DL-methionine Hydroxy Analogue Free Acid Research Articles

Efficacy of DL-methionine hydroxy analogue-free acid in comparison to DL-methionine in growing male white Pekin ducks

The present study was performed to assess the bioefficacy of DL-methionine hydroxy analogue-free acid (MHA) in comparison to DL-methionine (DLM) as sources of methionine for growing male white Pekin ducks in the first 3 wk of life. For this aim, 580 1-day-old male ducks were allocated into 12 treatment groups and received a basal diet that contained 0.29% of methionine, 0.34% of cysteine and 0.63% of total sulphur containing amino acids or the same diet supplemented with either DLM or MHA in amounts to supply 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.25% of methionine equivalents. Ducks fed the control diet without methionine supplement had the lowest final body weights, daily body weight gains and feed intake among all groups. Supplementation of methionine improved final body weights and daily body weight gains in a dose dependent-manner. There was, however, no significant effect of the source of methionine on all of the performance responses. Evaluation of the data of daily body weight gains with an exponential model of regression revealed a nearly identical efficacy (slope of the curves) of both compounds for growth (DLM = 100%, MHA = 101%). According to the exponential model of regression, 95% of the maximum values of daily body weight gain were reached at methionine supplementary levels of 0.080% and 0.079% for DLM and MHA, respectively. Overall, the present study indicates that MHA and DLM have a similar efficacy as sources of methionine for growing ducks. It is moreover shown that dietary methionine concentrations of 0.37% are required to reach 95% of the maximum of daily body weight gains in ducks during the first 3 wk of life.

Effects of Supplemental Liquid DL-methionine Hydroxy Analog Free Acid in Diet on Growth Performance and Gastrointestinal Functions of Piglets.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of liquid DL-methionine hydroxy analog free acid (DL-MHA) on growth performance and gastrointestinal conditions of piglets. One hundred and eighty crossbred barrow piglets (Large White×Landrace, body weight: 12.48±0.33 kg) were divided into three groups with ten replications of six piglets each. Piglets received DL-MHA in diet at a concentration of 0 (control group), 0.15%, or 0.24%. The results indicated that increasing the standardized ileal digestible (SID) of sulfur amino acids (SAA) to lysine (SID SAA:Lys) ratio by supplementation of DL-MHA tended to increase (quadratic; p<0.10) weight gain and ADG, and showed slightly greater (linear; p<0.10) gain:feed ratio. The pH in the diet and cecum linearly decreased (p<0.01), whereas pH in colon had a quadratic response (p<0.01) with increasing supplementation of DL-MHA. By greater supplementation of DL-MHA, the population of Lactobacillus spp. in rectum was likely to increase (quadratic; p<0.10), but Escherichia coli population in the diet was reduced (quadratic; p<0.05). Acetic acid concentration and total short-chain fatty acids in cecum linearly increased (p<0.05), whereas valeric acid in cecum quadratically increased (p<0.05) with increasing DL-MHA levels. Moreover, the villous height of the jejunum quadratically increased (p<0.01) as the supplementation of DL-MHA was increased. It is concluded that the addition of DL-MHA in diet improved the growth performance and the morphology of gastrointestinal tract of piglets.

Effects of Varying Levels of Liquid DL-Methionine Hydroxy Analog Free Acid in Drinking Water on Production Performance and Gastrointestinal Tract of Broiler Chickens at 42 Days of Age

Effects of Varying Levels of Liquid DL-Methionine Hydroxy Analog Free Acid in Drinking Water on Production Performance and Gastrointestinal Tract of Broiler Chickens at 42 Days of Age

Effects of dietary methionine source on productive performance, blood chemical, and hematological profiles in broiler chickens under tropical conditions

