Division Policy Research Articles

의약분업 정책 결정 이후 약사법 개정과정의 법정책적 고찰

의약분업 정책 결정 이후 약사법 개정과정의 법정책적 고찰

A service system where junior servers approach a senior server on behalf of customers

Many service systems in various type of industry operate under a policy according to which customers are not allowed to directly approach the senior server of the system. If the senior server's intervention in the service is required, the junior server who handles the request approaches the senior server on behalf of the customer. Thus, the service is divided into two phases, where the first phase (e.g., obtaining information or performing an initial service) is conducted by one of the junior servers, after which the junior server approaches the senior server and they together complete the service. However, the senior server may be occupied by another junior server, in which case the junior server joins a queue of such servers who are waiting for the senior server to become available. That is, the servers of the first phase (junior servers) act as customers in the second phase. We formulate and analyze this stochastic queueing system as a two-dimensional quasi-birth-and-death (QBD) process and derive its steady-state probabilities using matrix geometric methods. By means of economic analysis, we provide a scheme for deriving an optimal work division policy, which dictates how much work should be assigned to each phase in order to minimize the system's overall cost or maximize the system's utility. The economic analysis is carried out with an eye to three practical examples: (i) a bank office model; (ii) an app development model; and (iii) a system subject to the constraint that a certain amount of work is assigned to the senior server. Sensitivity analyses are conducted for all three models.

Global education policy mobilities and subnational policy practice

ABSTRACT Drawing on data from three levels of education policy-making in Canada, in this paper we identify variegated interactions of global circulations of sustainability discourses in education in relation to priorities and responses at subnational levels of government, including provinces and territorial ministries of education, local school divisions, and schools. Understanding ‘scale’ as mutable and practiced vs. fixed, we discuss instances of policy recoding or mutation when global UN priorities have been shifted to reflect language or priorities suited to education ministries and school divisions; as well as examples of policy immobility, where subnational education bodies did not engage with UN sustainability approaches. Cases of policy amplification are also highlighted, in which school division policy priorities appeared to increase the influence of provincial policy. In some cases, intentional efforts of ‘rescaling’ seemed to influence policy responses, such as through processes of school division amalgamation, or the growing attempts to relocalise policy in Canada’s north. We draw on data from across six Canadian provinces and territories and 10 school divisions to better understand the mobilities of sustainability in education policy in relation to subnational policy practice, including via topological influences such as policy actors and certification programmes.

The Relationship between Working Capital and Dividend Policy in Listed Companies in Tehran Stock Exchange, Iran

The aim of study was to investigate the relationship between working capital and dividend policy in listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. The research method was descriptive-correlation type. Data of 126 companies for the period 2007 to 2013 were used for analysis. Pearson correlation was used to analyze the data. The results showed that there was a significant and positive relationship between working capital and benefit division policy.

Dynamic Clustering and Cooperative Scheduling for Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication in Bidirectional Road Scenarios

Efficient data dissemination is critical for enabling emerging applications in vehicular ad hoc networks. As a typical traffic scenario, the bidirectional road scenario of highways bring unique challenges on well exploiting the benefit of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication for data sharing among vehicles driving in opposite directions. This paper is dedicated to investigating the characteristics of data services in such a scenario and exploring new opportunities for enhancing overall system performance. Specifically, we present a system architecture to enable the road-side unit assisted data scheduling via vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. Then, we give a theoretical analysis on the opportunity of successful data sharing among vehicles driving in opposite directions based on the analysis of signal-to-interference-noise-ratio of V2V communication. On this basis, we propose a clustering mechanism based on the design of a time division policy and the derivation of the optimal cluster length. In addition, a cluster association strategy is designed to enable vehicles to dynamically join or leave a cluster based on their real-time velocities. Furthermore, a two-phase backoff mechanism is designed for distributed data sharing based on V2V communication, and a cooperative scheduling algorithm is proposed for selecting sender vehicles as well as the corresponding data items for broadcasting. Finally, we build the simulation model and give a comprehensive simulation study, which demonstrates that the proposed solutions can effectively improve the overall system performance.

