Divorced Females Research Articles

Epidemiology and SARIMA model of deaths in a tertiary comprehensive hospital in Hangzhou from 2015 to 2022

BackgroundBy analysing the deaths of inpatients in a tertiary hospital in Hangzhou, this study aimed to understand the epidemiological distribution characteristics and the composition of the causes of death. Additionally, this study aimed to predict the changing trend in the number of deaths, providing valuable insights for hospitals to formulate relevant strategies and measures aimed at reducing mortality rates.MethodsIn this study, data on inpatient mortality at a tertiary hospital in Hangzhou from 2015 to 2022 were obtained via the population information registration system of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The death data of inpatients were described and analysed through a retrospective study. Excel 2016 was utilized for data sorting, and SPSS 22.0 software was employed for data analysis. The statistical inference of single factor differences was conducted via χ2 tests. The SARIMA model was established via the forecast, aTSA, and tseries software packages (version 4.3.0) to forecast future changes in the number of deaths.ResultsA total of 1938 inpatients died at the tertiary hospital in Hangzhou, with the greatest number of deaths occurring in 2022 (262, 13.52%). The sex ratio was 2.22:1, and there were significant differences between sexes in terms of age, marital status, educational level, and place of residence (P < 0.05). The percentage of males in the groups aged of 20 to 29 and 30 to 39 years was significantly greater than that of females (χ2 = 46.905, P < 0.001). More females than males died in the widowed group, and divorced and married males experienced a greater number of deaths than divorced and married females did (χ2 = 61.130, P < 0.001). The proportions of male students with a junior college and senior high school education were significantly greater than that of female students (χ2 = 12.310, P < 0.05). The primary causes of mortality within the hospital setting included circulatory system diseases, injury, poisoning, tumours, and respiratory system diseases. These leading factors accounted for 86.12% of all recorded deaths. Finally, the SARIMA (2, 1, 1) (1, 1, 1)12 model was determined to be the optimal model, with an AIC of 380.23, a BIC of 392.79, and an AICc of 381.81. The MAPE was 14.99%, indicating a satisfactory overall fit of this model. The relative error between the predicted and actual number of deaths in 2022 was 8.02%. Therefore, the SARIMA (2, 1, 1) (1, 1, 1)12 model demonstrates good predictive performance.ConclusionsHospitals should enhance the management of sudden cardiac death, acute myocardial infarction, severe craniocerebral injury, lung cancer, and lung infection to reduce the mortality rate. The SARIMA model can be employed for predicting the number of deaths.

Family Genetic-Risk Profiles Associated With Divorce

We used Swedish national-register data ( N = 2,828,777) to examine divorce and its associated patterns of family genetic-risk scores (FGRSs; personalized measures of genetic risk inferred from diagnoses in relatives) across 10 psychiatric disorders: major depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, anorexia nervosa, alcohol use disorder, drug use disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder, and autism spectrum disorder. Individuals who divorced had elevated FGRSs across all disorders compared with individuals who were stably married or never married. FGRSs for all disorders were higher among divorced females compared with divorced males and among individuals who did not go on to have a stable second marriage compared with individuals who had a stable second marriage and increased as the cumulative number of divorces increased. In summary, genetic predispositions for psychiatric disorders are associated with the propensity to divorce and with several differences as a function of sex, remarriage, and the cumulative number of divorce transitions.

Divorce and risk of suicide attempt: a Swedish national study.

Prior research has reported an association between divorce and suicide attempt. We aimed to clarify this complex relationship, considering sex differences, temporal factors, and underlying etiologic pathways. We used Swedish longitudinal national registry data for a cohort born 1960-1990 that was registered as married between 1978 and 2018 (N = 1 601 075). We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the association between divorce and suicide attempt. To assess whether observed associations were attributable to familial confounders or potentially causal in nature, we conducted co-relative analyses. In the overall sample and in sex-stratified analyses, divorce was associated with increased risk of suicide attempt (adjusted hazard ratios [HRs] 1.66-1.77). Risk was highest in the year immediately following divorce (HRs 2.20-2.91) and declined thereafter, but remained elevated 5 or more years later (HRs 1.41-1.51). Divorcees from shorter marriages were at higher risk for suicide attempt than those from longer marriages (HRs 3.33-3.40 and 1.20-1.36, respectively). In general, HRs were higher for divorced females than for divorced males. Co-relative analyses suggested that familial confounders and a causal pathway contribute to the observed associations. The association between divorce and risk of suicide attempt is complex, varying as a function of sex and time-related variables. Given evidence that the observed association is due in part to a causal pathway from divorce to suicide attempt, intervention or prevention efforts, such as behavioral therapy, could be most effective early in the divorce process, and in particular among females and those whose marriages were of short duration.

