Diversified Investment Portfolio Research Articles

Strategies for Mitigating and Managing Risks in Bank Investments

This paper suggests that while studies of banking risk management often emphasize analytics and stress testing to improve risk governance, there is too little emphasis on historical case studies to generate comprehensive risk management strategies. Using numerous case studies, the paper suggests four categories of risk - market risks, credit risks, regulatory risks, and operational risks - that impact overall investment outcomes. By extensively reviewing both historic failures and historic successes, the paper highlights the importance of understanding different types of risks and adopting strategic measures to manage them effectively. Emphasis is placed on the necessity of a diversified investment portfolio to mitigate market volatility and credit exposure. Additionally, the paper provides actionable strategies for navigating regulatory complexities and operational challenges, supported by real-world case studies and practical examples. This research aims to equip investors with valuable insights and tools to optimize investment opportunities while minimizing potential risks in the banking sector.

Financial Dynamics in Cell and Gene Therapy Development: Navigating Valuation and Fundraising Challenges

Cell and gene therapy, offering unprecedented solutions for complex diseases, have attracted significant attention in both the scientific and financial communities. This article explores the tumultuous financial journey of companies specializing in these advanced thera-peutic modalities. The discussion illuminates the volatility of share prices, challenges in valuation, and complexities in fundraising while delving into the inherent risks of the cell and gene therapy development pathway. Through an examination of various strategies, the article underscores the importance of diverse investment sources, robust collaborations, risk-sharing models, and portfolio diversification in ensuring financial stability. As the field burgeons, un-derstanding these financial dynamics is paramount for stakeholders aiming to harness the transformative potential of cell and gene therapies.

Unraveling stock exchange connections: an empirical study of India, US, Hong Kong, Germany, France and Amsterdam

PurposeThe current study immerses itself in the realm of diversification prospects within a select group of preeminent global stock exchanges. Specifically, the study casts its discerning gaze upon the financial hubs of the United States, Hong Kong, Germany, France, Amsterdam and India. In this expansive vista of international financial markets, the present analytical study aims to unravel the multifaceted opportunities that lie therein for astute portfolio management and strategic investment decisions.Design/methodology/approachThe study encompasses daily time series data spanning from 2019 to 2022. To assess the interconnectedness among these stock indices, advanced statistical techniques, including Johansen cointegration methods and vector autoregressive (VAR) models, have been applied.FindingsThe research outcomes reveal both unidirectional and bidirectional relationships between the Indian, Hong Kong and US stock exchanges, encompassing both short-term and long-term time frames. Interestingly, the empirical findings indicate the presence of diversification opportunities between the Indian stock exchange and the stock exchanges of Germany, France and Amsterdam.Research limitations/implicationsThese insights hold significant value for both Indian and international investors, including foreign institutional investors (FIIs), domestic institutional investors (DIIs) and retail investors, as they can utilize this knowledge to construct more effective and diversified investment portfolios by understanding the intricate interconnections between these prominent global stock exchanges.Originality/valueThis research undertaking aspires to bring coherence to a landscape rife with divergent interpretations and methodological divergences. We are poised to offer a comprehensive analysis, a beacon of clarity amidst the murkiness, to shed light on the intricate web of interconnections that underpin the world's stock exchanges. In so doing, we seek to contribute a seminal piece of scholarship that transcends the existing ambiguities and thus empowers the field with a deeper understanding of the multifaceted dynamics governing international stock markets.