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementation of DL-methionine (DLM) and liquid DL-methionine hydroxy analog free acid (MHA) in diets on productive performance, blood chemical, and hematological profiles in broiler chickens under tropical conditions. In all, 216 commercial male broiler chicks were used to compare two dietary methionine sources, DLM and MHA. Chicks were raised for 35 days in battery cages situated in high ambient temperature and relative humidity open-side housing. The chicks were divided into three treatments in six replications with 12 chicks each. A completely randomized design was used. The treatment groups were (1) control group (methionine and total sulfur amino acid deficient diet), (2) supplementation of DLM as the methionine source in diet, and (3) supplementation of MHA as the methionine source in diet. The productive performance of DLM and MHA was not significantly different. Both supplementation of DLM and MHA significantly improved final body weight, body weight gain, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio when compared to the control group (P < 0.01). Both DLM and MHA supplementation significantly increased the plasma cystine concentration level (P < 0.05). The use of DLM enhanced the plasma methionine concentration (P < 0.01) and increased the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (P < 0.05). While MHA elevated the plasma taurine and uric acid concentration levels (P < 0.05). In conclusion, under tropical conditions, there was no significant difference between DLM and MHA supplementation on productive performance; plasma methionine concentration was increased by DLM supplementation, while plasma taurine and uric acid concentration were significantly increased by MHA supplementation.

Effects of adding liquiddl‐methionine hydroxy analogue‐free acid to drinking water on growth performance and small intestinal morphology of nursery pigs

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of adding liquid DL-methionine hydroxy analogue free acid (LMA) to drinking water on growth performance, small intestinal morphology and volatile fatty acids in the caecum of nursery pigs. Twenty-four crossbred pigs (Large White x Landrace, BW approximately 18 kg) were divided into three groups with four replications of two piglets each. The piglets received drinking water without (control), with 0.05 or 0.10% LMA. The results indicated that adding LMA at 0.10% to drinking water significantly increased their weight gain, average daily feed intake (p < 0.05) and tended to improve the feed conversion ratio. Adding LMA to drinking water significantly increased their water intake and significantly reduced the pH of drinking water (p < 0.01), thus total plate count (p < 0.01) and Escherichia coli in drinking water was reduced (p < 0.05), while the total number of bacteria in the caecum was not significantly affected. Liquid DL-methionine hydroxy analogue free acid supplementation in drinking water tended to decrease pH in the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, colon and rectum. Furthermore, adding LMA at 0.10% significantly increased villous height in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum (p < 0.05), and the villous height:crypt depth ratio in the jejunum and ileum (p < 0.01) was higher, whereas acetic acid concentration in the caecum was significantly lower than in the control group. It could be concluded that adding LMA to drinking water improved growth performance of the nursery pigs because of high water quality and high nutrient utilization caused by an improvement of small intestinal morphology (not from nutritional effect of methionine source).

Efficacy of DL-methionine hydroxy analog free acid and DL-methionine as methionine sources for pigs1,2

