Orchid Species Diversity Research Articles

Diversity of Orchid species in the Tilu Mountains Region of Indonesia and the Potential for Phytochemistry

Orchids are one of the largest and globally distributed plant families. Indonesia has the most types of orchids, estimated around 20% from the total species across the world. Mainly orchids used as an ornamental plant. This research aimed to elucidate another potential of orchids as possibly for herbal medicine plant. The potential of orchids as herbal medicine has been known for a long time, but there is lack of well-documented research. The research method used in this research is exploration on predetermined research sites that were conducted in Mount Tilu, West Java on 2022. Observation data of orchids were collected on the sites and the analysis was carried out in a qualitative descriptive approach by describing the data from the research results and comparisons were made through a literature review. Based on the research results, we found about 31 species from 28 genera consisting of 24 epiphytic orchids and 7 terrestrial orchids in the Mount Tilu Kuningan area, West Java. There are 4 endemic species categorised in Java; Chilochista javanica, Crepidium koordesii, Crepidium junghuhnii, and Taeniophyllum biocellatum.

Orchid species diversity across a forest disturbance gradient in west Mau forest, Kenya.

Orchidaceae is one of the most diverse and widespread groups of flowering plants. Despite their immense ecological and socio-economic value, their spatial distribution across forest disturbance gradient is not well understood, particularly in tropical montane forests. This study assessed the influence of forest degradation on orchid species richness and abundance in West Mau Forest, Kenya. Stratified systematic sampling was adopted across three different disturbance regimes consisting of relatively intact forest, moderately disturbed forest and highly degraded forest. A total of five orchid species were recorded from nine host-tree species. The intact forest had seven host tree species with five orchid species. The moderately degraded forest had four host-tree species with two orchid species, while the highly degraded forest that had no orchids. Polystachya confusa was the most abundant orchid species (600.0±227.9 clumps ha-1) followed by Bulbophyllum sp (340.0±112.2 clumps ha-1), Chamaeangis sp (300.0±115.5 clumps ha-1), Aerangis sp (200.0±57.7 clumps ha-1) and Tridactyle sp (100.0±0.0 clumps ha-1). The results of this study indicate that forest degradation reduces orchid species diversity in tropical montane forests. They also show that orchids are bioindicators of forest degradation status.

Diversity of orchid types in the Oeluan Tourism Forest, Bijeli Village, Noemuti District, North Central Timor Regency

Indonesia as a mega biodiversity country has a variety of fauna and flora. One of the floras that is often found in Indonesia is orchids. Orchids have high economic value and are able to balance the ecosystem in their habitat. This study was aimed at determining the diversity of orchid species in the Oeluan tourism forest. The current study employed a quantitative descriptive study by using the transect and the purposive sampling method. The research was conducted in February at the Oeluan Tourism Forest. The results of this study indicated that there were four terrestrial orchid genera and three epiphytic orchid genera. The analysis of the diversity index of orchid species in the Oeluan tourism forest resulted in the diversity index of (H’) 1.0438 in the medium category. The measured environmental factors at the study site were an average soil pH of 7, an average humidity of 76.33% and an average air temperature of 27.400C. The diversity of orchid species in the Oeluan tourism forest, bijeli village, Noemuti district, North Central Timor regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province, was included in the medium category.

The origin and speciation of orchids.

Orchids constitute one of the most spectacular radiations of flowering plants. However, their origin, spread across the globe, and hotspots of speciation remain uncertain due to the lack of an up-to-date phylogeographic analysis. We present a new Orchidaceae phylogeny based on combined high-throughput and Sanger sequencing data, covering all five subfamilies, 17/22 tribes, 40/49 subtribes, 285/736 genera, and c. 7% (1921) of the 29 524 accepted species, and use it to infer geographic range evolution, diversity, and speciation patterns by adding curated geographical distributions from the World Checklist of Vascular Plants. The orchids' most recent common ancestor is inferred to have lived in Late Cretaceous Laurasia. The modern range of Apostasioideae, which comprises two genera with 16 species from India to northern Australia, is interpreted as relictual, similar to that of numerous other groups that went extinct at higher latitudes following the global climate cooling during the Oligocene. Despite their ancient origin, modern orchid species diversity mainly originated over the last 5 Ma, with the highest speciation rates in Panama and Costa Rica. These results alter our understanding of the geographic origin of orchids, previously proposed as Australian, and pinpoint Central America as a region of recent, explosive speciation.

KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS ANGGREK DI JALUR PENDAKIAN WIRAYANA GUNUNG CAKRABUANA KABUPATEN MAJALENGKA

The existence of orchids in nature continues to decline due to habitat destruction and overexploitation. Conservation efforts that have been carried out so far have often experienced difficulties due to insufficient data and information as a basis for management, including conservation areas. The more widespread forest destruction will result in these species being threatened with extinction. This study aims to determine the diversity of orchid species, on the Wirayana Mount Cakrabuana Climbing Path. The information is expected to provide an initial contribution to the area management and orchid conservation efforts on the Wirayana Mount Cakrabuana Climbing Path. This research was conducted by means of a vegetation survey, sampling and documentation by exploring the existence of orchids. The sampling technique used the path transect method. The number of transects used is one line transect with a line length of 1500 m with a total of 22 sample plots. Data analysis was carried out by calculating the Important Value Index (INP), Species Dominance Index (Di) and Species Diversity Index (H'). The results showed that in the natural forest area of ​​Mount Cakrabuana there were 22 species of individuals which included 7 species of terrestrial orchids and 15 species of epiphytic orchids with a total of 243 individuals found. From the results of the calculation of species diversity, it is stated that the diversity of orchid species in the natural forest area of ​​Mount Cakrabuana is classified as moderate (2,973). This information is very important, especially for area managers in preserving the biodiversity of Mount Cakrabuana, especially orchids in the future.

Diversity of Orchids (Orchidaceae) in Bonjol Subdistrict, West Sumatra

Bonjol District, West Sumatra has a very high diversity of flora, one of the flora found in Bonjol District is orchids (Orchidaceae). However, there is no data that explains the diversity of orchid plants in Bonjol District, so researchers are interested in using this as research. This research aims to find out what types of orchids are found in Bonjol District, the diversity index of orchid plants (Orchidaceae) and the dominance index of the most dominant orchid plants in Bonjol District, West Sumatra. The research was carried out using an exploratory method with direct observation of orchid plants in the field. The sampling method used was purposive sampling, namely taking samples with certain considerations. Sampling was carried out at 2 stations, namely residential areas and forests. Data analysis used the Shannon-Wiener diversity index. The research results showed that the diversity of orchid species (Orchidaceae) in Bonjol District, West Sumatra was classified as moderate, with a total Shannon-Wiener diversity index H' = 1.4117. In Bonjol District, West Sumatra, there are 31 types of orchids from 17 genera, the most frequently found species are Bulbophyllum gibbosum with 35 individuals, while the species found least frequently are Nervelia crociformis and Eria discolor, each with 2 individuals. Then, in the results of calculating the dominance index value for orchids (Orchidaceae) in Bonjol District, West Sumatra, the result was D= 0.044, which means that no species dominates.

Ancient tea gardens play important role on in situ conservation of epiphytic orchids in southwest Yunnan, China

Southwest Yunnan of China is the homeland of famous Pu’er tea and preserved the largest area of ancient tea gardens in the world. The ancient tea gardens keeping a large number of shade trees have prevailed for hundreds of years persist and formed typical agroforestry systems. To assess the potential of the ancient tea gardens for in situ orchid conservation, in this study, three typical ancient tea gardens located at different elevations, JiNuo Mountain ancient tea garden (JNM, 1150 m asl.), JingMai Mountain ancient tea garden (JMM, 1345 m asl.), and LaoBanZhang ancient tea garden (LBZ, 1787 m asl.), were selected to investigate species diversity and composition, and conservation status of all orchids. Floral visitors, reproductive success, and seedling recruitment of selected epiphytic orchids were also investigated from 2019 to 2021. We identified 88 orchid species (85 epiphytic and 3 terrestrial orchids) in 33 genera in the three ancient tea gardens, including one critically endangered species (CR), four endangered species (EN) and 16 vulnerable species (VU). Although the orchid species diversity was not significantly different, the species composition varied greatly among the three ancient tea gardens. For the randomly selected 40 epiphytic orchid species, all species could set fruits naturally, and the natural fruit-sets ranged from 1.11 ± 6.0% to 62.07 ± 15.4% with great variations among species and years. For 60 epiphytic orchid species observed, seedling recruitment for 26 species (43.3%) were observed and confirmed. Among 42 insect visitors observed, 21 species including bees, flies and ants, were confirmed as effective pollinators to 16 epiphytic orchids. These results revealed that the ancient tea gardens maintained high species diversity of epiphytic orchids and provided pollinator services for reproductive success and suitable micro-environment for seed germination and seedling recruitment. We strongly suggested that the ancient tea gardens in the area could serve as important supplements for in situ conservation of epiphytic orchids.

