Division Patterns Research Articles

Clinical and pathologic characteristics of inflamed juvenile conjunctival nevus and its treatment with immunosuppressant eye drops.

To clarify the clinical and pathologic findings of 7 patients with inflamed juvenile conjunctival nevus (IJCN) treated with tacrolimus. Retrospective study. The medical records of 7 male patients diagnosed with IJCN between February 2007 and October 2022 at the Kansai Medical University Hospital and Ideta Eye Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. The patients' mean age was 11.3 (8-20) years, and the average follow-up period was 18 months. The patients underwent anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) and anterior segment optical coherence tomography angiography (AS-OCTA). All the patients were treated with steroids or immunosuppressant eye drops, or both. Histopathologic examinations were performed on specimens resected from 2 patients. The clinical characteristics of IJCN were as follows: (1) presence of cysts within a pigmented conjunctival mass, (2) tumor accompanied by feeder vessels, and (3) predominantly found in boys with allergic diseases. AS-OCT and AS-OCTA revealed the presence of a cystic structure with poor vascular signals within it and numerous vessels distributed on the sclera underlying the lesion. Immunosuppressant eye drops relieved the congestion, diminished the inflow vessels, and induced shrinkage of the cysts in all the patients. Histopathologic examinations revealed infiltration of inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages and low proliferative activity of melanocytes with no division pattern. This study clarified the clinical and histologic characteristics of IJCN. Noninvasive AS-OCT and AS-OCTA might be useful for diagnosing IJCN. The histopathologic findings of this study indicate that immunosuppressive and antiallergic agents can effectively bring about disease remission.

Dynamic linkages between element input structure, global value chain, and carbon emissions: evidence from a heterogeneous panel cointegration model

ABSTRACT Industrial CO2 constitutes a dominant component of global CO2 emissions. Therefore, modifications in industrial production processes are crucial. We analyse global cross-national panel datasets from 1995 to 2018 using the panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model to provide comprehensive evidence of the combined effects of input-side element structures and production-side global value chain (GVC) divisions on output-side CO2 emissions. The results show that: (i) Renewable energy and service elements in production factors can reduce CO2 emissions, though their abatement effects vary. Both can produce sustained carbon mitigation effects in the long term, but only renewable energy is effective in the short term. (ii) The GVC division pattern can induce a CO2 emission increase in both the short and long term, though these effects are heterogeneous depending on the differences in forward-backward GVC divisions. (iii) A path dependence analysis shows that input-side element structures can change production-side GVC divisions, thereby affecting output-side emissions. This study extends our understanding of the environmental effects of various production links and helps coordinate high-quality economic development and impending environmental constraints.

The establishment of the anther somatic niche with single cell sequencing.

The anther is the developmental housing of pollen and therefore the male gametes of flowering plants. The meiotic cells from which pollen are derived must differentiate de novo from somatic anther cells and synchronously develop with the rest of the anther. Anthropogenic control over anther development has become crucial for global agriculture so as to maintain inbred lines and generate hybrid seeds of many crops. Understanding the genes that underlie the proper differentiation, developmental landmarks, and functions of each anther cell type is thus fundamental to both basic and applied plant sciences. We investigated the development of the somatic niche of the maize (Zea mays) anther using single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq). Extensive background knowledge on the birth then pace and pattern of cell division of the maize anther cell types and published examples of cell-type gene expression from in situ hybridization allowed us to identify the primary cell types within the anther lobe, as well as the connective cells between the four lobes. We established the developmental trajectories of somatic cell types from pre-meiosis to post-meiosis, identified putative marker genes for the somatic cell types that previously lacked any known specific functions, and addressed the possibility that tapetal cells sequentially differentiate. This comprehensive scRNA-seq dataset of the somatic niche of the maize anther will serve as a baseline for future analyses investigating male-sterile genotypes and the impact of environmental conditions on male fertility in flowering plants.

