Documentary Research Method Research Articles

Impact(s) of Quality Assurance Requirements for Private Higher Education Institutions in South Africa

The surge and expansion of Private Higher Education Institutions (PHEIs) in South Africa is an indication that the private sector education is making significant progress. As a result, the PHEIs are considered as being in competition with Public Higher Institutions. This situation is envisaged to influence the Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET) to tighten its policies in order to control the PHEIS. Using the Octet quality theory, developed by Zaki and Zaki Rashidi. and the documentary content analysis research method, this study analyses ways in which quality assurance is used to curtail the growth of PHEIS. The findings of the study showed that some of the contributions of PHEIs are driven by the demand for higher learning opportunities in the republic, though faced by various challenges and barriers in fulfilling the quality assurance requirements in respect of accreditation the DHET. The paper submits that PHEIS are not in competition with Public Higher Educational Institutions, rather they are to be seen as complementing the vision of the DHET in its efforts to improve the South African Higher Education System. Thus, partnership between the private and the public institutions is recommended for the achievement of desired positive impacts.

MORAL VALUES OF THE MAIN CHARACTER IN THE FILM ENOLA HOLMES AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO CHARACTER BUILDING

Learning media can convey lesson information to students and stimulate their thoughts, feelings, attention, and willingness, and it can encourage the learning process. The film presents various stories that contain the moral values ​of life. One of the films to choose from is Enola Holmes. Enola Holmes is a film released in 2020 adaptation of the Nancy Springer book series The Enola Holmes Mysteries. Enola Holmes is directed by Harry Bradbeer and written by Jack Thorne. This study aimed to determine the moral values ​​represented by the main character in the film Enola Holmes for character building in students. This study uses the formulation of Kemendikbud (2017). The data collection method is the documentation research method and the technique of collecting data from Miles & Huberman (1994). Researchers used descriptive qualitative research. The subject of this study used subtitles in the film Enola Holmes. The findings of the study there are five moral values with eight sub-values ​​of moral values ​​in the Enola Holmes film. From the result, the writer can conclude that nationalist (self-sacrifice) is the most dominant moral value in Enola Holmes’ film.

Bridging the Gap between Foreign Language and Early Childhood Teacher Education: A quantitative and qualitative analysis of teacher knowledge base

In monolingual countries, the early introduction of foreign languages in the pre-primary curriculum is an emerging priority. This study analyses the teacher knowledge base (TKB) currently offered by higher education institutions to pre-service, foreign language, early childhood education and care (ECEC) teachers in various contexts such as Spain. A documentary research method combining both quantitative and qualitative analysis of 99 Spanish ECEC degree programs and 24 course guides was applied, allowing us to conclude that the presence of “very early foreign language” courses within Spanish ECEC programs is moderate, frequently reduced to a six ECTS course, and portrays a new TKB model related to the early introduction of foreign language in the education system.

Scientific substantiation of the concept of pharmacoeconomic analysis of technologies for early diagnosis and pharmacotherapy of pulmonary arterial hypertension

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare, progressive disorder characterized by high blood pressure (hypertension) in the arteries of the lungs (pulmonary artery) for no apparent reason.
 Because symptoms are nonspecific and physical signs may be subtle, the disease is often diagnosed at late stages. Over the past few decades, significant progress has been made in the field of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Technological progress allows to diagnose the disease in the early stages, as well as to better assess the severity of the disease.
 Today, screening studies are becoming increasingly important to establish a clinical diagnosis and minimize lost opportunities without timely diagnosis, especially in patients with idiopathic PAH.
 Therefore, the issue of early diagnosis of patients with suspected PAH and confirmation of the diagnosis is a very important and urgent issue today.
 The objective of the paper: to study the methods of implementation of technologies for early diagnosis and pharmacotherapy of pulmonary arterial hypertension and conceptual presentation of the results of their implementation.
 The work used available scientific sources of information on the results of the implementation of diagnostic screening for early detection of PAH and pharmacotherapy in the world. The analysis of input data was carried out using systematic, documentary, informational and graphical research methods.
 The result of the analysis of information materials showed that over the past two decades, significant progress has been made in the treatment of PAH and more than doubled the survival rate of patients.
 It has been found that diagnostic screening is a relatively unique medical technology in relation to other medical interventions and can be defined as the systematic use of diagnostic technologies in individuals at risk to detect the disease before the onset of symptoms.
 The study proposes a systematic concept of economic evaluation of the diagnostic screening program for PAH to determine its optimal design.
 At the same time, this concept embodies the complex effect of the introduction of technologies for early diagnosis and pharmacotherapy of PAH, which is expressed in the positive dynamics of clinical indicators, reduced mortality and improved quality of life.
 It should be noted that a number of new tools and approaches for diagnostic screening give hope that advances in the diagnosis of PAH will also affect the effectiveness of medical care.

