Diyala University Research Articles

Gingival pigmentation in relation to anti-inflammatory salivary interleukin 10, a comparative study.

To assess gingival pigmentation prevalence among students, and its relationship with anti-inflammatory salivary interleukin-10. The observational, cross-sectional, comparative study was conducted at the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Diyala University, Iraq, from December 2021 to March 2022, and comprised students of either gender aged 19-22 years. Students with pigmented gingiva were in group A, while those having no gingival pigmentation were in group B. The level of interleukin-10 was tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in both groups, and values were compared using the gingival pigmentation index. Data was analysed using SPSS 22. Of the 1,295 students assessed, 1,044(80.62%) were males and 251(19.38%) were females. Pigmented gingiva was found in 118(9.11%), and these students represented group A, while as many subjects were enrolled in controlled group B. Pigmented gingiva was more common among males 81(68.64%) than females 37(31.36%). Salivary interleukin-10 level was significantly increased in group A compared to group B (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in mean value of salivary interlukin-10 with respect to severity in group A (p>0.05). Pigmentation was beneficial in terms of gingival protection.

Jasmonate and salicylic sprays improve cherry tomato fruit productivity and quality in unheated greenhouses

Introduction. Arable regions often have insufficient soil nutrients, which means that fertilizers must be used. However, using fertilizers excessively can harm the environment, human health, and food safety. Natural growth regulators derived from plants are environmentally friendly and reasonably priced. Salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) phytohormones are crucial for enhancing plant biomass, quality, productivity, and resistance to environmental stresses. Objective. To evaluate the foliar effect of MeJA and SA on fruit quality and production of cvs. colorful tomato under greenhouse conditions. Materials and methods. The trial was carried out in the University of Diyala, Iraq, from 1 December, 2022 to 5 June 2023. Foliar of 0, 200 mg/L SA and or 200 mg/L MeJA was evaluated to determine effects on fruit quality and production of colorful cherry tomato cultivars indeterminate: LA4013, LA353, LA2921, LA3899 and IQ2, with a randomized complete block design with each treatment having three replicates. Results. The cv. IQ2 had the heaviest fruit (82.13 g), highest yield (4.56 kg/plant), total yield (4.56 t/house) and highest treatable acidity (0.62 %). The cv. LA4013 had a higher fruit number (612.88 fruit/plant) and the highest total soluble solids (2.933 %). Foliar of SA at 200 mg/L had the highest chlorophyll index (36.68 SPAD) highest fruits per plant (373.73), highest yield (3.15 kg/plant) and total yield (3.93 t/house). Conclusion. When considering all variables together, the best genotypes were IQ2 and LA4013, which were found to be superior to the other genotypes in quality and yield trials. The 200 mg/L foliar SA improved the yield and quality of cherry tomatoes under greenhouse conditions.

Evaluation of Health Risks in the Blood Serum of People Working in the Welding Industry as a Result of Exposure to Heavy Metals in Diyala Governorate / Iraq

General Background: The welding industry is associated with significant health risks due to occupational exposure to heavy metals. Specific Background: Workers in this industry are particularly vulnerable to toxic metals such as lead, cadmium, copper, iron, and zinc, which can lead to severe health issues. Knowledge Gap: There is limited data on the specific health risks and heavy metal concentrations in welders' blood serum in Diyala Governorate, Iraq. Aims: This study aims to identify the primary health risks associated with welding-related heavy metal exposure and to explore strategies to mitigate these risks. Methods: The study was conducted in several industrial areas in Diyala Governorate, where blood samples were collected from 40 welders and 40 control participants (employees and students from Diyala University). An atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to measure heavy metal concentrations in blood serum. Results: Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in heavy metal levels between welders and the control group (P Value &lt; 0.05), indicating higher exposure among welders. However, no significant differences were found within welder subgroups based on age, smoking status, and duration of exposure. Novelty: This study provides the first comprehensive assessment of heavy metal exposure among welders in Diyala Governorate, highlighting the urgent need for improved protective measures. Implications: The findings underscore the necessity for environmental and health authorities to implement rapid interventions to protect welders from heavy metal toxicity. Current protective measures are inadequate, as evidenced by elevated levels of lead, cadmium, nickel, and zinc in welders' blood serum. Enhanced protective practices and stricter regulations are critical to reducing these occupational health risks. Highlights: 1. Higher levels of heavy metals found in welders' blood compared to controls.2. No significant differences among welder subgroups by age, smoking, exposure duration.3. Urgent need for better protective measures and interventions in welding industry. Keywords: Welding industry, heavy metals, occupational exposure, health risks, Diyala Governorate