Economic Policy Uncertainty and Commercial Property Performance: An In-Depth Analysis of Rents and Capital Values

Economic uncertainty has steadily increased in response to a series of unforeseen shocks, notably the Global Financial Crisis, Brexit, COVID-19, and the Russia–Ukraine war. This study examined the impact of economic uncertainty on rents and capital values in Australia’s office, retail, and industrial property sectors. The reactions of these performance indicators to national uncertainty shocks were assessed through reduced-form vector autoregressive (VAR) models, using quarterly data from 2001Q1 to 2022Q3. Overall, there is an inverse relationship between uncertainty and commercial property performance, with notable variations in magnitude and persistence across the different subsectors. Rents are more sensitive to external shocks across all three subsectors, highlighting their role as signals of short-term performance. Following one standard deviation shock in uncertainty, rents steadily declined for approximately three years in the office and retail subsectors. Industrial rents, however, exhibited muted reactions and recovered quicker, typically within five quarters. This resilience to external shocks displayed by the industrial subsector positions it as a compelling option for defensive investment strategies and portfolio diversification. Capital values are less reactive than rents, showing minimal responses to uncertainty shocks and little long-term persistence.

Research on Influencing Factors and Strategies of Art Collection Investment Decision

The realm of art collection holds an irreplaceable position in the long-standing cultural heritage, showcasing the taste and status of the holders from ancient nobility to modern high-net-worth individuals. However, with the development of economic globalization, art collection is not merely a symbol of identity, but also a hot investment target sought after by numerous investors. In recent years, the market value of the global art industry has rapidly climbed, making art gradually an essential component of diversified investment portfolios for investors. The development of the art market has sparked widespread attention from various sectors, prompting scholars and companies to explore, through scientific methods and data analysis, how to maximize the investment returns of art collection. However, art differs significantly from other investment tools in the financial market, involving not only the intrinsic value judgment of the art itself but also complex market environments and individual judgment and psychological expectations of investors. Its unpredictability and unique value assessment system make art collection investment more challenging and research-worthy compared to other types of investments.

Analisis Pengaruh Tingkat Suku Bunga Terhadap Dana Nasabah di Bank Syariah

This research aims to analyze the influence of interest rates on customer funds in Islamic banks and identify strategies that can be implemented by Islamic banks to maintain and increase customer trust and loyalty. This research uses a qualitative approach, by collecting data through in-depth interviews with customers and managers of Islamic banks as well as analysis of related literature. The research results show that changes in conventional interest rates can influence customers' decisions in depositing or withdrawing their funds at Islamic banks. To overcome this, Islamic banks need to develop investment portfolio diversification strategies, including products that provide protection against inflation such as real assets. In addition, Islamic banks must improve transparency, staff professionalism and customer service quality. Education and effective communication regarding the benefits and advantages of sharia products are also important to build customer trust and loyalty. The practical implications of this research include developing competitive products, increasing the use of digital technology for customer service, and regularly evaluating and adjusting strategies to respond to market changes. By implementing these measures, Islamic banks can increase their competitiveness, maintain customer loyalty, and achieve sustainable growth.

Old age care fund helps to manage their funds In easy way

Abstract: A Old Age Care Funds is a sort of investment vehicle in which the combined capital of several participants is used to purchase a diverse range of bonds, equities, and other securities. Funds, which are professionally managed, give people the chance to invest in a variety of assets without having to handle them themselves. The value of the Fund shares that investors purchase varies according to how well the underlying assets perform. Funds are well-liked by both rookie and seasoned investors because they offer diversity, liquidity, and expert management. Diverse mutual fund categories, such as stock, bond, money market, and hybrid funds, are available to suit varying investment goals and risk tolerances. Investors can select funds according to their risk tolerance, time horizon, and financial objectives. Securities regulators supervise mutual funds to maintain transparency and safeguard the interests of investors. They are now an essential instrument for people to develop a diversified investment portfolio and engage in the financial markets. Old Age Care Fund portfolio analysis is an important component of investment management that includes a variety of approaches for evaluating the performance, risk, and composition of investment portfolios. The efficient market hypothesis (EMH) states that markets are efficient and reflect all available information, making it difficult for fund managers to regularly outperform the market, according to Malkiel and Fame (1970). Jensen (1968) proposed the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), which emphasizes risk-adjusted returns and the identification of alpha, which indicates a fund manager’s capacity to create excess returns above the market. IndexTerms – Python, Powet-BI, Data Analysis.