Compatibility of the CSR practices of Islamic banks with the United Nations SDGs amidst COVID-19: a documentary evidence

PurposeThis study aims to establish whether the corporate social responsibilities (CSR) practices of Islamic banks are compatible with the sustainable development goals (SDGs) of the United Nations.Design/methodology/approachA documentary research method was applied by examining the annual reports of selected Islamic banks from Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, the UAE and Malaysia for 2020, which coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic.FindingsThe results indicate that Islamic banks discharged various CSR activities and contributed huge funds toward achieving the SDGs of the United Nations. Specifically, the banks prioritized the following CSR sectors: education, health, environmental protection and disaster relief and management. Besides, they provided support to micro and small businesses toward poverty alleviation.Research limitations/implicationsThis study examined only CSR reports of the selected Islamic banks for 2020.Practical implicationsThe findings have practical implications that may enable Islamic banks across the globe to improve their CSR initiatives, activities and reporting toward realizing the SDGs. They are also helpful to policymakers and regulators for the provisions of policies and regulations to motivate or mandate Islamic banks to effectively improve their CSR practices.Social implicationsCSR practices of Islamic banks can significantly support the SDGs toward mitigating many economic and social problems.Originality/valueThis study applied a relevant but rarely used method to explore the role of CSR practices of Islamic banks in achieving the SDGs.

ANALISIS NILAI MORAL DALAM SERIAL ANIMASI NUSSA RARA DAN RELEVANSINYA DENGAN PEMBELAJARAN PPKN DI SEKOLAH DASAR

This study aims to determine the moral values in the animated series Nussa and Rara and their relevance to Civics learning in elementary schools. The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. This research uses documentation research method. The data analysis technique used in this research is in the form of content analysis. The result showed that the animated film Nussa and Rara with the theme of children’s daily lives had moral messages including moral values towards God (Gratitude, Taqwa, and Ikhlas), moral values towards one self (Honest and forgiving), moral values towards parents (Love and obedience to parents), and moral values towards society (tolerance, mutual help and cooperation). This animated series has relevance to civics learning in elementary school.

Using Curriculum Mapping as a Tool to Match Student Learning Outcomes and Social Studies Curricula.

The interest in program- and colleges of education- level evaluation and alignment of student learning outcomes to course content has been increasing over the past several decades. Curriculum mapping establishes the links between content and expected student learning outcomes. Curriculum map is an overview of what is taking place in the classroom; and it includes evaluation tools and activities. Social Studies Department, Federal Capital Territory (FCT) College of Education Zuba, Abuja, recently completed an accreditation exercise by National Commission for Colleges of Education Abuja, Nigeria. The audit reported that there was no match between the student learning outcomes and Social Studies curricula. The purpose of this paper was to align the Nigeria Certificate in Education (NCE) (Social Studies) minimum standards with student learning outcomes to determine gaps and redundancies. The paper also looked at how virtual education enhances curriculum mapping during COVID-19 pandemic. Minimum standards learning outcomes were modified from existing learning outcomes to better align with college learning outcomes and the Social Studies Core and Elective Competencies. All NCE Social Studies courses were mapped to the Social Studies Core and Elective Competencies and assessed to determine the gaps and redundancies. The study used the documentary research method. The purposeful sampling strategy was used to select the research site. Potential gaps were defined as coverage for each competency in about ≤20% of the courses and potential redundancies was considered as coverage of ≥80% of the courses. The mapping exercise revealed gaps; and no redundancies in course content. The findings of the mapping exercises should be used to improve the content provided to NCE Social Studies students at FCT College of Education Zuba, with the overall objective of enhancing the quality of the education provided to those students and helping them to be better students that are prepared for a successful career in Social Studies.