Family Support for University Students Achievement

The current research aims to identify family support among university students and to examine the significance of statistical differences in family support based on gender (male-female). To achieve the research objectives, the researcher developed a family support scale based on Kirkpatrick's theory (1995) and applied it to a sample of 400 male and female students from the University of Diyala. These students were selected using a proportional stratified random sampling method. After statistically processing the research data using the t-test for one sample, the t-test for two independent samples, the Pearson correlation coefficient, and the Cronbach's alpha, the research yielded the following results: the research sample exhibited family support, and no statistically significant difference was found in family support based on gender. Based on these results, the research provided a set of recommendations and proposals.

Phylogenetic Tree Construction of Gamma Coronavirus Genera and SARS-CoV-2

The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has spread worldwide. Therefore, this study aimed to build a phylogenetic tree of complete genomes of SARS-CoV-2 and other species of Gamma coronavirus to explore the possibility of finding the evolutionary relationships between them and wished to analyze them in order to forecast the best trees illustrating the sequences' evolutionary relationships and obtain a well-supported phylogenetic tree by using the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) methods after performing multiple sequence alignment (MSA). This study utilized 16 isolates of Gamma coronavirus species and SARS-CoV-2 retrieved from the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) database for this investigation. The experimental outcomes when applying the two methods to the same dataset show that a well-supported and trustworthy phylogenetic tree was obtained with a bootstrapping value of 100% for all branches of the tree when applying the ML method. Additionally, a well-supported and fast-constructing phylogenetic tree was obtained through the NJ method for all branches except one, where the bootstrapping value appeared to be 56%. The research was conducted in 2022 at the College of Science, Diyala University.

Effect of Irrigation Cuttings at Different Growth Stages and Spraying with Citrullus Colocynthis Extract on the Leaf Water Balance of two Cultivars of Zea Mays L.

A study in the real world with a Randomised Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D.) utilising a split-split diagrams layout with three separate replicates was carried out at the research facility of the college's water resources and soil sciences department at the Agriculture faculty / University of Diyala in the autumn season 2022. The experiment included three stages of cutting off irrigation: male flowering, milky stage, and three concentration levels of Citrullus Colocoynthis extract. Two cultivars of Zea mays L. were used: AGN720 and JAMESON. The concentration levels were 50 ml L-1 and 100 ml L-1, respectively, and two cultivars were used: AGN720 and JAMESON Citrullus Colocoynthis extract has an anti-transpiration effect on the water balance of leaves and water use efficacy of Zea mays L. grown under water stress conditions. The most important results are as follows: the AGN720 variety recorded the best water use efficiency, with an increase of 9.04% compared to the JAMESON variety. Spraying the extract of Citrullus Colocoynthis as anti-transpiration at a concentrate level of 100 ml L-1 increased the capability of water retention, relative water content, and water use efficiency. The irrigation cut-off treatment in the milky phase stage had the best water use efficiency, saving 2.559 kg of grain m-3 water compared to the no-cut irrigation treatment.

Psychological endurance and its relation to the performance of high jump efficiency In the arena and field activities

The research aimed to identify the psychological endurance among students of the first stage - College of Basic Education - Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - University of Diyala, as well as to identify the differences in the phenomenon of psychological endurance and its relationship to the performance of the high jump event in arena and field events. The researcher used the descriptive approach in general The research reached (70) male and female students from the first stage - College of Basic Education - Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - University of Diyala, for the academic year 2023-2024, As for the research sample, it was randomly selected by lottery from the research community, which numbered (63) male and female students, and represents (90%) of the research community. At the conclusion of the study, the researcher concluded that there was a difference between the sexes to a high degree and in favor of males. The reason is that female students suffer from poor performance tolerance, which affects their psychological state. The study came out with a number of recommendations.