Effect of nanoemulsion loaded with macela (Achyrocline satureioides) on the ultrastructure of Staphylococcus aureus and the modulating activity of antibiotics

Nanoformulations with herbal actives for treating bovine mastitis present an alternative for controlling bacterial infections in the emerging scenario of antimicrobial resistance. In this study, we investigated macela (Achyrocline satureioides) nanoemulsion (NE-ML), a formulation developed for the treatment of bovine mastitis (registered under Brazilian patent application BR 10 2021 008630 0), in the context of its bactericidal mechanism(s) of action and potential synergism with commercial antimicrobials. The effect of NE-ML on the integrity and cell permeability of Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated by measuring the electrical conductivity of bacterial suspensions exposed to different concentrations of NE-ML and by assessing the release of cellular constituents. Damage to bacterial ultrastructures was analyzed by transmission electron micrographs. The synergism of NE-ML with beta-lactam antibiotics and aminoglycosides was evaluated by the checkerboard test method against S. aureus (n = 6). The relative electrical conductivity of the bacterial solution gradually increased over time, reaching high values after exposure to 1xMIC (52.3%) and 2xMIC (75.34%) of NE-ML. Total proteins were detected in the bacterial suspensions exposed to NE-ML, increasing in concentration over exposure time (p < 0.05). Through bacterial micrographs, we observed that exposure to NE-ML (1xMIC) affected the integrity of the plasma membrane with invaginations in the cytosolic region and alterations in the cell wall. The increase in NE-ML concentration resulted in greater damage to the ultrastructure of S. aureus with changes in bacterial cell division patterns. When NE-ML was combined with the beta-lactam antimicrobials, the interaction was indifferent, indicating no modulation of antimicrobial resistance. In contrast, when combined with the aminoglycoside, a synergistic interaction did occur. These general findings suggest that the bactericidal action of NE-ML begins in the plasma membrane, causing alterations in its permeability and integrity, and extends to the cell wall, cytoplasm, and cell division. Although synergy was restricted to the aminoglycoside by destabilizing the bacterial cell membrane, this suggests that NE-ML can induce the entry of other actives, potentially reducing their therapeutic doses. Understanding the mechanism of action of this new nanoformulation is certain to drive pharmacological advances, broaden the perspective of its in vivo use, and improve the treatment of bovine mastitis.

Novel features of Drosophila hematopoiesis uncovered by long-term live imaging

Stem cells are subject to continuous regulation to ensure that the correct balance between stem cell differentiation and self-renewal is maintained. The dynamic and ongoing nature of stem cell regulation, as well as the complex signaling microenvironment in which stem cells are typically found, means that studying them in their endogenous environment in real time has multiple advantages over static fixed-sample approaches. We recently described a method for long-term, ex-vivo, live imaging of the blood progenitors in the Drosophila larval hematopoietic organ, the Lymph Gland (LG). This methodology has allowed us to analyze multiple aspects of fly hematopoiesis, in real time, in a manner that could not be carried out previously. Here, we describe novel insights derived from our quantitative live imaging approach. These insights include: the identification of extensive filopodia in the progenitors and description of their morphology and dynamics; visualization and quantitative analysis of JAK/STAT signaling in progenitors by the simultaneous tracking of thousands of vesicles containing internalized Domeless receptors; quantitative analysis of the location, morphology, and dynamics of mitochondria in blood progenitors; long-term tracking of patterns of cell division and migration of mature blood cell in the LG; long-term tracking of multiple cell behaviors in the distal committed progenitors; analysis of Ca2+ signaling of blood progenitors in the secondary lobes of the LG. Together, these observations illustrate the power of imaging fly hematopoiesis in real time and identify many previously undescribed processes and behaviors in the LG that are likely to play important roles in the regulation of progenitor differentiation and self-renewal.

Exploring the Branching Pattern of the Posterior Division of the Internal Iliac Artery: An Analysis Based on 75 Computed Tomography Angiographies.