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of dietary DL-methionine hydroxy analog-free acid (MHA-FA, 88%) compared with DL-methionine (DLM, 99%) as Met sources in pigs. In Exp. 1, a total of 245 crossbred pigs (initial BW of 6.4 kg [SD = 0.5]) were allotted to 7 treatments in 7 replicates for an experimental period of 28 d. The basal diet (BD) was formulated to contain 17.5% CP and 0.21% Met. Dietary treatments included 1) BD, 2) BD + 0.030% DLM, 3) BD + 0.060% DLM, 4) BD + 0.090% DLM, 5) BD + 0.034% MHA-FA, 6) BD + 0.068% MHA-FA, and 7) BD + 0.103% MHA-FA; the MHA-FA was supplemented on an equimolar basis to the DLM. Because of a nonlinear response, exponential regression analysis was used to evaluate the responses, and a comparison of the equations was then made to determine the relative effectiveness of the 2 Met sources. With increases in dietary Met, weight gain increased (P < 0.05). Compared with DLM on a product-to-product (wt/wt) basis, the relative effectiveness of MHA-FA was calculated to be 73% for increasing weight gain and 54% for decreasing the feed:gain. In Exp. 2, a total of 30 weanling barrows [initial BW of 16.8 kg (SD = 2.8)] were used in a metabolism study to evaluate the relative value of MHA-FA to DLM. The BD was formulated to contain 16.9% CP and 0.21% Met. Dietary treatments included 1) BD, 2) BD + 0.030% DLM, 3) BD + 0.060% DLM, 4) BD + 0.046% MHA-FA, and 5) BD + 0.092% MHA-FA; the MHA-FA levels were chosen based on a pre-experiment estimate of bioequivalence in an attempt to provide approximately equal pig responses. There was no difference in fecal N output among the treatments; however, urine N linearly decreased with increasing concentrations of both sources (P = 0.034 for DLM, and P = 0.007 for MHA-FA), which resulted in a linear increase in retained N for both DLM (P = 0.012) and MHA-FA (P = 0.005). In addition, N retention (% of intake) linearly increased with increasing level of DLM (P = 0.014) and MHA-FA (P = 0.007). Using a slope-ratio procedure for comparison of the responses from the 2 sources, the relative biological equivalence value of MHA-FA to DLM in this experiment was 64.2% based on percent N retention and 66.3% based on the grams of N retained per day. Based on the results from both experiments, these data indicated that the mean relative bioequivalence of MHA-FA to DLM was 64% on a product-to-product (wt/wt) basis or 73% on an equimolar basis.

Performance Comparisons Between DL-Methionine and DL-Methionine Hydroxy Analogue in Layers on an Unequal Molar Basis

Based on the assumption that the bioavailability of DL-methionine hydroxy analogue free acid (MHA-FA) is 65% on a weight basis relative to DL-methionine (DLM), the bioavailability of MHA-FA was compared to DLM using molted hens. Five graded supplemental levels (0.012, 0.024, 0.036, 0.048, 0.060%) of Met from DLM (calculated as 99.7%) or MHA-FA (calculated as 65%) were added to a basal diet containing 14.97% protein and 0.27% Met. For the overall experimental period, differences between Met sources (P < 0.05) were obtained at 0.012 and 0.048% supplemental Met for feed consumption; at 0.012, 0.036, 0.048, and 0.060% supplemental Met for egg production and egg mass; at 0.048% supplemental Met level for egg weight; and at 0.012% supplemental Met for feed conversion. The results indicated the bioavailability of MHA-FA relative to DLM was greater than 65% on a weight basis or 74% on a molar basis (P < 0.05).

Bioefficacy Determination of Methionine Hydroxy Analog-Free Acid Relative to DL-Methionine in Laying Hen Diets with Limited Methionine Using Different Regression Models

A study was conducted to compare bioefficacy of liquid DL-methionine hydroxy analogue-free acid (MHA-FA) and DL-methionine (DL-Met) in laying hens. Biological efficacy was determined for egg production, egg mass, and egg weight using five regression models. Four levels of DL-Met (0.012, 0.024, 0.036, and 0.048%) and MHA-FA (0.014, 0.027, 0.041, and 0.054%) were added on an equimolar basis to a basal diet containing 14.97% protein and 0.27% methionine. Twenty week old Hy-Line W-36 hens were used in this trial with 8 replicates per treatment. The bioefficacy of MHA-FA related to DL-Met was 0.77 on a weight basis (or 0.87 on a molar basis) based on egg mass with the best goodness of model fit (average R equal to 2 83.33%). The bioefficacy was 0.71 on a weight basis (or 0.80 on a molar basis) based on egg production with the goodness of model fit at average R equal to 76.98%. The bioefficacy was 1.03 on a weight basis 2 (or 1.17 on a molar basis) based on egg weight with the goodness of model fit at average R equal to 2 68.83%.