The Impact of Using Fishbowl Strategy to Enhance Creative Imagination in Writing Skill for Iraqi EFL College Students

This study aims at investigating the impact of using fishbowl strategy to enhance creative imagination in writing skill for Iraqi EFL college students. To achieve the aim of the present study , the following hypothesis has been put : There is no statistically significant differences at (á≤0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group who is taught creative imagination in writing according to Fishbowl strategy and that of the control group who is taught according to the traditional way in the post test of writing. Thus , an experiment design was adopted . The sample of the study was Purposive sample consisted of 90 students from 2nd year class\ English department \college of basic education\ University of Diyala (45 students as an experimental group which are taught writing by the use of the Fishbowl strategy and 45 students as a control group which are taught writing according to the traditional way during the academic year 2021 -2022). Meanwhile, the subjects of both groups are matched according to their age, level of parents’ education , and their scores in the writing skill at the pre-test. Writing test ( pre&amp; post ) have been designed and the validity of the tests have been obtained by exposing them to jury members in the fields of EFL and linguistics. The reliability of the tests has been secured by using Alfa Cronbach formula found to be (0.86) which indicates high reliability. Statistical analysis of data achieved through using the t-test indicates that there are statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the two groups in favour of the experimental group in the post test .&#x0D; The researcher concludes that using Fishbowl strategy enhances students’ creative imagination in writing , and provides them opportunities to actively develop writing skills. That enable them to locate, gather, analyze, critique and apply information in a wide range of contexts as they develop understanding and the researcher suggests to use it to make another study for other stages and other subjects .

The Effect of Using Programmed Instruction on Students' Learning of Javelin Effectiveness on Third-Year Students at Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences

Abstract:Teaching methods that actively engage the student and entrust him with learning tasks are among the important and successful methods of delivering the educational material to the student, and on this basis the researcher set out to test programmed education that allows the student to be effective and able to make decisions and advance learning according to his capabilities, and through the researcher's modest experience in Teaching the field and field subject I noticed the weakness of the skill performance of the third stage students in the javelin event because of the difficulty of learning that is characterized by this event, and to solve this problem the researcher used linear programmed education through designing an educational CD that displays the educational material and exercises that the student follows to learn performance The skills to see them and progress in their studies and apply exercises according to the speed of his learning and his possibilities to reach learning, under the supervision of the subject teacher. Where the researcher believes that the use of programmed learning may increase students' ability to achieve better learning through reading, follow-up, and performing exercises in the educational CD. The aim of the research is to identify the effect of using the programmed teaching method on learning the skill performance of the effectiveness of javelin throwing among students of the third stage / Department of Physical Education / College of Basic Education / University of Diyala. As for the research hypotheses, they were represented by the existence of statistically significant significant differences between each of the following: 1. The proficiency test before and after and for the control and experimental groups, in favor of the post test. 2. The post-skill test for the control and experimental groups, for the benefit of the experimental group. The researcher used the experimental method by designing the control and experimental groups for its suitability and the nature of the problem, as she selected the research community by the intentional method, which is the third stage in the Department of Physical Education, College of Basic Education. The research sample was represented by (15) students representing the experimental group and (15) students representing the control group. The control group studied using the traditional method, while the experimental group studied using programmed education. As for the most important findings of the research, they were thus represented 1- Programmed education has an effect on learning skill performance better than the used method. 2- The interaction of students in the experimental group in viewing and following up on the prepared tablet according to the programmed teaching. As for the most important recommendations, they were: - 1- Preparing educational tablets according to the programmed education for each of the square and field activities. 2- Using programmed education in games and other skills other than the field and the field

Preparation of an educational curriculum to perform the skill of the front somersault rise of on the balance device

The aim of the research is to identify the preparation of an educational curriculum to perform the skill of rolling forward in an upward balance. While the two researchers, the educational curriculum for the performance of the skill of rolling forward, the beginning of the rise on the balance-balance device of the experimental group. The sample of the research included students of the third stage in the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / University of Diyala from 20/11/2017 until 25/1/2018 at the Gymnasium Hall in the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The researchers developed the learning curriculum for the teaching material. Using the tools and tools to learn the skill in question in terms of technical performance and knowledge, during the duration of the experiment from 29/11/2017 until 3/1/2018 The tests were carried out after the completion of the educational curriculum for all skills, and concluded that the use of the methodology devices and tools Help understand and understand the detailed parts of the skill (technical performance) better when used during learning.