Instructional Supervision: The Policy-Practice Rift

If school superintendents were polled as to the level of agreement between the behaviors outlined in school division policy manuals and actual behaviours in schools, one might expect them to respond that there was, in fact, a high level of agreement. In fact, in today's site-based managed schools, it seems critically important that the level of agreement be high since schools operated under this management philosophy often have a great deal of autonomy with less day to day contact with superintendents. This article r elates the results of a recent study in which the perceptions of superintendents, principals, and teachers were analyzed and compared in order to determine the actual level of agreement between the practices for instructional supervision outlined in the school division's policy manual and the actual practice in the schools governed by those policies.

A Science Gateway Cloud With Cost-Adaptive VM Management for Computational Science and Applications

For the processing of scientific applications in cloud computing, the important challenge is to find an optimized resource scheduling method that guarantees cloud service users’ service-level agreement while minimizing the resource management cost. To overcome this problem, in contrast to previous solutions that focus on a few specific applications, we design and implement a unified scientific cloud framework called science gateway cloud, which is a broker between users and providers and is able to process various scientific applications efficiently upon heterogeneous cloud resources. In particular, we design a cost-adaptive resource management scheme that reduces the resource management cost significantly without any degradation of performance based on the long-term payment plans of cloud resource providers. Furthermore, this system allows us to parallelize divisible scientific applications to improve the processing performance. Through the division policy for workflow scheduling, we show that both deadline assurance and cost minimization can be satisfied concurrently. Finally, we demonstrate that our proposed system significantly outperforms conventional cloud systems through various experimental and simulation results.

Cooperative Infrastructure and Spectrum Sharing in Heterogeneous Mobile Networks

To accommodate the ever-growing traffic load and bandwidth demand generated by mobile users, mobile network operators (MNOs) need to frequently invest in high spectral efficiency technologies and increase their hold of spectrum resources; MNOs have then to weigh between building individual networks or entering into network and spectrum sharing agreements. We address here the problem of radio access network and spectrum sharing in 4G mobile networks by focusing on a case when multiple MNOs plan to deploy small cell base stations in a geographical area in order to upgrade their existing network infrastructure. We propose two cooperative game models (with and without transferable utility) to address the proposed problem: for given network (user throughput, MNO market, and spectrum shares) and economic (coalition cost and mobile data pricing model) settings, the proposed models output a cost division policy that guarantees coalition (sharing agreement) stability.

Cognitive radio spectrum sensing framework based on multi-agent arc hitecture for 5G networks

Due to the fixed frequency spectrum division policy, the radio spectrum resource is becoming increasingly scarce because many licensed frequency bands are not always fully utilized, and unlicensed users have no permission to use them. Cognitive radio has emerged as a promising solution for efficient radio spectrum utilization. One of the most important techniques of CR is spectrum sensing, which provides the real-time occupancy of available frequency bands for secondary users. However, current CR frameworks require SU terminals to conduct spectrum sensing and upload their sensing results to a fusion center (FC). This approach leads to many architectural challenges such as high design complexity, increase in hardware costs, inefficient resource usage, and high energy consumption. To address these challenges, we present a novel CR spectrum sensing framework by introducing a new functional entity called the spectrum agent (SA) to perform spectrum sensing tasks for SUs. We describe in detail the architecture and spectrum sensing mechanism of this new framework which provides a seamless integration of CR with next-generation (5G) cellular networks.

Agriculture Environment and Living Environment Influence on Farmers\' Housing Research

The sandwich crowd is housing property owners the standard by social class, but also to public policy coverage as a standard division policy target groups; Based on public policy coverage as a standard by policy target groups. The sandwich layer groups is the direct cause of low-income groups purchase ability is ceaseless and abate, prime cause is the housing speculation demand extrusion low-income groups owner-occupied consumption demand and housing security public policy without timely coverage of low income group. The perfect sandwich layer housing security of the population in public policy, the key is to do low-end security, that they

A Novel Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm Based on Euclidean-distance Division Policy

On the basis of the standard Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, we put forward a novel Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization (QPSO) algorithm. For the shortcomings of QPSO, we got a new kind of quantum particle swarm optimization with Euclidean-distance division policy and a detailed description for it. The experimental results indicated that the improved algorithm with Euclideandistance division policy has been greatly improved in performance compared with current other PSOs.