Diversity of Orchids in Tahura Nuraksa Central Lombok as Enrichment of Biodiversity Subject

This study was done to determine the diversity of orchid species, population structure (abundance, diversity, dominance and distribution patterns) of orchids found in the Tahura Nuraksa and to make a booklet as enrichment of biodiversity courses. The research was conducted at the Tahura Nuraksa Resort, Kalipalang, Central Lombok. The method used in this study was descriptive exploratory by determining the location of observation using purposive sampling method and sampling by using non-destructive and exploratory methods. The results showed that there were 544 individuals from 18 species of orchid . An abundance of orchids of 1% was in the low category, and the dominance of orchids is 0,15% which means that there was a dominant species of orchids, namely Spathoglottis plicata. The orchids diversity index was 2.25 (medium category) and the distribution pattern of orchids in the study sites was generally uniform. The booklet is declared worthy of being an enrichment for study of biodiversity.

INVENTARISATION OF ORCHID TYPES (Orchidaceae) IN WEST TOMOHON AREA

This study aims to inventory orchid species in the West Tomohon area using the accidental sampling method of exploration in a predetermined place. Orchids are a type of flowering plant that comes from the Orchidaceae family. Each type of orchid has its own characteristics. Tomohon City has abundant natural resources, including ornamental plants such as orchids. Data on orchid diversity in West Tomohon Sub-district has never been reported. Orchid inventory is an activity that records the diversity of orchid species in an area. This research is descriptive-qualitative research. The results of this study have yielded 10 species of orchids belonging to nine genera in one family. The orchid species found in the West Tomohon area consist of Arachnis sp., Arundina graminifolia, Cattleya sp., Dendrobium biggibum, Dendrobium moschatum, Epidendrum secundum, Oncidium flexuosum, Phaius tankervilleae, Phalaenopsis amabilis, and Vanda arcuata. The most common orchid found in this area is the moon orchid, Phalaenopsis amabilis.

Orchid Diversity at Three Elevations in the Mountain Sandstone Plateaus of the Cordillera del CóndorEcuador

Orchids comprise one of the largest families of flowering plants and have important roles in the total biomass, water balance, and nutrient cycling of tropical ecosystems; however, they are also one of the most endangered plant taxa. Because their diversity is strongly coupled to environmental factors, we hypothesize that local elevation can affect the diversity of these organisms. The purpose of this research was to compare the orchid species diversity at 1200, 1400, and 1700 m of elevation, corresponding to a sandstone plateau of the Cordillera del Cóndor that hosts a great orchid diversity. For each elevation, three plots of 0.1 ha were established. Each plot was subdivided into 25 subplots, and 8 were randomly selected, wherein all orchid species were counted and identified. The results obtained revealed the existence of 119 species belonging to 54 genera and a total of 867 individuals. The greatest diversity of species was found at an elevation of 1700 with 63 species, followed by 1400 m with 52 species, with the least diversity at an elevation of 1200 m with 39 species. Orchid composition differed significantly among the three elevations related to more humidity at higher elevations (e.g., 1700 m). More importantly, twenty-one species were the best candidate indicators of environmental conditions (e.g., Maxillaria grayi, Elleanthus oliganthus, Maxillaria mapiriensis, Stelis pittieri, Stelis ortegae) in this region. We conclude that orchid communities in sandstone plateau forests in the Shagmi Range of the Cordillera del Cóndor are mainly limited by elevation.