The internal iliac artery stands as the main blood supplier of the pelvis, serving as the primary source of blood for the pelvic viscera while also nourishing the musculoskeletal framework within. The arterial anatomy of the pelvis exhibits a vast array of variations, especially regarding the branching pattern of the internal iliac arteries. The posterior division of the internal iliac artery (PDIIA) may also have variable topography, especially regarding the location of its origin in the pelvic region. A retrospective study was carried out to determine the anatomical variations, prevalence, and morphometric data of the PDIIA and its branches. A total of 75 computed tomography angiographies were analyzed. The most prevalent branch of the PDIIA was the superior gluteal artery, as it was present in 114 of the studied cases (77.03%). The median diameter of the PDIIA at its origin was 6.66mm. The median cross-sectional area of the PDIIA at its origin was set to be 34.59 mm2. Our study highlights the critical significance of understanding the PDIIA and its branches in surgical interventions aimed at managing pelvic hemorrhage. The present study provides valuable insights into the precise localization and characteristics of the PDIIA and its branches, which are essential for surgical procedures targeting specific vessels to control bleeding effectively. Owing to the high level of variability of the branching pattern of the PDIIA, a novel classification system consisting of six types was created.

Robust organ size in Arabidopsis is primarily governed by cell growth rather than cell division patterns.

Organ sizes and shapes are highly reproducible, or robust, within a species and individuals. Arabidopsis thaliana sepals, which are the leaf-like organs that enclose flower buds, have consistent size and shape, indicating robust development. Cell growth is locally heterogeneous due to intrinsic and extrinsic noise. To achieve robust organ shape, fluctuations in cell growth must average to an even growth rate, which requires that fluctuations are uncorrelated or anti-correlated in time and space. Here, we live image and quantify the development of sepals with an increased or decreased number of cell divisions (lgo mutant and LGO overexpression, respectively), a mutant with altered cell growth variability (ftsh4), and double mutants combining these. Changes in the number of cell divisions do not change the overall growth pattern. By contrast, in ftsh4 mutants, cell growth accumulates in patches of over- and undergrowth owing to correlations that impair averaging, resulting in increased organ shape variability. Thus, we demonstrate in vivo that the number of cell divisions does not affect averaging of cell growth, preserving robust organ morphogenesis, whereas correlated growth fluctuations impair averaging.

Frequent and asymmetric cell division in endosymbiotic bacteria of cockroaches.

Many insects are obligatorily associated with and dependent on specific microbial species as essential mutualistic partners. In the host insects, such microbial mutualists are usually maintained in specialized cells or organs, called bacteriocytes or symbiotic organs. Hence, potentially exponential microbial growth cannot be realized but must be strongly constrained by spatial and resource limitations within the host cells or tissues. How such endosymbiotic bacteria grow, divide, and proliferate is important for understanding the interactions and dynamics underpinning intimate host-microbe symbiotic associations. Here we report that Blattabacterium, the ancient and essential endosymbiont of cockroaches, exhibits unexpectedly high rates of cell division (20%-58%) and, in addition, the cell division is asymmetric (average asymmetry index >1.5) when isolated from the German cockroach Blattella germanica. The asymmetric division of endosymbiont cells at high frequencies was observed irrespective of host tissues (fat bodies vs ovaries) or developmental stages (adults vs nymphs vs embryos) of B. germanica, and also observed in several different cockroach species. By contrast, such asymmetric and frequent cell division was observed neither in Buchnera, the obligatory bacterial endosymbiont of aphids, nor in Pantoea, the obligatory bacterial gut symbiont of stinkbugs. Comparative genomics of cell division-related genes uncovered that the Blattabacterium genome lacks the Min system genes that determine the cell division plane, which may be relevant to asymmetric cell division. These observations combined with comparative symbiont genomics provide insight into what processes and regulations may underpin the growth, division, and proliferation of such bacterial mutualists continuously constrained under within-host conditions.IMPORTANCEDiverse insects are dependent on specific bacterial mutualists for their survival and reproduction. Due to the long-lasting coevolutionary history, such symbiotic bacteria tend to exhibit degenerative genomes and suffer uncultivability. Because of their microbiological fastidiousness, the cell division patterns of such uncultivable symbiotic bacteria have been poorly described. Here, using fine microscopic and quantitative morphometric approaches, we report that, although bacterial cell division usually proceeds through symmetric binary fission, Blattabacterium, the ancient and essential endosymbiont of cockroaches, exhibits frequent and asymmetric cell division. Such peculiar cell division patterns were not observed with other uncultivable essential symbiotic bacteria of aphids and stinkbugs. Gene repertoire analysis revealed that the molecular machinery for regulating the bacterial cell division plane are lost in the Blattabacterium genome, suggesting the possibility that the general trend toward the reductive genome evolution of symbiotic bacteria may underpin their bizarre cytological/morphological traits.