Dividend Policy from the Signaling Perspective and its Effects on Information Asymmetry among Management and Investors

This study attempts to examine the relevance of dividend policy from the signaling perspective and its effects on information asymmetry among management and investors and Compare the relative information content of them. Based on sampling, 88 firms from Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) were selected and examined during 2003 to 2010. The findings show that the dividend policy (Divisible profit proportion) has positive and significant relation with market information asymmetry namely when the dividend policy increases the information asymmetry increases, too. On the other side, the test findings indicate the investors are sensitive to the EPS changes and when the EPS changes are positive their dividend increases, but when the divivend of the company decreases the information boggles their mind and information asymmetry increases. By virtue of the findings it may conclude when EPS and DPS changes are not in the same direction the internal and external information asymmetry of the company increases by changing profit division policy.

The Context-Dependency of Fairness Processing: Evidence from ERP Study

In human society, sharing losses is at least as common as sharing gains. Although the psychological and neural processes underlying the latter have been investigated in depth, those related to the former are not clear. Our recent study demonstrates an increased demand for fairness under adversity (e.g. loss sharing). Here we investigated how our brain encodes unfairness in the loss and gain domains using event-related potentials (ERP) technique. We adopted the Ultimatum Game (UG) to probe the processes related to fairness consideration in either gain or loss domain. In UG, two players, the proposer and the responder, bargain on how to divide a certain amount of money endowed by the experimenter. The proposer suggests a division policy, on which the responder evaluates and decides whether to accept. Upon acceptance, the money is divided as suggested; while rejection results in both players going empty-handed. Participants, as responders, were required to decide whether to accept an offer that was either fair (equal or nearly equal division) or unfair in both gain and loss domain. Offers were either made by the human partner or by the computer partner. Behavioral results replicated our previous findings that the rejection rate of unfair offers was higher in the loss than in the gain domain. ERP results revealed that the N1 amplitude was more pronounced for human partners compared with computer partners, however, this effect was only observed in the gain domain. When interacting with computer partners, unfair offers and offers in the loss domain were associated with larger N350 compared with fair offers and offers in the gain domain, and offers in the gain domain elicited larger P2 than offers in the loss domain, whereas fair offers and offers in the gain domain were associated with larger LPP than unfair offers and offers in the loss domain. In addition, these differences in ERP responses were diminished when the interacting partners were humans. These findings suggest that fairness processing is modulated by the property of the partner and gain-loss domain. In human-computer interaction, unfair offers and offers in the loss domain elicit more inhibition and conflict resolving process, while fair offers and offers in the gain domain are more motivationally significant to human. The present findings support the view that fairness processing is context-dependent, in which factors like gain-loss domain and the property of the partner play a role.

Behavioral Merger Remedies: Evaluation and Implications for Antitrust Enforcement

The 2011 Antitrust Division Policy Guide to Merger Remedies offers a more favorable view of behavioral remedies relative to structural divestitures than past U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) policy and practice. Moreover, some prominent recent merger cases at DOJ have been settled using behavioral remedies that permit the mergers to go forward subject to ongoing restrictions on the merged firm's conduct. This article raises some concerns about this policy shift. It notes that structural remedies preserve incentives for independent action by firms, whereas behavioral remedies can seek only to prevent firms from acting on their incentives. The difficulties with the latter approach are in some ways analogous to those associated with economic regulation, which seeks to constrain firm incentives and behavior. This article discusses that analogy, evaluates the application of behavioral remedies in the Ticketmaster-Live Nation, Google-ITA, and Comcast-NBC mergers, and concludes with some recommendations for future policy.