Public Debt and It’s Impact on Bank Behaviour and Financial Efficiency: Ghana in Perspective

This study explored the impact of public debt on bank behaviour and financial efficiency in Ghana amid rising global and national debt levels exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic’s economic repercussions. An exploratory research design employing a quantitative approach was used to analyze the perceptions of 201 banking professionals across Ghana. The study utilized cluster and purposive sampling techniques to ensure a representative sample. Data were collected on banks’ risk-averse behaviour, credit availability, interest rates, and investment decisions in relation to public debt levels, using survey instruments and regression analysis to quantify the impacts. The findings reveal significant concerns among banking professionals regarding the influence of high public debt on conservative lending practices, increased interest rates, reduced credit availability, and adverse effects on banks’ profitability and the financial system’s stability. Regression analysis confirmed a negative relationship between public debt and financial efficiency, indicating that rising public debt levels may hinder the sector’s operational effectiveness. These results underscore the critical need for strategic fiscal management to mitigate the risks associated with high public debt levels on financial stability and development. Policymakers and financial institutions are urged to consider measures that promote financial sector efficiency and sustainable debt levels, including fiscal consolidation strategies, diversification of investment portfolios, and enhancement of risk assessment models. This study contributes to the empirical discourse on the effects of public debt on financial development by providing insights specific to the Ghanaian context, which has been relatively underexplored.

An Exploration of Investment Strategies within Zambia's National Pension Scheme Authority

As a critical state-owned enterprise administering billions in retirement assets, NAPSA's investment governance has substantial fiscal and welfare implications for Zambia. Investment strategies in government institutions involve a systematic and comprehensive approach to managing public funds for various purposes, such as infrastructure development, pension fund assets, and bond proceeds. However, there has been little scholarly investigation into the real- world dynamics, drivers, and performance impacts of NAPSA's investment strategies, policy decisions over its recent history. This study aimed to bridge that knowledge gap through qualitative analysis of NAPSA's investment strategy formulation, risk management approaches, implementation processes, and financial results over the past two decades. The primary instruments for data collection in this study were semi-structured interviews and focus groups, both conducted remotely via Microsoft Teams. The data analysis for this study was undertaken using thematic analysis. This approach was instrumental in interpreting the data collected from the interviews and focus groups. Furthermore, qualitative documents like reports provided corroborating context. Together these primary data resources facilitated nuanced analysis around the multi-layered drivers and impacts influencing NAPSA’s investment governance – aligning techniques tightly with exploratory research goals seeking elucidations to inform potential policy enhancements. The findings revealed that NAPSA maintained a diversified investment portfolio across various asset classes. Formalization of developmental impact assessment measures and the strengthening of specialized analytical competencies are amongst the recommendations. These steps are important for NAPSA to continue effectively managing its substantial assets in a manner that supports both the welfare of its pensioners and the broader economic interests of Zambia.

Innovative Financial Strategies for Economic Resilience in an Uncertain Global Market

In the face of economic uncertainty in the global market, innovative financial strategies have become increasingly important for enhancing economic resilience. This article employs a qualitative literature review method to explore the role of innovative financial strategies in fostering economic resilience amid uncertain market conditions. By analyzing a diverse range of scholarly articles, books, and research papers, this study offers insights into the potential strategies that organizations and policymakers can adopt to navigate turbulent economic landscapes. The analysis reveals several key innovative financial strategies that contribute to economic resilience. Firstly, diversification of investment portfolios emerges as a critical approach to mitigate risks associated with market volatility. By spreading investments across different asset classes and geographic regions, organizations can better withstand adverse market fluctuations. In conclusion, this article highlights the significance of innovative financial strategies in building economic resilience amidst uncertainty in the global market. By embracing innovation and collaboration, organizations and policymakers can adapt to changing market dynamics, promote sustainable growth, and mitigate the impacts of economic shocks. Further research is needed to explore the effectiveness and scalability of specific financial strategies in enhancing economic resilience across diverse contexts.