Extratemporal Facial Nerve Interconnections and Trunk's Variability: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.

The present systematic review with meta-analysis is a significant contribution to the understanding of the morphological variability of the facial nerve (FN) extratemporal segment, i.e., the facial trunk (FT) variability, its division, and terminal branching patterns. The study also provides a comprehensive overview of the clinical significance of the FN extracranial division. Four online databases were utilized to conduct the systematic review according to evidence-based anatomy guidelines. A meta-analysis of the studies included was carried out using R programming software. The combined prevalence of the FN variants was calculated, along with subgroup and cumulative analysis. From the systematic review, 29 studies were retrieved as eligible for our initial purpose. However, 19 studies followed the same classification system and were selected for the meta-analysis, with a total sample of 2453 nerves. The most common pattern of the FN morphology was the FT bifurcation (typical pattern), with a pooled prevalence of 94.1% and a single interconnection (IC) between the temporofacial and cervicofacial branches (23.1% pooled prevalence). Two ICs between these branches were the rarest pattern (8.9% pooled prevalence). Our findings underscore the extensive morphological variability of the FN extratemporal anatomy, which has led to confusion among researchers. While several classification systems have been developed, none accurately represent the typical and variant anatomy. Our meta-analysis provided a small range between 8.9-23.1% for the rarest and most common pattern; thus, diversity is the rule. Therefore, it is not safe to conclude the typical morphology of FN extratemporal anatomy for its whole distribution before the FT's division (proximally) and its terminal branches (distally). Nevertheless, the bifurcation of the FT can be considered the typical morphology, and it is far more constant than the distal branching pattern. These findings have significant implications for surgical procedures, particularly parotidectomy, where surgeons must exercise utmost caution due to the potential clinical implications of FN injury.

From Shared RE to a Shared Digital RE Strategy: Navigating the Post-Digital Transformation of RE Organizations—Results of a Swiss Participatory Research Project

Religious adult education, characterized as non-formal religious education (RE) that has often been established over many decades, is frequently marked by patterns of institutional separation, local conditions and denominational divisions. This is also the case in Switzerland, where in each canton various church academies and RE organizations generally offer their respective programs along both denominational and cantonal lines. The increasing digitalization of society, and consequently of education, alters the original situation for these actors, both on an individual and organizational level. This article discusses the challenges of religious adult education in navigating the post-digital pivot. It addresses the issues of changing forms of teaching and learning, dealing with shifts in authority, and the growing need for collaboration and shared strategies among RE organizations in post-digital society. A participatory research project involving nearly 60 Swiss RE organizations investigated how these organizations are dealing with digitalization, analyzing the perspectives of the organizational leaders, the teachers, and learners through mixed methods. The findings provide insights into factors influencing the intent to offer or use digital RE courses, as well as factors contributing to the readiness to cooperate in the digital educational field.

Zygotic spindle orientation defines cleavage pattern and nuclear status of human embryos

The first embryonic division represents a starting point for the development of a new individual. In many species, tight control over the first embryonic division ensures its accuracy. However, the first division in humans is often erroneous and can impair embryo development. To delineate the spatiotemporal organization of the first mitotic division typical for normal human embryo development, we systematically analyzed a unique timelapse dataset of 300 IVF embryos that developed into healthy newborns. The zygotic division pattern of these best-quality embryos was compared to their siblings that failed to implant or arrested during cleavage stage. We show that division at the right angle to the juxtaposed pronuclei is preferential and supports faithful zygotic division. Alternative configurations of the first mitosis are associated with reduced clustering of nucleoli and multinucleation at the 2-cell stage, which are more common in women of advanced age. Collectively, these data imply that orientation of the first division predisposes human embryos to genetic (in)stability and may contribute to aneuploidy and age-related infertility.