A Comparison of Practical Exam Anxiety between the Students of the College of Physical Education and Sport Science and the Students of the College of Basic Education – Department of Physical Education in Diyala University

A Comparison of Practical Exam Anxiety between the Students of the College of Physical Education and Sport Science and the Students of the College of Basic Education – Department of Physical Education in Diyala University

The contribution of the mental motivation in knowledge achievement of some basic skills in volleyball for the students of the second stage in the college of physical education and sports sciences University of Diyala

The Psychological skills have significant and effective aspect in the sport field because they are complementary to the physical and skilful aspects in team sports games in general and specially in volleyball . Therefore , the study aims at recognizing the percentage of contribution of the mental motivation in knowledge achievement of some basic skills in volleyball for the students of the second stage in the college of physical education and sports sciences University of Diyala.The researchers, through specifying the problem of the study, that there is clear weakness in the psychological aspects. And this affects negatively on the knowledge achievement and learning the basic skills in volleyball. Thus the researchers suggested that through recognizing that aspect, by the mental motivation method, may help the teachers in developing the game.The descriptive method is adopted and implemented on a sample of a randomly selected (20) students from the second stage in the college of physical education and sports sciences. Using the statistical treatments, the researchers come up with many conclusions, the most important of which, is that there is a contribution percentage between the scale of mental motivation and the Knowledge achievement on one side, and the currently studied skills with the percentage of ( 0. 352 ) Here is corporeal correlation between the mental motivation and the serve skill. The researchersmade some recommendations, the most important of which, is that the necessity of typifying the a scale of mental motivation on other team sports games to recognize the percentage of its contribution. Moreover, constructing knowledge achievement test for all the basic skills in volleyball

Knowledge and attitude of breast self-examination toward breast cancer among nonmedical female students at Diyala University

Knowledge and attitude of breast self-examination toward breast cancer among nonmedical female students at Diyala University

Effect of Spraying Potassium and Selenium on the Vegetative Growth Characteristics of Bean Plant (Phaseolus vulgares L.) Affected by Water Stress

A field experiment was conducted at the University of Diyala - College of Agriculture - site of graduate students’ research projects during the spring season 2022, for the purpose of studying the effect of spraying the elements selenium and potassium on climbing bean plants in addressing the harmful effect of water stress and its effect on vegetative characteristics (plant height, leaf area, Chlorophyll content, number of leaves and dry weight of the plant) of the bean plant. The experiment was designed according to the split split plot design (RCBD). It was a factorial experiment with three factors. The experimental parameters included the following: Three levels of water stress according to the field capacity (20%)., 40%, 60%) denoted by the symbol (W1, W2, W3) and three levels of spraying with potassium (0, 500, 1000) mg.L-1 denoted by the symbol (K0, K1, K2) and three levels of spraying with selenium (0, 5, 10) are symbolized by (Se0, Se1, Se2), The climbing bean plant was cultivated, and the results showed that water stress at (60%) of the field capacity led to a decrease in the studied characteristics. The triple interaction between the three factors of the study treated the damage of water stress through the presence of an increase in the percentage of all studied vegetative characteristics when spraying with potassium and selenium.