Market Reaction to Environmental Disasters

Despite the fact that environmental issues are coming to the fore today, the market reaction to environmental disasters is not strong enough. This article examines the impact of a number of major industrial disasters on the companies’ stock performance, depending on financial health of the companies involved in an accident. We assessed the impact of financial indicators such as: financial leverage, profitability, balance value per share, capital expenditures, market capitalization and revenue on the amplitude of cumulative average abnormal returns (CAAR). The sample consists of 32 companies fromthe oil, chemical, mining and energy industries of developed countries involved in 80 major accidents between 2000 and 2020. The majority of disasters occurred in North America (47.5%) and in Europe (26.3%). Using the event study method to assess shareholders’ reaction and regression analysis, we proved that the financial leverage, profitability and book value per share has a positive impact on the amplitude of CAAR, while the ratio of capital expenditures to revenue has a negative impact on cumulative returns. The results showed that market capitalization and revenue growth do not affect the dynamics of stock prices after industrial disasters. In general, our study shows that the impact of all financial indicators on CAARis small (<1%). That is, despite the mandatory publication of climate risk reports, investors did not actively sell shares of companies guilty of industrial disasters. The results of the study are useful in several areas. On the one hand, by forming a diversified investment portfolio, investors taking into account the type of companies that are more sensitive to disasters. On the other hand, knowing such a market reaction, the state should provide financial players with strict rules and penalties for companies responsible for accidents.

Impact of Movement Control Order on Risk-Adjusted Performance of the Malaysian Real Estate Investment Trusts (M-REITs)

The first Movement Control Order (MCO) implemented by the Malaysian government from 18th March 2020 to 3rd May 2020 was unprecedented. Since Malaysia was only mildly affected by previous epidemics or pandemics unlike the COVID-19, studies of the pandemic impact on the performance of Malaysian firms and M-REITs in specific were limited. To close this gap, this study compares Sharpe ratio, Treynor ratio and Jensen Alpha ratio of 18 M-REITs for sub-periods before, during and after the MCO. Paired sample t-test results for all these three risk-adjusted performance measures consistently show that M-REITs significantly performed better during the MCO compared to before the MCO as well as after the MCO compared to before the MCO. The results suggest that the business model and portfolio of real estate managed by M-REITs are resilient against both systematic and unsystematic risk factors, and imply that the intrinsic value of M-REITs is not significantly affected by the market uncertainty caused by movement restriction. The findings also bolster investors’ confidence to include M-REITs as part of their diversified investment portfolio to achieve sustainable return performance in the post-Covid period. To remain resilient and sustainable, the management of M-REITs should diversify the portfolio of properties and real estate they managed since the movement restriction had varying repercussions on different types of real estate. Rooms for further diversification are justified by a larger percentage of M-REITs having positive Treynor ratios after the MCO sub-period if compared to positive Sharpe ratios. A well-diversified portfolio managed by an M-REIT can reduce unsystematic risk, which is part of the total risk measured by standard deviation, eventually moving towards a positive Sharpe ratio.