A study of prevalence and comparison of anxiety and depression among separated, divorced and widowed females in the rural population

Abstract Background: Psychological distress is an important immediate outcome of the death of a spouse or divorce, which may arise because of financial and emotional challenges and can lead to adverse health outcomes with more stress, anxiety, depression, and social isolation than the general population. Methods: Cross-sectional study among separated, divorced, and widowed females from two rural villages. All eligible participants were screened for depression and anxiety using DSM 5 criteria. The severity of depression was assessed using the Hamilton depression rating scale (HDRS) and for anxiety, the Hamilton anxiety scale (HAM-A) was used. Results: Out of 162 women, 30% had mild depression whereas 42% of widow and divorced women had moderate levels of depression but it is in 50% of separated women. Severe and very severe level of depression was in around 20% of widowed and divorced women compared to 16% of separated women. There was no anxiety in around 80% of divorced and widowed women whereas 24.3% of separated women had severe anxiety. On regression analysis, separated women, dependent women, and those with less than two years of duration of separation had higher levels of depression and anxiety. Conclusion: The prevalence of Depression and Anxiety is more common in all three groups. Moderate to severe Depression is around 75% among divorced/separated and widowed females but moderate to severe anxiety was more in separated women compared to widowed women. Dependency and the early phase of widowhood/separation were also important associated factors.

Technology facilitated sexual violence: a comparative study between working and non-working females in Egypt before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, quarantine measures policies increased Internet usage, leading to technological hazards as technology facilitated sexual violence (TFSV).AimThe current work aimed to assess TFSV among working and non-working Egyptian females before and during COVID-19.MethodsThe current work is a cross-sectional observational comparative study using an anonymous online questionnaire distributed through social platforms among working and non-working Egyptian females.ResultsTFSV was reported by 50.3% of the participants; however, regarding some forms of digital sexual violence, there was a significant decrease during COVID-19 lockdown than before it, considering; threatened creation form (7.8%, 12.0%; p = 0.017); non-consensual pornography (31.4%, 51.9%; p < 0.001) and online sexual harassment and cyber-stalking types (80.9%, 89.4%; p < 0.001). Only 17.3% of the study participants knew the identity of the perpetrator. TFSV led 6.4% to abstain from social media, and 3.9% reported the incident to a law agency.ConclusionsThe current study revealed that almost half of women experienced TFSV. Although time spent on the Internet by the whole participants during the pandemic was significantly higher than before, there was a significant decrease in some types of TFSV. The current study revealed that divorced females working in non-governmental sectors experienced harassment more significantly than others. There is crucial importance to set laws and penalties against perpetrators of TFSV to provide a safe technological environment for women.

Frequency of Sexual Dysfunction in Women with Diabetes Mellitus

Objectives: Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) with chronic diseases such as diabetes has received little attention globally. The aim of this study is to assess the frequency of sexual dysfunction (SD) in women with diabetes; an aspect of female health that has not been explored in our population. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional observational study using non-probability convenient purposive sampling technique was carried out at three health facilities of Karachi, for a duration of 1 year. One hundred women with diabetes who consented to participate in the study were included. Pregnant, divorced, widowed, and unmarried females were excluded. Modified female sexual function index (FSFI) was used to gather information. Results: Out of 100 women, 88 women with diabetes completed the interviewer-based modified FSFI survey questionnaire. Among 88 women, 38 (43.2%) reported to have SD, whereas 50 (56.8%) were found to have no significant sexual issues. Partner's age and occupation were significantly associated with FSD. All parameters of modified FSFI, i.e., sexual desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, and dyspareunia, were significantly associated (P &lt; 0.001) with diabetes. Conclusion: Women with diabetes are at increased risk of SD and often do not volunteer information about their sexual issues. The most common cause of SD was dyspareunia, followed by lubrication, orgasm, lack of sexual arousal, and sexual desire. The healthcare providers should be aware to initiate and facilitate the discussion and need to develop their own comfort to talk about sexual issues.