CONVERGING AND DIVERGENT LINKS ABOUT OCTOPUS AND HUMAN INTELLIGENCE AND COGNITION

Scientific research encompasses cognitive and intellectual issues of cephalopods, specifically octopuses, concerning humans. These links can be both about similarities and differences, which in turn help to demystify this curious and idealized animal that is the octopus. The article aims to clarify possible relationships between these two beings and to prove the opposite about several neural characteristics considered exclusive to vertebrate animals. The study was developed through the method of bibliographic and documentary research, with an emphasis on the use of qualitative analysis.

Clinical characteristics of patients hospitalized to the Ukrainian expert-consultative center of pulmonary hypertension for adults

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a group of rare, malignant diseases that, without optimal treatment, quickly lead to death (the average survival of patients in the absence of specific therapy is 2.8 years from diagnosis). This nosology is most often diagnosed at an earlier age and mainly in female patients. The global trend indicates a predominance of PAH in women over men in 2–4 times greater.
 The objective of the paper to study the condition of inpatients to determine the strategy of medical care and identify ways to improve the pharmaceutical supply of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension.
 The object of the study were the results of a retrospective analysis of medical records of inpatients 93 patients hospitalized at the Ukrainian Expert-Consultative Center for Pulmonary Hypertension for Adults, established on the basis of NSC «Strazhesko Institute of Cardiology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine». Analytical, documentary, informational, graphic and retrospective research methods were used during the research.
 According to the results of a retrospective analysis of 93 medical records of inpatients who were registered and treated at the Ukrainian Expert Advisory Center for Adults for the period from 2018 to 2021, it was found that almost all patients with PAH have heart problems and other concomitant pathological conditions.
 The period of inpatient treatment consisted of maintenance therapy with diuretics (spironolactone, furosemide, triphas, torside, torasemide), anticoagulants (warfarin), cardiac glycosides (digoxin) and iron supplements (maltoferfol) and specific therapies using calcium channel blockers (amlodipine), prostacyclin analogues (ventavis), endothelin receptor antagonists (bosentan) and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (sildenafil, no-lag).
 Patients with PAH were hospitalized for 2 days to 31 days, the average number of bed-days was 8.75 days per 1 patient.
 Thus, the results of the study of the clinical characteristics of patients hospitalized at the Ukrainian Expert Advisory Center of Pulmonary Hypertension for Adults, indicate the need to determine the technology of specific therapy of PAH with pharmacoeconomic analysis.

Environmental determinant of religious names: A study of Úgwú and naming among the Nsukka-Igbo people of Nigeria

This article makes a contribution towards understanding the correlation between Úgwú (hill or mountain) and personal names among the Igbo people of Nigeria. Sacralisation of the natural environment which include hills or mountains is a belief that cuts across religions. Among the Igbo, the perceived sacred value placed on such natural environment prompted a series of socio-cultural changes. Personal names are usually drawn from deified entities such as the earth, sun, rivers, and so on. Studies on Igbo personal names portrayed the environmental determinant for personal names in different Igbo-subcultures. However, the pattern of Nsukka-Igbo names, influenced specifically by Úgwú has hardly gotten any scholarly attention. This study, therefore, provided evidence that Úgwú is the single most environmental element that shaped the culture of naming among the Nsukka-Igbo people with its psycho-social and economic implications. Drawing from the theory of sacralisation, which stresses on placing religious values on objects, this article showed that the deified Úgwú environment influenced an unprecedented frequency and exclusive nature of Úgwú personal names in the study area. Documentary research, observation and interview methods were used to collect and analyse secondary, as well as primary data for this study. The article drew attention to the increasing influence of Úgwú on personal names in Nsukka-Igbo, and its effects which include the conservation of the environment occasioned by the deification of Úgwú.Contribution: This article shows that the deification of natural environment of Úgwú influenced the increasing frequency of Úgwú personal names and its associated variants among the Nsukka-Igbo people of Nigeria.