Statistical Sensitivity Required to Detect Any Potential Difference of Bioavailability Between DL-Methionine and DL-Methionine Hydroxy Analogue in Layers

Two studies were conducted to compare bioavailability of DL-methionine hydroxy analogue-free acid (MHA-FA) relative to DL-methionine (DLM) in layers. The bioavailability was compared for egg production, egg mass, egg weight and feed conversion. In trial 1 five supplemental levels of methionine (0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.10%) from DLM or MHA-FA source were added respectively to a basal diet containing 14.97% protein, 0.27% methionine, and 0.24% cystine. Hy-Line W-36 hens (1,760) 37 weeks old were used. Egg production was not improved beyond the first 0.02% added methionine level. Thus, an accurate bioavailability value of MHA-FA relative to DLM could not be obtained, indicating that this test was not statistically sensitive enough to estimate the bioavailability of MHA-FA relative to DLM. In trial 2, 1,920 Hy- Line W-36 hens 53 weeks old were used in a 3×2×2 factorial experiment with three protein levels, two supplemental methionine levels, and two methionine sources. DLM and MHA-FA were compared at different protein and supplemental methionine levels on an equimolar basis. There were no differences (P > 0.05) between the 0.02% and 0.04% supplemental methionine level or between DLM and MHA-FA in eg g production, egg mass, or feed conversion. Because no difference in egg production, egg mass and feed conversion between 0.02% and 0.04% methionine could be detected and that difference should be greater than the difference between DLM and MHA-FA, no potential differences between DLM and MHA-FA could be detected. There was a difference (P 0.05) than that of hens fed MHA-FA, the difference was calculated to indicate that the bioavailability of MHA-FA might be 88.9% on a molar basis or 78.2% on a weight basis.

Bioavailability Estimation of DL-Methionine Hydroxy Analogue Relative to DL-Methionine in Layers Fed Milo-Soybean Diets Using Different Regression Models

The bioavailability of liquid DL-methionine hydroxy analogue-free acid (MHA-FA) relative to dry DL-methionine (DLM) in laying hens was estimated using milo-soybean diets, which were formulated to have low methionine and cystine content to increase the sensitivity of methionine deficiency. Five graded supplemental levels of methionine (0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.10%) from DLM or MHA-FA were added to the basal diet containing 0.20% methionine on an equimolar basis. Five different models were used to determine the bioavailability of MHA-FA relative to DLM. Three of the models were exponential models with supplemental methionine concentration on a weight basis, supplemental methionine intake on a weight basis, and supplemental methionine intake on a molar basis as the independent variable, respectively. Two of the models were sloperatio models with supplemental methionine intake on a weight basis or supplemental methionine intake above basal diet on a weight basis as the independent variable. The results of the regression analysis indicated average bioavailabilities were 122 (egg production), 109 (egg mass), and 89% (egg weight) on a weight basis or 139 (egg production), 124 (egg mass), and 101% (egg weight) on a molar basis. All bioavailability values were not different (P > 0.05) from 88% on weight basis or 100% on a molar basis but were different (P < 0.05) from 65% on weight basis or 74% on a molar basis.

Estimation of bioavailability of DL-methionine hydroxy analogue relative to DL-methionine in layers with exponential and slope-ratio models

An experiment was conducted using molted hens to estimate the bioavailability of DL-methionine hydroxy analogue-free acid (MHA-FA) relative to DL-methionine (DLM). In this experiment, 5 supplemental levels (0.012, 0.024, 0.036, 0.048, and 0.060%) of DLM or equimolar concentrations of MHA-FA were added to a basal diet containing 14.97% protein and 0.27% methionine. The low protein diet was used to increase the sensitivity of laying hens to methionine deficiency. Feed consumption, egg production, egg mass, and egg weight increased (P < 0.05), and feed conversion decreased (P < 0.05) when DLM or MHA-FA was added to the basal diet for some supplemental methionine levels. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in feed consumption between hens fed DLM and hens fed MHA-FA. Regression analysis showed that the bioavailability of MHA-FA relative to DLM on a molar basis was 88.7% (egg production), 88.0% (egg mass), and 84.6% (egg weight) with the exponential model, and was 89.7% (egg production), 89.6% (egg mass), and 86.8% (egg weight) with the slope-ratio model. The average bioavailability of MHA-FA relative to DLM was 88% on a molar basis.