Adding Sodium Citrate in Water and Effect in Physiological Performance of Broiler Chickens Reared Under High-Density Condition

This study was conducted on animal production farm in Collage Agriculture - University of Diyala from 1/10 to 4/11/2022 aimed to study the effect of sodium citrate as an anti-stress factor on the physiological performance of ROSS 308 broiler chickens reared under high densities condition. 405 one day unsexed hatched chicks will be distributed into 9 treatments T1 control treatment 12 birds / m2 without sodium citrate, T2: 15 birds / m2 without sodium citrate, T3: 18 birds / m2 without sodium citrate, T4, T5 and T6 12, 15 and 18 birds / m2 with 1.5 mg / L of sodium citrate drinking water while T7, T8 and T9 was 12, 15 and 18 birds / m2 with 3 mg/ L of sodium citrate drinking water. The statistical analysis revealed that raising broilers at high densities (15 and 18 birds/m2) caused physiological stress in the birds by increasing the concentrations of glucose, uric acid, AST and ALT enzymes in the blood serum while decreasing the concentrations of protein and cholesterol, while there are no significant differences between T1, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8 and T9 and that indicates the role of sodium citrate in reducing high-density stress.

The Role of Biochar and Perlite in Improving some Chemical Properties of Clay Loam Soil and Sandy Loam Soil

A laboratory experiment was carried out in the laboratory of the Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources / College of Agriculture - the University of Diyala, where the experimental factors were the soil type factor (clay loam and sandy loam) and the soil conditioners agent by adding biochar at the level of 1 and 2% and symbolized by B1 and B2 and perlite at the level of 1 and 2% and symbol It has P1 and P2, and it was added according to the soil dry weight, with three replications, CRD design, and plastic tubes were used to incubate the treatments for 14 weeks. The results showed an increase in the electrical conductivity in the two soils when using the two percentages of biochar in the two soils, while the electrical conductivity values decreased with the use of the two percentages of perlite in the two soils. Less, and the two biochar treatments increased the organic matter values in the two soils, while the organic matter values decreased in the two soils when using the two percentages of perlite. The values of nitrogen extracted from the soil, as well as the case with the use of two percentages of perlite in the two soils. Higher with the use of two percentages of biochar in the two soils.

Effect of Anti-Transpiration Inhibitors Copper and Chitosan, Pomegranate Peel and Thyme Leaves Extracts and Storage Period on the Chemical Traits of Local Orange Fruits

This experiment was conducted in a special refrigerated store in the city of Baquba, Diyala Province, for the season 2021-2022. The study showed the effect of treatments (plant extracts and anti-transpiration agents) and the duration of storage on the storage characteristics of the local orange fruits, Citrus sinensis L. The experiment was conducted from 1/12/2021 to 1/3/2022. Where the fruits were harvested by the manual method using manual scissors and cutting the fruits from the fruit bearer at the level of the surface of the fruit from a private orchard in the city of Jdeidet Al-Shat, Diyala Province, where a group of fruits was immersed in pomegranate peel powder extract in two concentrations (3 and 9 g.L-1) for 15 minutes. Another group dipped in thyme leaf extract at two concentrations (6 and 9 g.L-1) for 15 minutes, another group dipped in chitosan at a concentration of 2 g.L-1 for two minutes, and a group dipped in Disper Cu max at a concentration of 3 g.L-1 for two minutes. The control treatment was immersed in distilled water, and the fruits were packed in polyethylene bags of one-kilo size, perforated with 16 holes, and stored in the refrigerator at a temperature of (4∓0.5) C and relative humidity of 80-85% for three months. The results were analyzed in the laboratory of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering of the College of Agriculture - University of Diyala, and the experiment was carried out using a completely randomized design (CRD). The results showed that the treatment with chitosan had the highest percentage of the total soluble solids (TSS) of the fruit and the percentage of total sugars. The treatment with pomegranate peel powder extract at a concentration of 3 g.L-1 and the treatment with chitosan excelled in the lowest percentage of resilient acidity.