“In Memory of Memory” by Maria Stepanova: A Romance about the Past and the Present

: M.M. Stepanova᾿s “In Memory of Memory: A Romance” (2017) is considered in the context of the socio-cultural situation of recent decades from the point of view of the main narrative strategies of the “literature of memory” of the postmodern era. The author comes to the conclusion that the method of artistic and documentary research by M. Stepanova can be described as “paralogical”, which is confirmed by the analysis of the artistic elements that make up the text of this romance-novel.

Counter/Public

The objective of this research-creation exhibition is to demonstrate a theory/praxis research method developed for documentary filmmaker-scholars. The session will demonstrate a method developed while researching my dissertation “Counter/Public: The Politics of Committed Film in the Philippines.” The research focuses on the Philippine “new cinema” (the 1970s-1980s) and follows two articulations—academic writing surveying primary and secondary texts in the field and a parallel interactive documentary and “social history.” The latter consists of conversations with twenty-five cultural producers and political participants (archivists, journalists, actors, editors, filmmakers, and activists) active during Philippine “democratization.” Said conversations thoroughly explore the subject’s involvement, motivations, and ideas and were carefully lit and filmed with two cameras. I began experimenting with different ways of putting the video footage into tension with the past. In so doing drew upon several theories. One was Allan Sekula’s argument for combining a materialist cultural history with montage. Another was Steve Anderson’s notion of database histories—an alternative to digital historiographies that, instead of historicizing the past, use database and search engine to construct a more flexible, reflexive, and participatory digital archive. A third was borrowed from Sharon Daniel, who envisions interface design as “argument” and user interaction and navigation as “inquiry.” Through an almost iconoclastic approach (in lieu of performative alienation effects), Daniel’s practice attempts to challenge the viewer’s assumptions about narrative construction while foregrounding contradictions between politics and aesthetics. The result—an interactive database documentary—combines documentary and qualitative research methods. As with many documentaries, I was dependent upon collaboration and ideas proposed by the subject while questioning the subject’s truth claims, aesthetic construction, etc. In terms of the interface design, I chose images of archives, vinegar-syndrome afflicted film, and distressed video as metaphors to represent reification and memory loss. I broke down the interview material into roughly one-minute edits consisting of tightly intercut, differing, and even contradictory recollections of two interviewees. The “script” for these edits was “written” using qualitative analysis software (f4analyse)—revealing patterns and topics that might not otherwise have surfaced. The viewer can access said edits in the interactive documentary (made in Klynt) by clicking on either COUNTER/PUBLIC or COMMITTED/FILM. The long-form interviews are available from a drop-down menu linked to a YouTube channel. The idea is not only to preserve the excess footage but publish the informant interviews (here, as “social history” integrated into and standing alongside an interactive documentary) for viewers who either reconstruct the research process themselves or—if they prefer—perform their own research. Bibliography Anderson, Steve. Technologies of History: Visual Media and the Eccentricity of the Past. Hanover, New Hampshire: Dartmouth University Press, 2011. Daniel, Sharon. "On Politics and Aesthetics," in Studies in Documentary Film: iDocs special edition, Volume 6, issue 2, edited by Judith Aston, Jonathan Dovey and Sandra Gaudenzi (Bristol: Intellectual Journals, 2012) 215-227. ______. Public Secrets. Interactive web documentary. Vectors Journal, Issue 4, 2008. http://vectors.usc.edu/issues/4/publicsecrets/ ______. Blood Sugar. 2006, interactive web documentary. In Vectors Journal, Issue 6, 2010. http://vectorsjournal.org/issues/6/bloodsugar/ Sekula, Allan. "Reading an Archive: Photography Between Labour and Capital." In The Photography Reader, edited by Liz Wells, 443-452. New York: Routledge, 2003.

Media and “Abhorrent” Profession: Portrayal of Sex Workers in a Patriarchal Nigerian Society

ABSTRACT This study examines how sex workers are represented by news media in a male-dominated Nigerian society. Specifically, the study seeks to identify the different ways in which sex work, sex workers and their clients are constructed and examine how the news media orchestrate, coordinate and perpetuate male dominance through the portrayal of the sexuality of men and women. The study employed a qualitative method in the analysis of news contents from three news outlets in Nigeria. Data from the content analysis were triangulated with those from in-depth interviews with newsroom professionals and those generated through the documentary research method. The study found that sex work is constructed as a gendered profession, and the media help to systematically sustain the culture of hegemonic masculinity by re-echoing biased ascriptions between the women who provide sex services and the men who patronise these services. The study concludes that news media accentuate their power by pushing the women into deeper marginalisation through negative labelling and stereotyping. Such organised mediated victimisation of the women folks amplifies and perpetrates the male dominance. These findings have important theoretical and practical implications for overcoming discrimination and marginalisation of women in the society at both micro and macro levels.