Comparing Bio-efficacy of Liquid DL-methionine Hydroxy Analogue Free Acid with DL-methionine in Broiler Chickens

The present experiment was conducted to assess the efficacy of methionine hydroxy analogue free fatty acid (MHA- FA) in comparison to DL-methionine (DL-Met) utilizing day-old commercial broiler chicks (n=300). The chicks were randomly distributed into 30 groups of 10 chicks each. Three dietary treatments, viz. D1-maize-soybean meal based basal diet (Control), D2- control diet supplemented with DL- methionine to meet its requirements and D3-control supplemented with MHA-FA @ 1.54 times of DL-methionine used in D2, were formulated. Each dietary treatment was offered to 10 replicated groups of chicks following completely random design (CRD). The chicks fed on supplemental DL-Met had significantly higher (p 0.05) amongst the treatments. The eviscerated yields emanated from diets with DL-Met or MHA-FA were higher (p<0.01) than that in Control. Abdominal fat pad was also more (p<0.01) in broilers fed control diet than in DL-Met or MHA-FA supplemented group. Breast yield was higher (p<0.05) in MHA-FA fed broilers than those fed DL-methionine supplemented or un-supplemented diets. The efficacy of MHA-FA in comparison to DL-Met for growth was 62.11, 64.82 and 63.88% and for feed efficiency was 62.98, 67.73 and 64.01% at 0-3, 3-6 and 0-6 weeks of age, respectively, while it was 65.85, 71.40 and 67.49% for eviscerated yield, abdominal fat pad reduction and breast yield at 6 weeks of age, respectively. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2004. Vol 17, No. 1 : 102-108)

Influence of Supplementation with Liquid DL-Methionine Hydroxy Analogue-Free Acid (Alimet) or DL-Methionine on Performance of Broilers

The influence of graded equimolar additions of DL-methionine and DL-methionine hydroxy analogue-free acid to a wheat-soybean diet deficient in methionine was determined under commercial conditions with straight-run broiler chicks from 1 to 33 d of age. The graded addition of DL-methionine and DL-methionine hydroxy analogue-free acid caused a statistically significant increase in all observed parameters. Within the dosage levels, no statistically significant differences between the methionine products were observed.

Performance, breast meat yield and abdominal fat deposition of male broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with DL‐xnethionine or DL‐xnethionine hydroxy analogue free acid

1. An experiment was conducted to compare the relative bioefficacy of DL‐methionine hydroxy analogue free acid (DL‐MHA‐FA) with DL‐methionine in broiler chickens. Responses used for comparison were weight gain and food efficiency between 7 and 35 d of age, and breast meat deposition, food cost per kg of breast meat, and abdominal fat at 41 d of age. 2. A total of 2160 seven‐day‐old male broiler chicks were used. The feeding programme consisted of a starter diet from 7 to 21 d, and a finisher diet till the end of the experiment. The starter basal diet contained 6.1 g/kg total sulphur‐containing amino acids (TSAA), and an estimated metabolisable energy (ME) content of 13.2 MJ/kg. The finisher diet contained 5.8 g/kg TSAA and an estimated ME content of 13.6 MJ/kg. Four concentrations of DL‐methionine and DL‐MHA‐FA were added at 0.5g/kg increments on an equimolar basis. Therefore, there were 9 experimental treatments which were each applied to 6 replicates of 40 chicks. Weight gain and food efficiency were determined at 35 d of age. Breast yield and carcase fat were measured at 41 d. 3. Significant responses to graded amounts of both methionine sources were observed in weight gain, food efficiency, breast meat percentage, and food cost per kg of breast meat. The responses fitted exponential regression curves. Based on the regression coefficients, equimolar bioefficacy of DL‐MHA‐FA relative to DL‐methionine was 80% for daily gain, 83% for food efficiency, 51% for breast meat yield, and 66% for food cost per kg of breast meat. Differences between the 2 sources were significant (P< 0.05) for breast meat yield and food cost per kg of meat and (P< 0.10) for food efficiency.