Фінансові технології в системі стратегічного управління бізнесу

The article aims to study the impact of financial technologies on enterprises' strategic management systems. The study analyses the impact of financial technologies on strategic management in the modern business environment. It has been determined that fintech solutions provide enterprises with competitive advantages through fast and accurate analysis of financial data, which contributes to making informed decisions in real-time. A study of the possibilities of automated decision-making processes and identifying new vectors of development, risks, and trends is carried out, and the directions for optimizing budgeting and forecasting are outlined. It is presented that fintech tools are becoming an integral part of enterprises' financial operations, providing online invoicing, inventory management, cost tracking, etc. The use of fintech tools promotes the application of data analytics at all levels of management, strengthening cooperation and coordination between business units, which affects strategic decision-making. The scientific novelty lies in identifying the positive impact of financial technologies on financial asset management, diversification of investment portfolios, and ensuring competitiveness in the digital economy. The possibilities of increasing efficiency and effectiveness through integrating financial technologies and introducing innovative financial models are considered. The practical value of the study lies in identifying specific business benefits, particularly in optimizing operations, reducing costs, and improving customer experience. The need to invest in fintech tools to ensure effective data collection, analysis, and dissemination at all enterprise strategic management levels is identified. The authors' recommendations are aimed at the continuous adaptation and development of business in a rapidly changing financial environment and ensuring the effective functioning of business in conditions of uncertainty. Keywords: financial technologies, fintech, strategic management, data analytics, innovation, competitive development.

EXPLORING THE ROLE OF STOCK EXCHANGES AND EXCHANGE RATES FOR SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: A CROSS CULTURE STUDY OF EMERGING AND DEVELOPED MARKETS

The study seeks to analyze the developed and emerging countries forecasting the business market strategy of Stock Markets index and Exchange rate index and impact on the country's economy from 1991 to 2021. Annually date of nine developed and nine emerging countries has been considered as sample data for this study. Unit-root-test for stationary, Johansen’s Co-integration, VECM, Granger Causality, ARDL, GMM (panel data) applied to test the short run/long-run impact, association, and behavior of variables among the economic development, stock return and exchange rates. Result of stock returns and exchange rate indicates highly significant and asymmetrical relationships exist each other and with countries growth. Robustness test validates the finding of study. Recommendation and implication are cleared; investment efficiency, portfolio diversification and exchange management to make significant investment decision and predict market behavior, preventive actions for validate both markets.

Do gold prices respond more to uncertainty shocks at the zero lower bound?

This paper employs a nonlinear Interacted-VAR model to evaluate the effects of economic uncertainty shocks on gold prices at the zero lower bound (ZLB) regime. We use different measures of economic uncertainty and estimate their interaction effects with monetary policy stances. We find that the responses of gold prices to uncertainty shocks are much stronger and more persistent during the ZLB periods. The regime-dependent effects are shown not to be driven by the business cycle, and are robust to alternative economic uncertainty measures. Our counterfactual experiment further demonstrates that the role of monetary policy stance is quantitatively important for explaining the different responses of gold prices to uncertainty shocks. These results - viz, the added value that gold assets appear to provide to diversified investment portfolios during periods of heightened economic uncertainty - have important implications regarding the circumstances whereby gold's likely effectiveness as a protective shield can be maximized.

International and Chinese energy markets: Dynamic spillover effects

On the basis of a time-varying parametric vector autoregressive model (TVP-VAR) with spillover index model and wavelet coherence analysis, we study spillover effects of price fluctuations in global and Chinese energy markets. The empirical results indicate that the price trends of coal, crude oil, and natural gas in China and the world are closely interlinked. Extreme events have significantly amplified energy market fluctuations' spillover effect. Additionally, international energy market is a net exporter of fluctuations and spillovers, especially crude oil, and natural gas, which is consistent with China's energy import structure. There are time-varying characteristics and cross-effects between spillover effects in different energy markets. Finally, rising shipping costs, increased stock market volatility, and geopolitical risks are more likely to exacerbate cross-market risk spillovers, while exchange rate depreciation and economic policy uncertainty can dampen risk spillovers to some extent. Based on our findings, we recommend the following actions: build a comprehensive energy price warning mechanism, establish and improve the natural gas futures market, set up a more diversified investment portfolio and dynamically adjust investment strategies, and more flexible and precise policy combinations.