The orchid diversity of Banggai Kepulauan, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

Few orchid studies have focused on the satellite islands of Sulawesi, including the Banggai Kepulauan Archipelago. This study aims to understand the diversity of orchid species in Banggai Kepulauan and to add data on the diversity of orchids in Sulawesi. We identified 28 species of orchids from Banggai Kepulauan, of which two are endemic to Sulawesi: Dendrobium jubatum Schuit. & de Vogel and Dendrobium rhodobalionSchltr.; four species are only distributed in the eastern part of Indonesia: Cylindrolobus quadricolor(J.J.Sm.) Rauschert, Dendrobium lanceolatum Gaudich., Dendrobium purpureum Roxb. and Habenaria beccarii Schltr.; three species are new records for Sulawesi: Aphyllorchis acuminata J.J.Sm., Dendrobium acinaciforme Roxb. and Tainia trinervis (Blume) Rchb.f.; and one species is a new record for Banggai Kepulauan:Crepidium resupinatum (G.Forst.) Szlach.

Spatial distribution and its limiting environmental factors of native orchid species diversity in the Beipan River Basin of Guizhou Province, China.

To understand the distribution of biodiversity and its determinants, particularly that of ecologically sensitive ones, has long been intriguing to the science community and will help formulate conservation strategies under future climate changes. To this end, we conducted extensive field surveys on the distribution of orchid flora in the Beipan River Basin in Guizhou Province, which is one of the biodiversity conservation priorities in China. The data we acquired, together with those published previously, were converted into orchid species richness for each of the 3km × 3km grid cells covering the study region. Redundancy analysis (RDA) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) were then applied to determine which of the 30 environmental factors are potentially critical for the spatial distribution of orchid flora we have observed. Despite a moderate spatial extent, we found that the Beipan River Basin harbors about 249 native orchid species belonging to 74 genera, equivalent to 14.5% of orchid flora of China. Orchid species richness in this area follows a descending gradient from the southeast to the northwest, 70.41% of its variation among grid cells can be explained by environmental factors and spatial variables, and spatial variables accounted for 63.90% of the spatial variation of orchid distribution, indicating that spatial variables played a dominant role in the distribution of wild Orchidaceae species richness. In addition, the main environmental driver is the mean temperature of the wettest quarter. Our study provides a good example for revealing the main drivers of orchid distribution characteristics and has a certain reference value for the development of orchid conservation strategies.

Strong primer bias for Tulasnellaceae fungi in metabarcoding: Specific primers improve the characterization of the mycorrhizal communities of epiphytic orchids.

Primer bias toward Tulasnellaceae fungi during PCR is a known issue with metabarcoding analyses for the assessment of orchid mycorrhizal communities. However, this bias had not been evaluated for the fungal communities of epiphytic orchids, which account for 69% of all orchid species diversity. We compared the mycorrhizal communities detected using two primer pairs, a fungal universal primer pair (ITS86F/ITS4) and Tulasnella-specific primer pair (5.8STulngs/ITS4-Tul2), using a mock community of fungal isolates from epiphytic orchids and also environmental samples, including orchid roots and a tree bark tip from the host tree of an epiphytic orchid collected. The detected mycorrhizal communities differed widely depending on the primer pairs used. The fungal universal primer pair successfully identified Ceratobasidiaceae and Serendipitaceae fungi but did not reflect Tulasnellaceae diversity. Tulasnellaceae fungi were mainly detected using the Tulasnella-specific primer pair. These tendencies were observed in both the mock community and environmental samples. These results strongly suggest that the use of a Tulasnella-specific primer in combination with a fungal universal primer is essential for assessing the mycorrhizal communities of orchids through metabarcoding analysis, especially in epiphytic orchids. Our study contributes to further understanding of the diversity of mycorrhizal fungi in orchids.

Morphology characteristics of orchids species in Bukit Barisan, Bengkulu province

The species orchid is one of the rich local genetic resources of Bengkulu Province. Information on the diversity of orchid species in Bengkulu has not been widely disclosed, so characterization is needed. This study aims to identify and characterize orchid species based on morphological characters. The study was carried out in Bukit Barisan, Central Bengkulu, Kepahiang, Rejang Lebong and Lebong from April to December 2018. The orchid data collection was carried out by exploration methods and direct observation of orchid plants in situ and exitu. In-situ observations were made on all orchid species found in their habitat and were flowering or fruiting, while the external observations were made on orchids that were not flowering and bearing fruit in their habitat. The samples of these orchids are collected and maintained beforehand until they grow flowers and fruit. Observations were made on morphological characteristics, namely the growth pattern of stems, pseudobulbs, leaves, flowers and fruit. Determination of the types of orchids identified in accordance with orchid guidelines. There are 15 genera consisting of 34 types of orchids with various forms of stem growth, pseudobulbs, leaves and flower colors.