Utilization of methionine isomers and analogs by the pig

A total of 72 pigs averaging 9.6 ± 1.4 kg were used to evaluate the efficacy of supplemental L-methionine (Met), D-Met, DL-Met and DL-methionine hydroxy analog free acid (DL-HMB) when added to a Met-deficient feather meal-corn-soybean meal-dried whey diet. Growth performance was similar for all diets containing isomolar levels of Met isomers and analogs, and the pigs utilized L-Met, D-Met, DL-Met and DL-HMB with the same molar efficiency. Key words: Pigs, methionine isomers and analogs, growth performance

Response of Broilers to DL-Methionine Hydroxy Analog Free Acid, DL-Methionine, and L-Methionine

An experiment was designed to compare graded levels of DL-methionine hydroxy analog, free acid, 88% in aqueous solution; 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid (HMB), the aqueous solution of the sodium salt of DL-methionine (40%) (DLM), and crystalline L-methionine (LM) as sources of supplemental methionine activity. The experiment utilized 2160 broilers of each sex grown in separate pens to 7 weeks of age with a lysine-supplemented corn-soybean meal basal diet.These supplements produced a maximum 15% growth response over the unsupplemented basal diet. There were no statistically significant differences among the three sources in producing weight gain and feed conversion. There were no source × level interactions with regard to body weight gain. There was one source × level interaction (at 7 weeks) for feed conversion.The results support the conclusion that when synthetic sources of methionine activity are used to meet the requirement for total sulfur amino acids in practical corn-soybean meal diets for producing 7-week-old broilers, the chicks are capable of utilizing HMB, DLM, and LM with an efficiency that is indistinguishable.

Comparison of DL-Methionine, DL-Methionine-Na, DL-Methionine Hydroxy Analogue-Ca, and DL-Methionine Hydroxy Analogue-Free Acid with Layers

Two 12-week trials with laying hens were conducted to compare the effectiveness of DL-methionine, DL-methionine-Na, DL-methionine hydroxy analogue-Ca (MHA-Ca) and DL-methionine hydroxy analogue-free acid (MHA-FA) with a practical type basal diet deficient in sulfur amino acids.In the first experiment, DL-MHA-Ca was compared with DL-methionine at molar equivalent methionine levels of .05, .10, .15, and .20%. On a composite basis, feed conversion efficiency of the DL-methionine fed birds was slightly but significantly superior to that of the MHA-Ca fed birds.In the second experiment, DL-methionine, DL-methionine-Na and MHA-FA were tested, each at molar equivalent methionine levels of .05 and .10%. DL-Methionine and DL-methionine-Na produced similar laying hen performance; performance of hens fed the MHA-FA supplemental diets was distinctly inferior to that of birds fed the other two methionine sources.

DL-Methionine and DL-Methionine Hydroxy Analogue Free Acid in Broiler Diets

The liquid methionine supplement, DL-methionine hydroxy analogue free acid (DL-MHA-FA), was tested for its biological DL-methionine activity in broilers. This was done in two experiments by using a practical diet deficient in sulfur amino acids. The DL-MHA-FA was found to be less efficiently utilized than DL-methionine, efficiency being evaluated by nonlinear modification of the slope-ratio technique. On an equimolar basis, an efficiency of 72%, corresponding to 63% on a weight basis, was calculated for DL-MHA-FA.