Enhancement of triclocarban biodegradation: Metabolic division of labor in co-culture of Rhodococcus sp. BX2 and Pseudomonas sp. LY-1

Triclocarban (TCC) and its metabolite, 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA), are classified as emerging organic contaminants (EOCs). Significant concerns arise from water and soil contamination with TCC and its metabolites. These concerns are especially pronounced at high concentrations of up to approximately 20 mg/kg dry weight, as observed in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Here, a TCC-degrading co-culture system comprising Rhodococcus rhodochrous BX2 and Pseudomonas sp. LY-1 was utilized to degrade TCC (14.5 mg/L) by 85.9% in 7 days, showing improved degradation efficiency compared with monocultures. A combination of high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), genome sequencing, transcriptomic analysis, and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed. Meanwhile, through the combination of further experiments involving heterologous expression and gene knockout, we proposed three TCC metabolic pathways and identified four key genes (tccG, tccS, phB, phL) involved in the TCC degradation process. Moreover, we revealed the internal labor division patterns and connections in the co-culture system, indicating that TCC hydrolysis products were exchanged between co-cultured strains. Additionally, mutualistic cooperation between BX2 and LY-1 enhances TCC degradation efficiency. Finally, phytotoxicity assays confirmed a significant reduction in the plant toxicity of TCC following synergistic degradation by two strains. The in-depth understanding of the TCC biotransformation mechanisms and microbial interactions provides useful information for elucidating the mechanism of the collaborative biodegradation of various contaminants.

Label-free metabolic optical biomarkers track stem cell fate transition in real time.

Tracking stem cell fate transition is crucial for understanding their development and optimizing biomanufacturing. Destructive single-cell methods provide a pseudotemporal landscape of stem cell differentiation but cannot monitor stem cell fate in real time. We established a metabolic optical metric using label-free fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), feature extraction and machine learning-assisted analysis, for real-time cell fate tracking. From a library of 205 metabolic optical biomarker (MOB) features, we identified 56 associated with hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) differentiation. These features collectively describe HSC fate transition and detect its bifurcate lineage choice. We further derived a MOB score measuring the "metabolic stemness" of single cells and distinguishing their division patterns. This score reveals a distinct role of asymmetric division in rescuing stem cells with compromised metabolic stemness and a unique mechanism of PI3K inhibition in promoting ex vivo HSC maintenance. MOB profiling is a powerful tool for tracking stem cell fate transition and improving their biomanufacturing from a single-cell perspective.

Accumulation of docosapentaenoic acid (n-3 DPA) in a novel isolate of the marine ichthyosporean Sphaeroforma arctica.

Currently, there is lack of a consistent and highly enriched source for docosapentaenoic acid (n-3 DPA, C22:5), and this work report the isolation of microorganism that naturally produces n-3 DPA. In this work, we screened microorganisms in our culture collections with the goal to isolate a strain with high levels of n-3 DPA. We isolated a strain of Sphaeroforma arctica that produces up to 11% n-3 DPA in total fatty acid and has a high n-3 DPA to DHA/EPA ratio. The cell growth of the isolated strain was characterized using microscopy imaging and flow cytometer technologies to confirm the coenocytic pattern of cell divisions previously described in S. arctica. Our novel isolate of S. arctica grew more robustly and produced significantly more n-3 DPA compared to previously isolated and described strains indicating the uniqueness of the discovered strain. Overall, this work reports a first isolate n-3 DPA producing microorganism and establishes the foundation for future strain improvement and elucidation of the physiological function of this LC-PUFA for human nutrition and health.

The axillary artery high bifurcation: coexisting variants and clinical significance.

Several branching patterns of the axillary artery (AA) have been described. Unusually, the brachial artery (BA) follows a course in front of the median nerve (MN), the so-called superficial brachial artery (SBA). The SBA may result in MN entrapment. The current cadaveric report highlights a high AA bifurcation, its continuation as SBA and the coexistence of muscular, neural, and vascular asymmetric aberrations. At the right side, the coracobrachialis muscle (CB) had a single head, and the ipsilateral musculocutaneous nerve (MCN) followed a medial course. The AA was highly divided into superficial and deep stems (SAS and DAS), at the 2nd rib lower border. Between two stems, the brachial plexus (BP) lateral and medial cords were identified. The MN originated from the BP lateral cord. The SAS, continued as SBA with a tortuous course. The DAS coursed posterior to the BP medial and lateral cords and gave off the subscapular artery. A bilateral 3rd head of the biceps brachii was identified. The MN atypically originated from the BP lateral cord. At the left side, the two-headed CB was typically penetrated by the MCN. A common trunk of the circumflex humeral arteries was identified in coexistence with an interconnection of the BP lateral cord with the MN medial root. The rare coexistence of muscular, neural, and arterial variants in axillary and brachial region is emphasized, taking into consideration the AA high division and related branching pattern. Documentation of such rare vascular variants is important in aneurysm and trauma surgery, and angiography, where all therapeutic manipulations must be accurately performed due to the possibility of complications.