PREVALENCE OF RUBELLA IGG ANTIBODIES AMONG PRODUCTIVE-AGE ‎WOMEN IN AL-MAHWEET GOVERNORATE, YEMEN

Background: Rubella is an infectious viral disease that caused by the Rubella virus. The incidence of rubella infection in women during pregnancy leads to complications for fetus development and cause congenital rubella syndrome or fetal death. This study aimed to determine the prevalence rate of rubella among reproductive-age women in Al-Mahweet, Yemen. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among females attending healthcare centers and schools from July 2007 to June 2008. Blood samples were collected individually from 270 females aged 15-35 years and the rubella virus IgG antibody was quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The needed data were collected by using a pretested questionnaire and analyzed by statistical program. Results: Overall, 197(73%) had IgG-positive antibody to rubella and 73(27%) had IgG-negative antibody to rubella. The highest rate of anti-rubella IgG was among females aged 15-25 years and the lowest was among the females aged 31-35 years. Similarly, the higher rate was among females living in urban area compared to females from rural area. The statistically significant difference was found between most educational levels and positive results of anti-rubella IgG. With regard to marital status, the most frequent of rubella antibody was 72.3%, 73.1%, and 75.0%, respectively, recorded among single, married, and divorced females. The non-pregnant women had (73.7%) more incidence to rubella IgG antibody than pregnant (66.7%). 82.2% of IgG- positive women had no history of stillbirth and 65% had a history of stillbirth. Conclusions: Most of the enrolled females had immunity against rubella virus, but still a significant percentage were susceptible to rubella infection. Thus, it is essential to introduce of rubella vaccine to control and prevent the rubella virus circulating among the community. Peer Review History: Received 20 July 2020; Revised 11 August; Accepted 22 August, Available online 15 September 2020 UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Name: Dr. (Mrs) Amaka A. Mgbahurike Affiliation: University of PortHarcourt, Nigeria E-mail: amaka_mgbahurike@yahoo.com Name: Dr. Tamer Elhabibi Affiliation: Egyptian Russian University, Egypt E-mail: Tamer_elhabibi@yahoo.com Name: Rawaa S. Al-Kayali Affiliation: Aleppo university, biochemistry and microbiology department, Syria E-mail: Rawah67@hotmail.com Name: Rola jadallah Affiliation: Arab American University, Palestine E-mail: rolla.jadallah@aaup.edu Comments of reviewer(s): Similar Articles: THE ASSOCIATION OF EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS ANTIBODIES WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AMONG YEMENI PATIENTS IN SANA’A CITY SEROPREVALENCE OF ANTI-MANNOSE BINDING LECTIN AUTOANTIBODIES IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS IN SANA'A CITY- YEMEN

Fitness consequences of divorce in the azure-winged magpie depends on the breeding experience of a new mate.

Sexual conflict in producing and raising offspring is a critical issue in evolutionary ecology research. Individual experience affects their breeding performance, as measured by such traits of provisioning of offspring and engagement in extra-pair copulations, and may cause an imbalance in sexual conflict. Thus, divorce is hypothesized to occur within aged social pairs, irrespective of current reproductive success. This concept was explored in the azure-winged magpie Cyanopica cyanus by investigating the divorce of a social pair and its relationship to their changes in breeding performance with prior experience. Females engaging in extra-pair copulation may intensify sexual conflicts and may be the main reason for divorce. Once divorced, females repairing with an inexperienced male realized higher reproductive success than that repairing with an experienced male; males repairing with an experienced female realized higher reproductive success than that repairing with an inexperienced female. This finding indicates that the fitness consequence of divorce depends on the breeding experience of new mates. Divorced females can obtain more extra-pair copulations, whereas divorced males cannot, when they repair with inexperienced breeders. Divorced females provisioned a brood at lower rates than inexperienced females whereas divorced males had no such difference. It appears that divorced females can obtain an advantage in sexual conflicts with inexperienced mates in future reproduction. Consequently, females are probably more active than males in divorcing their aged mates so as to select an inexperienced male as a new mate. Azure-winged magpies thus provide novel insights into the implications of sexual conflict in birds.

Psychosocial Attributes of Partner Relationship: A Qualitative Study

Partner relationship refers to the degree of intimacy, affection and contentment felt by the couple in their relationship. Psycho-social attributes plays a vital role in maintaining a harmonious relationship between partners. The objectives of the study were to explore the psychological and social attributes of partner relationship among married and divorced males and females. Qualitative design was adopted using in-depth interviews and focus group discussion techniques. Ten psycho-social themes emerged after content analysis; viz communicating within family, mutual understanding, trust and commitment, love and caring, Personal attributes, bonding with children, Influence of support system, satisfying sexual life, exploitation and conflict resolution and coping styles. The study can be useful in couple counseling sessions and pre-marital guidance programme for identifying and foreseeing the major psycho-social areas of concern in a marital relationship, thereby equip them to handle the discrepancies tactfully and effectively.

