANI/SWNTs nanocomposite was further modified by the EDTA solution containing 1-ethyl-3(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide (EDC) as activating agent, which is activating carboxyl groups, utilizing dip coating technique at room temperature. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique was applied for the electrochemical detection of Cu(II) ion. DPV based response of EDTA-PANI/SWNTs structure towards Cu(II) ion was investigated. Analytical signals reveal that EDTA-PANI/SWNTs structure is suitable for selective determination of Cu(II) ion in the presence of interfering Pb(II), Cd(II), Ni(II) and Co(II) ions.

Polyacrylonitrile/polyaniline composite nanofiber webs with electrostatic discharge properties

In this study, composite nanofibers of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polyaniline (PANI) were successfully produced by electrospinning technique and the effects of different dopants such as camphorsulfonic acid (CSA), dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) and dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid sodium salt (DBSANa+), and different solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and N, N′-dimethylformamide (DMF) on the properties of PAN/PANI composite nanofiber webs have been investigated. It has been observed that nanofibers produced from DMSO generally had larger fiber diameters and higher breaking strength than nanofibers produced from DMF. CSA could dope better than DBSA(iso) and DBSANa+. CSA resulted in the highest conductivity when DMSO was used while it resulted in lower conductivity in DMF. The insulator PAN became a semiconductive material with the incorporation of CSA-doped PANI. The highest electrical conductivity obtained was 10−6 S/cm which is in the range suitable for electrostatic discharge applications.

Polyacrylonitrile/polyaniline composite nano/microfiber webs produced by different dopants and solvents

In the present study, the effects of different dopants such as camphorsulfonic acid (CSA), dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) (70 wt% in isopropanol), and dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid sodium salt (DBSANa+), and different solvents such as N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) on the structure and properties of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/polyaniline (PANI) composite nano/microfiber web produced by the electrospinning technique have been investigated and compared to each other. It has been observed that the nano/microfibers produced from NMP solvent generally had larger fiber diameters than the nano/microfibers produced from DMF, while the use of DBSANa+ resulted in the formation of larger diameters in comparison to other dopants. The use of NMP as the solvent resulted in higher breaking stress values for the reference samples and the composite samples, which contained CSA-doped PANI while the samples that contained DBSA(iso) and DBSANa+-doped PANI showed lower breaking stress values when electrospun from NMP. While the solutions prepared using DBSANa+ showed higher solution conductivities, the use of NMP as the solvent resulted in lower solution conductivity values. Higher conductivity values were obtained with CSA in NMP and with DBSA(iso) in DMF. The conductivity values of the composite nano/microfiber webs were around 10−8 and 10−9 S/cm, which is the range for antistatic materials instead of insulator materials as pure PAN.

Electrical conductivity of lyotropic phases of dodecylbenzenesulphonates with Li+, Na+, and K+ ions in water

The electrical conductivity of dodecylbenzenesulphonate (DoBS) ionic lyotropic liquid crystal of the systems: LiDoBS (dodecylbenzenesulphonic acid lithium salt)/water, NaDoBS (dodecylbenzenesulphonic acid sodium salt)/water, and KDoBS (dodecylbenzenesulphonic acid potassium salt)/water were investigated by impedance spectroscopy in the frequency range from 0.5 Hz to 0.5 MHz. The electrical conductivity of lyotropic LiDoBS was higher than that of isotropic phase. The electrical conductivity isotropic KDoBS and NaDoBS was higher than the conductivity of lyotropic ones. The temperature dependence of electrical conductivity was investigated in the systems LiDoBS/water and KDoBS/water for different phases. The activation energy of electrical conductivity is lowest for the normal hexagonal phase LiDoBS/water. Such systems based on anionic surfactants are of interest as the electrolyte for the supercapacitors.