Zofia Lissa’s participation in attempts to define formalism and realism in music in the 1940s and 1950s. Using the category of musical expression to create patterns of division

Abstract During the famous 1949 conference in Łagów Lubuski Zofia Lissa called for the creation of music that would be rich in expression. Her argument reveals an interesting affinity between Marxism and the theories of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, with his attempt to “historically” (“objectively”) establish the primacy of emotion in art over pure form. At the same time, however, emotions were divided in Łagów into desirable and detrimental, which manifested itself in the most shocking way when three critics – Włodzimierz Sokorski, Józef Chomiński and Zofia Lissa – surprisingly unanimously, or similarly, judged Zbigniew Turski’s Symphony No. 2 “Olympic”. What is surprising in the context of the Łagów conference is not just the collective, ruthless attack on Turski, but also the fact that very little effort was made to explain the nature of the emotional impact of music. Lissa’s attempt at theoretical analysis did not elicit any response; moreover, as the minutes show, she did not present the entire material she had prepared. How much and for how long this subject had been on her mind is evident from her pre-Łagów paper, published in Myśl Współczesna in 1948, in which she mentioned her lost work from before the Second World War. After the Łagów conference she continued to study the problem and included the results of her investigations in a paper that brought her notoriety, because she invoked the name of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin in the title. In the present article I take a small step – through an analysis of selected contributions by Lissa – towards reconstructing her way of thinking in order to understand what priorities guided her and what goals she set for herself.

An adaptive reweighted-Kurtogram for bearing fault diagnosis under strong external impulse noise

In vibration-based fault diagnosis of rotating machinery, strong impulse noise constitutes a widely encountered source of external interference, thereby posing significant challenges to the effective extraction of diagnostic information. In this context, an adaptive reweighted-Kurtogram (ARKurtogram) method is proposed. The bearing transient fault signatures are accurately extracted through two aspects – that is, precise frequency band division and robust band selection indicator. Specifically, we use the dual-tree complex wavelet packet transform (DTCWPT) as the band division tool and propose the sub-bands rearranged and ensemble DTCWPT which addresses the band disorder problem, yields far richer band division patterns and maintains excellent performance of DTCWPT in signal decomposition. Meanwhile, we introduce a robust indicator characterizing periodic fault impulses to accurately select the fault band. In comparison with the classical kurtosis and the advanced reweighted-kurtosis, this indicator is insensitive to strong external impulse noise and its calculation process contains a sliding window averaging approach which makes the calculation entirely automated without human intervention. The validity of the ARKurtogram is investigated with the analysis of vibration signals measured from fault-injection experiments. The comparisons with the classical fast Kurtogram method and the advanced Autogram method highlight the advantages of the method in extracting bearing transient fault signatures from complex signals with strong external impulse noise. It shows high potential in the application of industrial bearing fault diagnosis.