Internet of Things (IoT) Utilization to Improve Performance and Productivity of Internal Supply Chain

The inevitable transformations brought about by the rapidly changing Internet of Things (IoT) impact all aspects of life today, including management and businesses. Specifically, areas of businesses depending mainly on internal supply chain capacity are experiencing a paradigm shift to ensure effective company performance regarding purchases, production, company sales, and product distribution. This shift means that challenges faced by the internal chain supply unit can be solved by adopting and adapting IoT as a new way to minimize work delays and save time. Moreover, IoT automatically leads to performance and productivity increases. Therefore, the present paper aims to justify adopting and adapting IoT applications in Indonesian companies, including retail businesses. Most companies’ internal supply chain units face several difficulties during and after the devastating peak of COVID-19, which has led to a total global lockdown. These problems' complexity is exponential and requires innovative ways to solve their prevailing challenges. This study used observation, interview, and documentary research methods through a large-scale survey. The survey obtained the necessary information regarding how companies utilize IoT to improve their performance and productivity without hindering their internal supply chain and production units. The study concluded that the adoption of IoT, if well implemented, leads to a sustainable company and uninterrupted supply chain performance, indicating the proper performance of the organization. Doi: 10.28991/esj-2021-SP1-017 Full Text: PDF

Sociology in a Region as a Subject of Scientific Research

The article examines Russian sociology as a whole and in one particular Russian region (the Ural) through the lens of several scientific approaches. The situation in modern Russian sociology is described as a crisis, and the science itself is in need of a new revival. The Great Sociological Ural is considered as an object of research. The subject of research is the main scientific approaches towards studying sociology in the region. Of special interest is the interpretation of the generational approach, which is considered as a tool for analyzing sociology in the region. The purpose of the article is to present the resurgence process, the formation and development of sociology in the region as a subject of research in the mirror of a number of scientific approaches with an emphasis on generational analysis. The author’s theoretical framework is based on the concept of generations in B.Z. Doktorov’s sociology, including his “ladder of generations”. A generational stratification of the sociological community in the Ural is provided, including seven generations — from the moment of the resurgence of sociology in the Ural (during late 1950’s – 1960’s) up to the present day. A characteristic for each of them is provided. The author’s methodology and methods of empirical research are shown. The main methods used were in-depth interviews, the biographical method, as well as the document research method.

Questioning Intercultural Communication Skills Absence in Five Algerian Universities Digital Challenge

COVID-19 pandemic has had a hard impact on all educational sectors where access to schools, educational institutions, and university campuses is forcibly halted. In this context, the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research urged teachers to move from face-to-face to online learning to mitigate the spread of the virus, keep up the regular schedule and save the academic year. This paper highlights the issues, perspectives, and pedagogical practices of the instructors’ overnight change, switching pre-existing face-to-face learning to the online environment. It also refers to the challenge of those learners lacking intercultural communication skills needed to participate virtually. The researchers used the documentary research method to develop their leading research question and analyse existing research documents and other e-sources of information such as university and government reports, newspapers, PDF books, papers, and YouTube channels to collect relevant data for this study. As a result, we could illustrate the Algerian universities’ response and analyse government and university sources such as newspaper articles and ministry decrees. Therefore, we believe that the emergency to digitalize teaching in our higher institutions is a significant opportunity to keep engaged in the online environment now and after the pandemic and take advantage of the universities’ best pedagogical practices. Thus, prepare for the online shift to better address the digital divide by promoting equal opportunities for all students to access the Internet, possess and effectively use Information and Communication Technology (ICTs) to fully participate in the modern educational system.