Study on Grade Division Policy for Trusted Network

Abstract Scholars around the world have carried out extensive research word on architecture, protocols, algorithms and application for trusted network at present, and proposed a variety of network credible verification scheme and control mechanisms. In this paper, a kind of grade division policy for trusted network was provided on the basis of considering both the terminal security and profit of operators. Credible access architecture and certification model were given, and the partition rules of trusted attributes as well as the evaluate methods of grade division were explained in detail. Improved workflow for access to trusted network terminal was provided. Simulations results show that by the proposed framework, not only the safety and reliability of network can be ensured, but also the flexibility of ways to access network was strengthened, and that it can provide support for interoperability of different equipment manufacturers.

Behavioral Merger Remedies: Evaluation and Implications for Antitrust Enforcement

The 2011 revision to the Antitrust Division Policy Guide to Merger Remedies signals a shift in the Department of Justice’s approach to merger remedies. The earlier Remedies Guide, issued in 2004, emphasized structural remedies such as divestitures as the preferred approach to resolving competitive problems with mergers. In contrast, the 2011 revision is considerably more favorably disposed toward the use of behavioral remedies that proscribe specified anticompetitive behaviors of the merged companies. This apparent policy shift is illustrated by the behavioral remedies employed by the DOJ in three recent merger cases – Ticketmaster-Live Nation, Comcast-NBCU, and Google-ITA. These three cases involve the use of multiple behavioral remedies, ranging from access conditions (e.g., licensing and non-discrimination requirements), firewalls, anti-retaliation provisions, to arbitration requirements, and provide for monitoring and compliance enforcement. The expansive new approach to behavioral remedies raises a number of concerns about their likely operation, effectiveness, and requirements for ongoing government monitoring and compliance enforcement. Many of these issues are similar to problems encountered in traditional industry regulation, ranging from countervailing incentives to implementation costs. Behavioral remedies also pose practical problems for antitrust enforcement. This paper identifies a number of issues that warrant attention and prompt some concern. Based on this early analysis, a number of observations and policy recommendations are offered.

Copyright Protection Algorithm and Authority Division Policy based on Functionality for WEB MIS

Copyright Protection Algorithm and Authority Division Policy based on Functionality for WEB MIS

Does Anesthesiologist-Directed Sedation for ERCP Improve Deep Cannulation and Complication Rates?

While some gastroenterologists provide their own sedation for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), others utilize anesthesiologists. There is limited information comparing cannulation success and complication rates between these two approaches. Theoretically, anesthesiologist-directed sedation (ADS) may lead to an improved deep cannulation rate by virtue of using deeper and more constant levels of sedation and by removing the minute-by-minute medication management and physiologic monitoring responsibilities from the endoscopy team. To compare ERCP deep cannulation success and complications between gastroenterologist-directed sedation (GDS) and ADS. All ERCPs completed by senior advanced endoscopists at a tertiary referral center over a 2-year period were reviewed. During the first year, all ERCP sedation was performed with GDS utilizing a narcotic and a benzodiazepine. Due to a change in division policy and practice, during the second year, all ERCP sedation was provided by ADS. Patients with prior papillary interventions were excluded. Demographics, procedure indications, deep cannulation success, sedation provider, and procedural complications were recorded. A total of 367 patients were studied: 178 (48.5%) GDS and 189 (51.5%) ADS. There was no difference in the groups with respect to race, age, and gender. Four patients (2.3%) in the GDS group could not be sedated. There were two deaths, one in each group; one death was due to cholangitis/sepsis and the other was due to post-ERCP pancreatitis. The overall cannulation success rates were similar between the two groups (94.4% vs. 95.2%, P=0.36). Deep ductal cannulation rates between GDS and ADS are similar.

Metastatic Polyps in the Hepatic Flexura of the Colon

ONS Publishing Division Policy Regarding Letters to the Editor: Selection of letters to be published in Letters to the Editor is the decision of the editor. For acceptance, letters must be signed. A letter can appear anonymously if requested by the author. All letters are subject to editing.

Letters to the Editor

ONS Publishing Division Policy Regarding Letters to the Editor: Selection of letters to be published in Letters to the Editor is the decision of the editor. For acceptance, letters must be signed. A letter can appear anonymously if requested by the author. All letters are subject to editing.