Cropping pattern and crop diversification in Bhopal division of Madhya Pradesh

The present study was based on secondary data collected from various government publications and pertains to a period of 22 years i.e. from 1997-98 to 2018-19. The present study has examined the growth rates of area, production and productivity of major crops, the trend in crop diversification, changes in cropping pattern and advantageous crops in different districts of Bhopal division of Madhya Pradesh. The compound growth rates of area, production and productivity of major crops were estimated for two sub-periods i.e. Period-I (1997-98 to2007-08), Period-II (2008-09 to 2018-19) and overall period (1997-98 to2018-19).Co-efficient of variation was used for analytical tools. Simple tabular analysis was used to examine the changes in cropping pattern in Bhopal division and districts of Bhopal division i.e. Bhopal, Sehore, Vidisha, Rajgarh and Raisen. In order to study the crop diversification Herfindahl index have been used. In order to work out the advantageous crops, land concentration ratio in different districts with comparative advantage was computed for last10 years i.e. from 2008-09 to 2017-18. In majority of districts of Bhopal division i.e. Bhopal, Sehore, Vidisha, Rajgarh and Raisen crop diversification has significantly increased during the study period. The diversification from subsistence crop to more crops were took place in selected districts and in division also. Results of the study revealed that growth rate of area of Lentil crop was highest during Period-I i.e. 45.58 per cent in Bhopal division ascompared other crops. In case of production pigeonpea, wheat, pea and Lentil showed increased growth rate of production by 9.42, 11.02, 59.91 and 53.15 per cent per annum.In Bhopal division pea was showed highest variation in area, production and productivity during period-II i.e. 78.36,79.30 and 65.87 per cent per annum. Wheat was showed lowest variation in area and production during period-I i.e. 6.54 and 13.91 per cent as compareto other crops. Result of study revealed Soyabean is most advantageous crop in Bhopal, Sehore and Rajgarh district and wheat is advantageous cropin all district of Bhopal division. In Bhopal division soyabean crop showed highest percentage change of area i.e. 38.34 per cent from (1998-99 to 2018- 19) and Lentil showed highest percentage change of area over base period collected from various government publications and pertains toa period of 22 years i.e. from 1997-98 to 2018-19. The compound growth rates of area, production and productivity of major crops were estimated for two sub-periods i.e. Period-I (1997-98 to2007-08), Period-II (2008-09 to 2018-19) and overall period (1997-98 to2018-19).Co-efficient of variation was used for analytical tools. In order to study the crop diversification Herfindahl index have been used. In order to work out the advantageous crops, land concentration ratio in different districts with comparative advantage was computed for last10 years i.e. from 2008-09 to 2017-18. In majority of districts of Bhopal division i.e. Bhopal, Sehore, Vidisha, Rajgarh and Raisen crop diversification has significantly increased during the study period. The diversification from subsistence crop to more crops were took place in selected districts and indivision also. Results of the study revealed that growth rate of area of Lentil crop was highest during Period-I i.e. 45.58 per cent in Bhopal division ascompared other crops. In case of production pigeonpea, wheat, pea and Lentil showed increased growth rate of production by 9.42, 11.02, 59.91 and53.15 per cent per annum.In Bhopal division pea was showed highest variation in area, production and productivity during period-II i.e. 78.36,79.30 and 65.87 per cent per annum. Wheat was showed lowest variation inarea and production during period-I i.e. 6.54 and 13.91 per cent as compare to other crops. Result of study revealed Soyabean is most advantageous crop in Bhopal, Sehore and Rajgarh district and wheat is advantageous crop in all district of Bhopal division. In Bhopal division soyabean crop showed highest percentage change of area i.e 38.34 per cent from (1998-99 to 2018-19) and Lentil showed highest percentage change of area over base period i.e. is 94.07 per cent. There existed wide temporal changes in the cropping pattern of Bhopal division.

Division Pattern and Evaluation of Technical Performance of Bio-volume Measurements of Divided and Un-divided Cells in Ulva ohnoi for Determining Growth

Division Pattern and Evaluation of Technical Performance of Bio-volume Measurements of Divided and Un-divided Cells in Ulva ohnoi for Determining Growth

Concept of housework of married women: Personal happiness, cooperation, bargaining, and the burden of generalist

With the deepening of the ideology of gender equality in Chinese society, the traditional pattern of division of housework, constructed based on traditional gender perspectives, was challenged. The attitudes of married women towards housework also changed. However, those attitudes are not independent of the influence of the time in which women live. Different ages have different political, material, and cultural elements, shaping different attitudes towards housework for women born in different generations. The earlier the generation of women, the closer the contact with traditional gender ideologies, and the more likely they become the main undertaker of housework. On the other hand, women born in the later generation make different choices under the guidance of rationality due to the convenience of obtaining information, the development of technology, and the trend of globalization.