The two “multis” and the multiliteracies pedagogy: “shaking hands” in the Brazilian English public education for teens

English school textbooks have a long tradition in the Brazilian public sector of education. Most often they are the only pedagogical resources in an English classroom. English public textbooks are submitted to a National Program for evaluation and this educational policy has had positive impacts on these materials. This article analyzes one of the units of a textbook series for teens that was approved in 2020. Our analysis focuses on the two “multis”, the multiliteracies pedagogy and the active role today’s learners play in learning. We also highlight some alternatives for improvements and give some suggestions for English teachers. The documentary research method within the qualitative paradigm supports our analysis. Our results show that the unit follows the principles of the two “multis” and the cycle of knowledge processes although its pedagogical design can be improved. Our analysis also reviews that much has yet to be done if we consider the responsibility students have to assume when learning.

The long history of prevention: Social Defence, security and anticipating future crimes in the era of ‘penal welfarism’

Using a combination of documentary and archival research methods, this article explores the development of Social Defence criminology across the 19th and 20th centuries—highlighting the influence the ‘new’ Social Defence movement had upon the United Nations' and Council of Europe's international crime policy programmes. By exploring the integration of Social Defence within these international programmes, the article is able to challenge several longstanding arguments in Criminology which associate pre-crime and the securitization of criminal justice with the neoliberal era. Social Defence scholars influenced International Organizations to research and disseminate anticipatory mechanisms to identify and reform potential deviants decades earlier than prominent theses suggest. These measures were steeped in the language of security and were oriented towards the prevention of future juvenile crime. The article argues for a reweighing of the influence of Social Defence criminology and against accounts which draw significant divisions between ‘penal welfarism’ and ‘neoliberal penality’.

Literary Time and Literary Space in Imagism and Ezra Pound’s Poetry

The relationship between literature and philosophy has led to the inflow of 'small' literature from 'big' literatures within the interaction between literary time and literary space with a propensity to emerge ‘big' again in another literary time and space. The most influential factor in ‘making it new' or 'from big to small, and big again' turns out to be time on account of the fact that the literary creator, namely the poet, is mortal. Since the existence of a poet as a creator turns out to be ‘temporal’, ‘making it new’ turns out to be vital for the next temporality. Therefore, this paper, using the document research method, examines Pound's poetry refracted through the time and literary space of his creative existence, as the urge for translation became an influential factor for Pound himself as a ‘new’ author. Thus, the paper analyses ‘temporal overlapping’ under the inspiring influence of Pound's poetic re-creation, either as a conversion of translated matter or as its enhancement by the poets he read. The divergent takes on mimesis by Plato and Aristotle helps Pound's creative originality, whereas J. Hillis Miller’s reading of the theory of temporality of De Mann and Heidegger, as well as the time-space transformations, help clarify 'temporal overlapping'. These, in turn, make us believe that the creation of ‘new originality’ influenced by ‘old originality’ during the transformation of time into space brings about the immortality of the poet along with ‘the little big’ literature.
 
 Received: 7 October 2021 / Accepted: 29 November 2021 / Published: 3 January 2022

Prioritizing the factors affecting adoption of e-commerce using multi-criteria decision making techniques in Tehran hospitals in 2021.

The global use of the Internet has led to the growth of e-commerce in industries. Similarly, in health care, e-commerce is essential to meeting the high expectations of patients and providing high-quality and affordable health care services in clinics, hospitals, and other health centers. This study aimed to prioritize the factors influencing the adoption of e-commerce in hospitals of Tehran (Iran( in 2021 using multi-criteria decision-making techniques. The independent variables included organizational, contextual, environmental, and technological factors, while the dependent variable was e-commerce acceptance. To answer the research question, the data were collected via documentary research method (secondary data) and survey (primary data). The instrument used for the survey was a pairwise comparison questionnaire that was completed by 186 experts selected via random sampling method, based on Morgan's table, and with respect to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Using these instruments, the factors affecting the adoption of e-commerce were assessed using multi-criteria decision-making techniques and the AHP method. The results of the prioritization of factors affecting the adoption of e-commerce in Tehran hospitals, from the experts' point of view, showed that the technological criterion (weight: 0.31918) is the most important factor, followed by organizational (weight: 0.30291), contextual (weight: 0.20346), and environmental (weight: 0.17445) factors. The consistency coefficient of the model was 0.021142. The findings indicate that it is possible for doctors, nurses, patients, and medical centers to exploit the benefits of e-commerce in primary care, environmental, financial, organizational, human-related, and technological factors in healthcare.