Dopant ve Solventlerin Poliakrilonitril / Polianilin Kompozit Nanoliflerinin Morfolojisi, İletkenliği ve Mekanik Özellikleri Üzerine Etkileri

In this study, the effects of different dopants such as camphorsulfonic acid (CSA), dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid sodium salt (DBSANa+), different solvents such as N,N’-dimethylformamide (DMF), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and different mixing processes such as magnetic mixing and mechanical mixing on the morphology, conductivity and mechanical properties of PAN/PANi composite nanofibers are investigated. It has been seen that composite nanofibers had the smallest fiber diameter, lowest conductivity and lowest mechanical properties when CSA (dopant) and DMF (solvent) are used. However, the composite nanofibers in which the polyaniline is doped with CSA in DMSO (solvent) had better conductivity and mechanical properties, besides having thicker diameters. When the mixing effects compared, mechanical mixing process resulted in higher mechanical properties of nanofibers compared to magnetic mixing process, while there was not much difference between fiber diameter and conductivity values.

Fabrication and characterization of dry conducting polymer actuator by vapor phase polymerization of polypyrrole.

A trilayered dry conducting polymer actuator was fabricated via application of a polypyrrole (PPy) coating on both sides of a solid polymer electrolyte film using vapor phase polymerization (VPP). The solid polymer electrolyte film was prepared by incorporation of different weight ratios of dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid sodium salt in poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) by solvent casting. The successful polymerization of PPy was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; a uniform PPy coating on the solid polymer electrolyte film surface was also observed by scanning electron microscopy. The dry PVA/PPy actuator demonstrated good actuation behavior at a low applied voltage of 1-3 V. The actuator bending displacement was found to increase with an increase in the applied voltage. The VPP approach in this study provides a very effective method for achieving a uniform polymer coating in the fabrication of a dry conducting polymer actuator.

DETERMINATION OF METHYLENE BLUE BIOSORPTION BY Rhizopus arrhizus IN THE PRESENCE OF SURFACTANTS WITH DIFFERENT CHEMICAL STRUCTURES

Methylene blue (MB) biosorption properties of Rhizopus arrhizus were investigated in the presence of surfactants. The effects of cationic and anionic surfactants on MB removal by dead biomass (1 g L−1) were determined. MB removal was tested as a function of initial pH (2–12), contact time (5–1440 min), and dye (37.4–944.7 mg L−1) and surfactant (0–10 mM) concentrations. The opposite charged anionic surfactant dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt (DBS) enhanced sorption of cationic MB by biomass dramatically. Maximum biosorption capacity was 471.5 mg g−1 at pH 8 with 0.5 mM DBS at 944.7 mg L−1 MB concentration. The surfactant-stimulated fungal decolorization method may provide a highly efficient, inexpensive, and time-saving procedure in biological wastewater treatment technologies.

Transport of surfactant-facilitated multiwalled carbon nanotube suspensions in columns packed with sized soil particles

Transport of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in soil/sediment matrixes can regulate their potential eco-effects and has been however rarely studied. Herein, column experiments were conducted to investigate mobility of CNT suspensions stabilized by dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt (SDBS), octyl-phenol-ethoxylate (TX-100) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) in four soil samples with certain particle sizes. Humic acid was extracted from a soil sample and was coated on quartz sands to explore the effect of soil organic matter (SOM) on the mobility. Results showed that the positively-charged CPC-CNT was entirely retained in the columns while the negatively-charged SDBS-CNT and TX-100-CNT more or less broke through the columns. Pearson correlation analyses revealed that soil texture rather than SOM controlled the mobility. Electrostatic attraction to and/or precipitation on the grain surfaces together with the straining effect could explain the CNT retention. These novel results will help to understand the eco-effects of CNTs.

Early warning tools for ecotoxicity assessment based on Phaeodactylum tricornutum.

Phaeodactylum tricornutum was exposed to various toxic substances (zinc, copper or dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt) in accordance with the AlgalToxkit(®) protocol based on the UNI EN ISO 10253 method in order to quantitatively compare the responses obtained by traditional growth-rate inhibition tests with morphological (biovolume) and physiological (chlorophyll-a, phaeophytin ratio) endpoints. A novel approach is proposed for detecting early and sub-lethal effects based on biovolume quantification using confocal microscopy coupled with an image analysis system. The results showed that effects on both biovolume and the photosynthetic complex are sensitive and powerful early warning tools for evaluating sub-lethal effects of exposure. Specifically, biovolume showed significant sensitive and early responses for the tested surfactant. Qualitatively, we also observed structural anomalies and effects on natural auto-fluorescence in exposed cells that also represent potentially useful tools for ecotoxicological studies.