Study on the Utilization of Inpatient Services for Middle-Aged and Elderly Rural Females in Less Developed Regions of China.

The aim of this study is to understand the utilization of inpatient services and its contributing factors among middle-aged and elderly females (MAEF) in less developed rural regions. Five surveys were conducted between 2006 and 2014 with rural residents of Jiangxi by stratified cluster random sampling. Participant females included only those who were aged 45 and above. Complex sampling logistics analysis was performed to analyze the effect of three factors on inpatient service. Complex sampling logistics regression analysis revealed that the probability of hospitalization for the divorced or widowed females was significantly lower than that of married ones (aOR = 0.177, p < 0.05). However, the probability of early discharge was significantly higher among divorced or widowed females than married ones (aOR = 3.237, p < 0.05). In addition, females with chronic diseases were more likely to be hospitalized (aOR = 3.682, p < 0.05). Also, early discharge (aOR = 7.689, p < 0.05) occurred among the participants who should be hospitalized but were not hospitalized occurred (aOR = 3.258, p < 0.05). The continuous improvement of the new rural cooperative medical policy has promoted the utilization of inpatient services for the MAEF. Findings from this study emphasize the need to strengthen the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases among middle-aged and elderly women.

Transition out of Marriage and its Effects on Health and Health\u2013Related Quality of Life among Females and Males. COURAGE and COURAGE-POLFUS\u2013Population Based Follow-Up Study in Poland

The study explores short-term effects of dissolution of union through divorce/separation and widowhood on physical and mental health as well as health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among females and males in Poland. Considering social selection and social causation theories, the study poses following research questions: are there differences in physical and mental health as well as health-related quality of life that are caused by a marital transition compared to remaining married/cohabiting? Do marital status transitions have different effects concerning physical and mental health and health-related quality of life among females and males? Data for the analysis were available for 1073 people (18+) who participate in the COURAGE-Poland population-based study from 2011 (baseline) and 2015–2016 COURAGE-POLFUS (follow-up). Health status was measured by the WHODAS II and the presence of depression based on the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Health-related quality of life was assessed by WHOQOL-AGE scale. The analysis has been conducted using the analysis of variance, multinomial logistic regression and generalized liner mixed model according to the dependent variable. Results do suggest that transition out of marriage weakens mental health although the differences in physical health seemed to not be significant compared to the continuously married/cohabiting. The marital dissolution especially causes a decline in the mental health as well as health-related quality of life of males who transitioned to a widowed life. There has not been observed statistically significant change in terms of healthrelated quality of life between first and second wave of the survey among both widowed and divorced males and females.

Profiling Kuwaiti female apparel consumers

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine female fashion consumer profiles in Kuwait. Drawing on symbolic interactionist, fashion adoption theory, the trickle-down theory, the collective selection theory and the mass-market theory, this study examines the influence of self-identity, social interactions and prestige consumption on Kuwait female apparel consumers.Design/methodology/approachThe study applies self-organizing maps (SOM), discriminant and multiple correspondence analyses to analyze the influence of self-identity, social interaction and prestige consumption on Kuwaiti female apparel consumers.FindingsResults unveiled three distinct clusters: liberals, traditionalists and conservatives. Liberals include students, singles with a low income, less than KD 500. They are younger and wear neither Abaya nor Hijab. Traditionalists include employees, mixed between married and divorced females. They have moderate income between KD 500–1,500, two age groups between 25–30 and 31–35 years. Finally, conservatives include older females of age 36–45 years. They are housewives with a high-income of more than KD 1,500, and wear both Abaya and Hijab. Findings seem to confirm that the younger generations of females in Kuwait are by far living a different life than their mothers and grandmothers. Findings also show that culture, especially religion and traditions, is still exercising an enduring influence on Kuwaiti females purchasing behavior.Originality/valueThis study extends the existing literature dealing with female apparel consumption by applying cluster analysis to an Arab country, which makes it possible to generalize results to other Arab nations. Second, the author uses SOM along with traditional clustering methods to check the robustness of findings.

SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS OF DEPRESSION AMONG FEMALES VISITING OUTPATIENT CLINIC IN DISTRICT GHIZAR, GILGIT-BALTISTAN, PAKISTAN: A PILOT STUDY

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVE: This pilot study was conducted to find out the socioeconomic factors leading to depression in married females of district Ghizar, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.METHODS: The study was conducted at District Headquarter Hospital Gahkuch, Ghizar from November 2015 to February 2016. Depression was diagnosed using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV) criterion and socioeconomic status was assessed by a self-designed questionnaire. Analysis was performed with SPSS version-23.RESULTS: Out of 73 females, 53 (72.6%) were depressed according to DSM-IV. Majority of women were uneducated (n=23; 31.5%). Most females were married (n=50; 68.5%) followed by divorced females (n=8; 11%). Sixty-one (83%) women had arranged marriage. Majority of women (n=43; 58.9%) were housewives. Most females (n=37; 50.7%) had non-cordial relations with in-laws. Domestic violence was reported by (n=41; 56.2%) women. Sixty-one (83.5%) women had land ownership of some kind. Women who were married within the family (OR 1.386, CI .837-2.292), presence of depression in husband (OR 3.530, CI .933-13.359), non-cordial relation of women with in-laws (OR 3.657, CI 1.979-6.755) and domestic violence (OR 3.584, CI 0.717-17.921) were significantly associated with depression.CONCLUSION: Majority of the females had no cordial relations with in-laws, more than half had history of domestic abuse. Marriages outside family had inverse relation with depression. Depression in husband and bad relationship of women with in-laws were strong predictors for depression in married females of district Ghizar, Gilgit Baltistan. Small sample size and hospital-based study were the main limitations of the study.KEY WORDS: Depression (MeSH); Socioeconomic Factors (MeSH); Domestic Violence (MeSH).

Screening for Depression Levels among Adult Female Resident at King Faisal National Guard Residential City in Jeddah (KFNGRCJ), From 18 Years Old and More, 2016

Background: Depression is one of the growing chronic diseases due to modernization and risk factors like poverty and unemployment. Almost 4.4% of the world population complaining of depression according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Depression need early screening and intervention to pick up the cases and prevent the complication associated with depression like suicide. Depressed patient cannot recognize the symptoms of depression although depression can affect the functioning and quality of life for the depressed patient. This is why screening is a necessary action also to measure the prevalence of depression in a community and to plan a public health care intervention supporting the community to cope with depression. Aim: The aim of this study is to build up a data base that could be utilized in the development of mental health program. Objectives: As there is a lack in the community based estimate of depression this study was conducted to assess the female’s depression prevalence and building a data base about depression status. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study design to measure the prevalence of depression among females 18 years and more, living at KFNGRCJ in Jeddah using the Arabic version of the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) tool. Result: Out of 727 distributed questionnaires, there were 443 included in the study showing the prevalence of depression was 12.4%. According to the severity the mild cases were 76.4%, the moderate cases were 20% and the sever cases were 3.6%. Conclusion: This study shows the magnitude of depression among female resident at KFNGRCJ in Jeddah is almost equal to the WHO estimates and near other studies done in Saudi Arabia. Single and divorced females are associated with depression.

The importance of site to mate choice: Mate and site fidelity in Piping Plovers

Each breeding season, seasonally monogamous birds can divorce or reunite with their previous year's mate, assuming both partners survive and return. We tested a suite of variables related to mate choice and site choice to determine which of 4 prominent mate fidelity hypotheses (better [mate] option, habitat mediated, musical chairs, and bet-hedging) best explained the interyear reunion rate and breeding dispersal of a seasonally monogamous shorebird, Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus), nesting on dynamic sandbars on the Missouri River, USA, 2005–2012. Of 252 pairs in which both members returned to the breeding grounds the following year, only 20% reunited. Pairs with an early-arriving male had the highest mate fidelity. Reunited pairs returned to previous nest sites (median breeding dispersal = 39 m), and divorced and widowed birds tended to move farther (median = 229 m and 193 m, respectively). Overall, site fidelity was higher in males than females. Previous reproductive success of a pair did not predict reunion, but all successful birds, with the exception of divorced females, exhibited high site fidelity, suggesting selection for site based on prior breeding success. Among divorced birds, females had higher-quality mates and higher nest success compared to their former partners, and they nested in areas of similar quality between years, whereas males settled in lower-quality areas following divorce. The benefits that females gained from divorce suggested that females initiated divorce to improve reproductive success, which supports the better option hypothesis. Although females seemed to initiate most divorces, males may have divorced as a safeguard against remaining unmated when there was uncertainty about the survival and return of a former mate, as proposed by the bet-hedging hypothesis.