Effect of Foliar Application with Sulfur Element and Amino Acid Selenocysteine on Maize (Zea mays L.) Exposed to Stress with Hydrogen Peroxide

A field experiment was conducted during the fall season (2022) in the fields of the College of Agriculture - University of Diyala in order to demonstrate the effect of foliar Application with sulfur element and the amino acid Selenocysteine on maize (Zea mays.L) subjected to hydrogen peroxide stress and its effect on plant height, leaf area, proline and catalase enzyme, the experiment was carried out according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD), a regular global experiment with three replications, and the experimental parameters included the following: Three levels of spraying acid with hydrogen peroxide (0, 5, 10) mg. L-1 and three levels of spraying with the amino acid Selenocysteine (0, 50, 100) mg.L-1, two concentrations of liquid sulfur Zolfast (0, 2.5) g. L-1 and H2O2 was sprayed first, then the two experimental factors were sprayed later. The yellow corn crop was cultivated and the results showed that the values of plant height, leaf area, rollin and catalyse enzyme have increased with significant differences with increasing levels of sulfur spraying (S), and these values increased significantly with increasing spray concentrations of amino acid (Sec), while the studied characteristics decreased when spraying with hydrogen peroxide at a high concentration (H10), and the bilateral interference between the study factors gave a significant increase in the studied characteristics, The triple interference between the three study factors (H2O2 + Sec + S) showed that it treated hydrogen peroxide damage through an increase in all studied characteristics when spraying the plant with homocysteine and sulfur (H10, Sec100, S2.5) and a decrease in the characteristis when not sprayed (H10, Sec0, S0).

The Interaction Effect Between PGPR Bacteria, Mycorrhizae, and Oyster Mushroom Residues on Soil Biological Traits, Yield, and Quantity of Coriander Oil (Coriandrum sativum L.)

A factorial experiment was carried out in a sandy mixture soil using a completely randomized design (CRD) in the field of the Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Diyala, in the agricultural season 2022-2023, in order to study the effect of adding Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Mycorrhizae, and oyster mushroom residues in improving soil biological characteristics, quantity, and yield of aromatic oil of the medicinal coriander plant. The treatment of a mixture of bacteria and fungus residues with the presence of mycorrhizae achieved the highest amounts in oil yield, total yield, biomass carbon, numbers of Azotobacter and Pseudomonas bacteria, and the percentage of mycorrhizae infection, which recorded (153 L.ha-1, 632.50 kg.ha-1, 222.65 mg C kg soil-1, 15.66 * 107 CFU g-1 dry soil, 30.00 * 107 CFU g-1 dry soil, and 90.66%), respectively, compared to the comparison treatment, which recorded (13.65 L.ha-1, 270.50 kg.ha-1, 133.33 mg C kg.soil-1, 2.33 * 107 CFU g-1 dry soil, 10.00 *107 CFU g-1 dry soil, and 17.33%), respectively, and the treatment of fertilizer recommendation, which recorded (47.22 L.ha-1, 540.00 kg.ha-1, 150.75 mg C kg.soil-1, 5.00 * 107 CFU g-1 dry soil, 14.66 *107 CFU g-1 dry soil, and 26.66%), respectively.

The Effect of the Interaction Between PGPR Bacteria, Mycorrhizae, and Oyster Mushroom Residues on the Proportions of Active Ingredients in Coriander Plant Oil (Coriandrum sativum L.) using the Technique of GC/MS-QP2010 Plus

A factorial experiment was carried out in a sandy mixture soil using a completely randomized design (CRD) in the field of the Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Diyala, in the agricultural season 2022-2023 in order to study the effect of adding Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Mycorrhizae, and oyster mushroom residues in proportions of the active ingredients of the medicinal coriander plant oil. The results showed a difference in the number and proportions of the active compounds according to the different treatments of the experiment. Where the treatments of comparison and fertilizer recommendation achieved a decrease in the number of oil-forming active compounds, all treatments were superior by giving the highest number of oil compounds and their proportions compared to the comparison and fertilizer recommendation. The treatment of the bacterial mixture and oyster mushroom residues with mycorrhizae recorded the highest number of components, reaching 171 compounds, with an increase in the proportions of all compounds. The compound 9-Octadecenoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, recorded the highest percentage, which amounted to 20.71%, followed by the compound (E)-9-Octadecenoic acid ethyl ester with a percentage of 16.69%, compared to the comparison and fertilizer recommendation treatments, which recorded (13.33, 14.33%), respectively, and the percentage of Linalool was 2.30% compared to the comparison and fertilizer recommendation treatments, which gave (2.13, 0.95%), respectively.