Dielectric and morphological studies of nanostructured polypyrrole-coated cotton fabrics

In this study, nanostructured polypyrrole (PPy)-coated cotton textiles were produced by in situ chemical oxidative polymerization and dielectric/electrical properties of PPy-coated cotton fabrics were presented in the low- and high-frequency regions. The conductive cotton fabrics showed a relatively high dielectric constant in the low- and radio-frequency region. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss for all fabrics presented relatively high values at low frequency and were found to decrease with the frequency. The influence of the PPy content and the type of dopant and oxidant on the morphological, dielectric/electrical and thermal properties of the cotton fabrics was investigated. It was found that the type of dopants and oxidants had a noticeable effect on the electrical/dielectric and morphological properties. The frequency dependence of AC conductivity, dielectric constant, dielectric loss and electric modulus were analyzed in the frequency range from 0.1 kHz to 10 MHz. The nanofiber network morphology of coated fabrics produced by dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt improved the electrical/dielectric and thermal properties of cotton composites.

Influence of Single-wall Carbon Nanotubes and Polypyrrole Thin Layer Coating on the Electrical Conductivity of PolyHIPE Foams

Conducting poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene)/single wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) polyHIPE (polymerized high internal phase emulsion) composite foams were successfully synthesized via emulsion template polymerization. The effect of various SWCNT loadings, 0–1.4 wt.%, on the electrical conductivity and surface morphology of resulting composite foams was investigated. The incorporation of small amount of SWCNT as conducting nanofiller resulted in formation of a percolative network on the surface of polyHIPE foam. As expected, increasing the weight fraction of SWCNT above the percolation threshold, 0.2 wt.%, increased the conductivity of the nanocomposite foams up to 0.8 wt.%, while further increase had no significant change in the electrical conductivity. Scanning electron micrographs indicated that the incorporation of SWCNT led to the microstructural changes in the typical structure of resulting polyHIPE foam. This morphological change can be attributed to the use of an anionic surfactant as SWCNT dispersing agent in the aqueous phase and to subsequent partial instability of the HIPE. The prepared nanocomposite foams were then covered with an ultrathin layer of polypyrrole (PPy) via chemical oxidative polymerization of pyrrole in the presence of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt (DBSNa) as dopant. The shift of bands in the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of the PPy/SWCNT hybrid foam in comparison with the neat PPy coated foam suggested a specific interaction between the PPy chains and SWCNT that would change the conducting polymer conformation and packed structure. The delocalized π-electrons in SWCNT/PPy bond through noncovalent or π-π interactions resulted in the hybrid polyHIPE nanocomposite foams with enhanced electrical conductivity.

Responses of Aquatic Vegetation to Pollution: Preliminary Results on Ecotoxicological Effects and Bioenrichment Factors

This study evaluates, on a preliminary basis, the principal morpho-physiological effects induced by pollution stress in four aquatic vegetation species of great ecological relevance in transitional water ecosystems. Three macroalgae (Chaetomorpha linum, Valonia aegagrophyla, Graciliariopsis longissima) and one phanerogams species (Ruppia cirrhosa) were exposed to different doses of trace elements (Cu, Hg, Zn) and surfactants (dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt) in laboratory controlled microcosm conditions and morpho-physiological responses (photosynthetic complex alteration, percentage of died cells, morphological changes) were measured before and after 7 and 14 days of exposure. Levels of pollutants in tissues and BioConcentration Factors (BCF) for each species were calculated after 14 days of exposure. Results suggest that photosynthetic complex alteration can be a useful tool to evaluate early and sub-lethal significant changes due to exposure to pollution stress in all of the considered species. A clear species-specificity was observed concerning trace element levels in tissues after 14 days of exposure, while dose-dependent behavior was observed for BCFs.