Diversification of the Islamic stock market, Bitcoin, and Bullions in response to the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the COVID-19 outbreak

This study investigates the interconnectedness of the Islamic stock market, Bullion, and Bitcoin as diversifiers for portfolios, exploring their role as hedges and safe havens. The analysis covers the period from January 2015 to December 2022, with a particular focus on the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine War on the MSCI World Islamic Index, bullions (Gold, Silver, Platinum, Nickel, Palladium, and Aluminium), and Bitcoin, employing a time-varying parameter vector autoregression (TVP-VAR) model. During crisis periods, our findings reveal that the transmission and reception of shocks among these assets varied, with a heightened level of co-movement observed during the pandemic and war periods. These results emphasise the importance of considering the dynamic nature of financial assets' connectedness in asset investment decisions, particularly in times of crisis. Furthermore, the findings suggest that Bullion can serve as a hedge for both Bitcoin and the Islamic stock market. The study also explores the optimal diversification of investment portfolios and highlights the importance of adhering to Islamic principles in portfolio diversification. By integrating Islamic rules into the diversification process, investors can enhance the effectiveness and relevance of their investment strategies.

Theoretical Analysis of Modern Portfolio Theory

The Modern portfolio theory has contributed to establishing the fundamental principles of portfolio management, and it is widely used in the finance industry to build diversified investment portfolios. The purpose of the proposed research is to evaluate the effectiveness of modern portfolio theory in the real estate industry by examining empirical evidence and case studies, assisting with real estate developers and property managers to make informed decisions about which properties to invest in and how to manage their real estate portfolios over time. Prior studies have primarily relied on historical data and have been unable to untangle the survey of particular cases and areas owing to recent changes, which may lead to discrepancies in the data and erroneous assessment of investment portfolios. Considering this limitation, the research essay delves explicitly into the effectiveness of modern portfolio theory in the real estate field and how it can assist in developing real estate. Consequently, according to this paper findings and the mathematical derivation, applying modern portfolio theory to real estate is still generally beneficial.

Behavioural finance perspective in theory of international portfolio investment

Behavioural theory has become a driving force for relaunching and rethinking the conceptual foundations of conventional economic theory, giving impetus to the study of behavioural economics, including behavioural finance and the theory of international portfolio investment. The theory of international portfolio investment justifies the benefits of international diversification of investment portfolios and the possibility of generating returns in different markets. However, international investment practice and empirical research show that investor behaviour is often non-rational, and investment decisions are influenced by psychology, emotions, and cognitive biases. The purpose of this paper is to compare traditional and behavioural finance and study the implications of behavioural finance in modern portfolio theory. It has been established that classical finance is based on neoclassical economics and assumes that people are rational, risk-averse, have complete information, and are focused on utility maximisation. In contrast, behavioural finance assumes that people can be rational, but in most cases, their behaviour is better explained by emotions and psychology. Investors do not always make decisions that are consistent with utility maximisation. The paper emphasizes that modern portfolio theory is based on the efficient market hypothesis, which behavioural finance rejects, as it assumes that investors' behaviour may be non-rational and influenced by psychological and behavioural factors that affect decision-making. It was revealed that today, there is no single theory of behavioural finance, but there are several theoretical concepts that describe investor behaviour from the perspective of behavioural theory. Among the most influential are the behavioural capital asset pricing model, behavioural portfolio theory, adaptive markets hypothesis, behaviourally modified asset allocation, and goal-based investing. International investment decisions and the formation of international investment portfolios are influenced by investors' behavioural biases, among which the most researched and influential are home bias, which refers to investors' preference for domestic investments, and cultural differences, which can influence risk perception and investment preferences.

Investing in International Equities: Lessons from a Decade of Strong US Equity Markets

The aggregate US equity market has outperformed the rest of the world over past decade. Additionally, correlation across equity markets of different geographic regions has increased over time. With this in mind, many investors question whether non-US equity investment should still play a role in diversified investment portfolios. The authors review the widely used reasons investors consider to support non-US investments and argue that the broader opportunity set and attractive relative valuations remain valid reasons.