Innovation of Natural Orchid Cultivation Technology for Tourism Development in Banyunganti Hamlet, Jatimulyo Village, Girimulyo Sub-District, Kulon Progo District, Yogyakarta

Orchid is the best tourism icon which focused on nature-based tourism development in Indonesia. Banyunganti Hamlet is one of the tourism villages in Kulon Progo which has a high diversity of orchid species. Regarding this situation, guiding and assistance for villagers which is focused on the introduction of natural orchid species and its character, conventional propagation, and modern propagation by using household-scale tissue culture techniques (sowing seeds and planting) is important to give. The long-term goal for this activity was for empowering women in Dusun Banyunganti in line with the opening of the New Yogyakarta International Airport by the government.

Seasonal variation in the diversity of flowering orchids at Santa Catarina Lachatao, Oaxaca, Mexico

Background: Orchidaceae represents around 7.1-8.52 % of the angiosperms known in the planet. In Mexico, orchids are the third family more diverse, and Oaxaca is the state with the highest richness in the country. Orchids are widely distributed in tropical environments, but they are also distributed in temperate forests, where they have been scarcely studied.
 Questions: What is the diversity of orchid species at the locality of Santa Catarina Lachatao? Which subfamilies and growth forms are distributed at that locality? Do the community of orchids flowers differentially between seasons?
 Studied species: Species of the Orchidaceae family.
 Study site and dates: Santa Catarina Lachatao, Oaxaca, 2017-2018.
 Methods: Orchids were collected monthly throughout a year. Collected specimens were identified. Richness, abundance and diversity index were estimated for the whole flowering community, and per subfamily and growth form. These parameters were compared between seasons.
 Results: The community of orchids was composed by 4,933 flowering individuals from 74 species from the subfamilies Epidendroideae and Orchidoideae. Orchids with terrestrial, epiphyte, and rupicolous growth forms were collected. Total diversity index and species composition varied between seasons. Seasonal variation in abundance, diversity and species composition per subfamily and per growth form was also detected.
 Conclusions: Orchid diversity at the locality is high (9.68 % of the richness recorded for Oaxaca), and varies between seasons. The high species richness, the endemisms and endangered species found, call to take prompt actions to protect and manage the forest to assure its conservation and the diversity within it.

Plant inventory of Bogor Botanic Gardens collection that hosts epiphytic orchids

Abstract. Isnaini Y, Novitasari Y. 2019 Plant inventory of Bogor Botanic Gardens collection that hosts epiphytic orchids. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 5: 59-65. Bogor Botanic Gardens is the Ex situ Conservation Center, which is located in the middle of the hustle and bustle of the city of Bogor and one of the tourist destinations for the people of Indonesia and abroad. The functions of the Botanical Gardens include conservation, research, education, tourism and environmental services. This study aims to determine the diversity of plant species cultivated in the Bogor Botanical Gardens which host the epiphytic orchids, as well as the diversity of orchid species. The research was carried out by observing, recording, and photographing orchids attached to the stems and or branches of trees that grow in the Bogor Botanical Gardens, both collection plants and greening plants, and standing plant. Observations were carried out throughout the Bogor Botanical Gardens except in the Orchidarium area and around orchid greenhouses and nurseries. The results showed that there were at least 172 trees hosting the epiphytic orchid consisting of 32 family, 81 genera, and 106 species. The dominant groups that host orchids in the region are Arecaceae, Lythraceae, Rubiaceae, and Moraceae. While orchids found as epiphytes in these plants are Acriopsis lilifolia, Bulbophyllum sp., Cymbidium bicolor, Cymbidium finlaysonianum Dendrobium crumenatum, Dendrobium sp., Dendrobium tetrodon, Eria retusa, Eria sp., Grammatophyllum speciosum, Phalaenopsis amabilis, Polystacia concreta, Polystacia concreta, and Thrixspermum sp. The results of this study are expected to provide information as educational material for all interested parties.