Gas sensor based on montmorillonite/polypyrrole composites prepared by in situ polymerization in aqueous medium

Abstract We have synthesized clay/polypyrrole composites via in situ polymerization in aqueous medium, with the anionic surfactant dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt (DBSA) playing a dual role as a dopant. We submitted the commercial clay k10 montmorillonite to a previous organophilic treatment with hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (C 19 H 42 NBr). The lattice parameters, as determined by X-ray diffraction, were d = 1.35 nm, 1.9 nm and 4.2 nm, for the pure montmorillonite (MMTK10), organophilic MMT (MMTO), and MMTO/polypyrrole samples, respectively. Infrared absorption spectroscopy analysis confirmed the presence of vibration peaks associated to both C C and N H polypyrrole bonds and also to MMT characteristic groups. When tested as active materials in sensors of methanol, ethanol, hexane and benzene vapors, these composites have shown a significant sensitivity to the presence of both polar and nonpolar volatile organic compounds. In special, these hybrid (organophilic clay)/polypyrrole films have shown a better level of recognition towards nonpolar compounds than other doped PPY films previously examined.

The Morphology, Structure and Electrical Properties of Polypyrrole Nanofibers via Electrospinning

One-dimensional nanostructured polypyrrole (PPy) nanofibers were electrospun using a solution of PPy/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA); and PVA was used as the carrier in order to improve processability of PPy. In order to improve the performance of nanofibers, PPy were chemically synthesized by using different dopants, such as toluene sulfonate (TSNa), dodecyl-benzene sulfonic acid sodium salt (DBSNa), dodecyl sulfonic acid sodium salt (DSNa) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate sodium salt (DEHS). The morphology, structure and electrical conductivity of the fabricated nanofibers was investigated using SEM, FTIR and four-probe method, respectively. The results show that the diameters of doped PPy/PVA nanofibers are in the range of 50-190 nm. The electrical conductivity of the obtained doped PPy/PVA nanofibers was about 161-222 S/cm. DEHS doped PPy can not only make the obtained PPy be soluble in some organic solvents, but also improve the electrical conductivity of nanofibers when it is compared with that of TSNa, DSNa, DBSNa as dopants.

Shape-controlled synthesis of silver particles by surfactant self-assembly under ultrasound radiation

Several methods have been offered for silver nanoparticles production. A new method has been developed including shape-controlled synthesis of silver nanoparticles in different shapes. Dendrite, cubic, spherical and porous structures were formed by self-arrangement of the surfactant as a template under ultrasound radiation. In order to produce silver particles, ascorbic acid has been used to reduce an aqueous solution of silver nitrate in the presence of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt, poly (vinyl pyrrolidinone), and a mixture of organic and aqueous solutions. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that the morphology and the size of produced particles were influenced by the type of capping agent, presence of ultrasound radiation, and crystallization time. In order to measure the surface roughness of dendrite and porous particles, an optical reflectometer was used. Surfactant molecules in an aqueous solution can aggregate in different shapes depending on temperature, ionic property of solution, time, and aprotic solvent content.

Adsorption of Congo Red from Aqueous Solutions Using Chitosan Hydrogel Beads Formed by Various Anionic Surfactants

The structural organization of chitosan hydrogel beads (CSBs) formed by various anionic surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium decyl sulfate (DS), dodecyl benzenesulfonic acid sodium salt (SDBS), and dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (DSS), and their applications as adsorbents for environmental purifications were investigated using Congo red (CR) as a model dye. The adsorption capacities of CSB as a function of surfactant concentration revealed that CSBs formed by 5 g/L anionic surfactant were the most effective for CR adsorption. The structure of CSBs and their adsorption capacities for CR depend on the nature of anionic surfactants. The maximum adsorption capacities of CSBSDS, CSBDS, CSBSDBS, and CSBDSS obtained from the Langmuir isotherm model were 186.02, 209.28, 207.25, and 113.83 mg/g, respectively, indicating that CSBDS was the best adsorbent for CR.