Intimate Relationship Status Variations in Violence Against Women

Woman abuse varies across intimate relationship categories (e.g., marriage, divorce, separation). However, it is unclear whether relationship status variations in violence against women differ across urban, suburban, and rural areas. We test the hypothesis that rural females, regardless of their intimate partner relationship status, are at higher risk of intimate violence than their urban and suburban counterparts. Results indicate that marital status is an important aspect of the relationship between intimate victimization and geographic area and that rural divorced and separated females are victimized at rates exceeding their urban counterparts.

The Influence of Major Life Cycle Events on Volunteering

Volunteering motivations and patterns change over the course of a person’s life cycle. This paper tests hypotheses about the relationship between volunteering and four specific life events—the birth of a child, divorce, widowhood, and the death of another household member. I find that having a child decreases a person’s likelihood of volunteering and hours spent in volunteer work. Divorced males were more likely to volunteer and to increase the number of hours volunteered when compared to divorced females. Divorcees with children are also more likely to volunteer and increase the number of hours spent volunteering. Thus, gender and the presence of children in the home are important pathways to volunteering for divorced individuals. Overall, being widowed decreases the likelihood of volunteering and volunteering hours, but older widows tend to increase their volunteering activities. Having another (non-spouse) member of the family pass away is not related to volunteering.

The role of health insurance in labor supply decisions of divorced females

Labor economics literature provides evidence that marital dissolution induces an increase in labor supply of females. This paper explores an explanation for this finding: Marital separation might place wives at risk of losing health insurance or increase the need for expanded health coverage. Thus, wives must increase their labor supply in order to qualify for health benefits. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, results confirm that marital dissolution is associated with increased female labor supply. However, this effect is mostly concentrated among women who were not previously enrolled in their husbands’ health insurance plans. For wives who were dependent on their husbands for coverage, continuing coverage laws appear to mitigate the effect of marital dissolution on female labor supply.

Resource Variations and Marital Status among Later-Life Elderly

The U.S. divorced prevalence rates have increased steadily between the years 1963–2003 for the elderly and pre-elderly cohorts and will likely continue in coming decades. This study utilized Social Exchange principles in evaluating the comparative resource diminutions between female and male elderly divorced and between married and not married elderly. Results suggest that elderly divorced females have fewer financial resources, while having more social and emotional resources than males. Results also suggest that widowed, separated, divorced, and never married elderly have fewer resources than married ones. Separated elderly females notably had the fewest resources.

Is Divorce in Young Common Terns,Sterna hirundo, after Recruitment just a Question of Timing?

AbstractThe probability of divorce in birds has been linked with age, breeding experience, reproductive output and synchrony in return. Here, we investigate the consequences of first breeding attempts in common terns for mating in the subsequent season. Nearly 20% of all first‐time breeders disappeared or skipped at least one season after recruitment. In 84 pairs, which consisted of at least one recruit and of which both partners returned to the colony, the divorce rate was 45%. We compared reproductive success, arrival dates, and asynchrony in arrival dates of pairs of the first breeding season against the second season, for both reunited and divorced pairs and males and females separately. First, in pairs of which both members came back to the colony, we found an increase of reproductive success most pronounced in males. In the second season reproductive success of divorced compared with reunited pairs was higher, as only divorced pairs significantly improved the number of fledglings, and again this relation was stronger in males. Secondly, females of reunited pairs arrived significantly earlier from the first to the second season and by far more days than their males. However, in divorced pairs former mates did not differ in the number of days they advance their arrivals. Finally, divorced males arrived on average 4 d earlier than their former mates, whereas divorced females arrived 5 d later compared with their former mates of the recruitment season. Contradictory to nearly all other divorce studies in birds so far, we found a clear fitness gain in divorced males. We suggest that the improvement in reproductive success of young males stems from a side‐effect of the birds’ quality and ability to reach the breeding site in appropriate time and earlier as potential competitors. In long‐lived bird species the heterogeneity among young individuals in the timing of arrival at the colony seems to explain why former recruit‐pairs reunite or split. For young males we suggest as best explanation of divorce that they profit from ‘pushing for an empty chair’, while females seem to profit from their choosiness and may actively decide between former and other mates.