Species diversity of Orchids in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Lampung, Indonesia

Munawaroh E, Yuzammi. 2019. Species diversity of Orchids in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Lampung, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: xxxx. Orchids, belonging to the family Orchidaceae, are well known ornamental plants due to their beautiful flowers and varied colors. The members of this family have received more scientific attention than other plant families because of their unique botanical features and economic value. This study was conducted to explore and record the species diversity of Orchidaceae in Sumatera, especially in the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (BBSNP), Lampung, Indonesia. This research was carried out from 2011 to 2014 at four locations, namely Kubu Perahu Resort, Sukaraja Atas Resort, Pugung Tampak Resort and Sekincau Resort, using purposive sampling method. A total of 132 species belonging to 52 genera of orchids have been identified from BBSNP, Lampung, of which 37 genera are epiphytic orchids and 15 genera are terrestrial orchids. Two species namely, Vanda sumatrana and Grammatophyllum speciosum, have been recognized as protected species. Vanda sumatrana is also endemic to Sumatera. These orchids are also cultivated at Liwa Botanic Garden, as an ex situ conservation.

Orchid diversity: Spatial and climatic patterns from herbarium records.

AimWe test for spatial and climatic patterns of diversification in the Orchidaceae, an angiosperm family characterized by high levels of species diversity and rarity. Globally, does orchid diversity correlate with land area? In Australia, does diversity correlate with herbarium collecting effort, range size, or climate niche breadth? Where are Australia's orchids distributed spatially, in protected areas, and in climate space?LocationGlobal, then Australia.MethodsWe compared orchid diversity with land area for continents and recognized orchid diversity hotspots. Then, we used cleaned herbarium records to compare collecting effort (for Australian Orchidaceae vs. all other plant families, and also among orchid genera). Spatial and climate distributions were mapped to determine orchids’ coverage in the protected area network, range sizes, and niche breadths.ResultsGlobally, orchid diversity does not correlate with land area (depauperate regions are the subantarctic: 10 species, and northern North America: 394 species). Australian herbarium records and collecting effort generally reflect orchid species diversity (1,583 spp.), range sizes, and niche breadths. Orchids are restricted to 13% of Australia's landmass with 211 species absent from any protected areas. Species richness is the greatest in three biomes with high general biodiversity: Temperate (especially southwest and southeast Australia), Tropical, and Subtropical (coastal northern Queensland). Absence from the Desert is consistent with our realized climate niche—orchids avoid high temperature/low rainfall environments. Orchids have narrower range sizes than nonorchid species. Highly diverse orchid genera have narrower rainfall breadths than less diverse genera.Main conclusionsHerbarium data are adequate for testing hypotheses about Australian orchids. Distribution is likely driven by environmental factors. In contrast, diversification did not correlate with increases in range size, rainfall, or temperature breadths, suggesting speciation does not occur via invasion and local adaptation to new habitats. Instead, diversification may rely on access to extensive obligate symbioses with mycorrhizae and/or pollinators.

Morphological Type Identification of Self-Incompatibility in Dendrobium and Its Phylogenetic Evolution Pattern.

Self-incompatibility (SI) is a type of reproductive barrier within plant species and is one of the mechanisms for the formation and maintenance of the high diversity and adaptation of angiosperm species. Approximately 40% of flowering plants are SI species, while only 10% of orchid species are self-incompatible. Intriguingly, as one of the largest genera in Orchidaceae, 72% of Dendrobium species are self-incompatible, accounting for nearly half of the reported SI species in orchids, suggesting that SI contributes to the high diversity of orchid species. However, few studies investigating SI in Dendrobium have been published. This study aimed to address the following questions: (1) How many SI phenotypes are in Dendrobium, and what are they? (2) What is their distribution pattern in the Dendrobium phylogenetic tree? We investigated the flowering time, the capsule set rate, and the pollen tube growth from the representative species of Dendrobium after artificial pollination and analysed their distribution in the Asian Dendrobium clade phylogenetic tree. The number of SI phenotypes exceeded our expectations. The SI type of Dendrobium chrysanthum was the primary type in the Dendrobium SI species. We speculate that there are many different SI determinants in Dendrobium that have evolved recently and might be specific to Dendrobium or Orchidaceae. Overall, this work provides new insights and a comprehensive understanding of Dendrobium SI.