Diversity Of Morphological Types Research Articles

The cytoarchitectonic landscape revealed by deep learning method facilitated precise positioning in mouse neocortex.

Neocortex is a complex structure with different cortical sublayers and regions. However, the precise positioning of cortical regions can be challenging due to the absence of distinct landmarks without special preparation. To address this challenge, we developed a cytoarchitectonic landmark identification pipeline. The fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography method was employed to image the whole mouse brain stained by general fluorescent nucleotide dye. A fast 3D convolution network was subsequently utilized to segment neuronal somas in entire neocortex. By approach, the cortical cytoarchitectonic profile and the neuronal morphology were analyzed in 3D, eliminating the influence of section angle. And the distribution maps were generated that visualized the number of neurons across diverse morphological types, revealing the cytoarchitectonic landscape which characterizes the landmarks of cortical regions, especially the typical signal pattern of barrel cortex. Furthermore, the cortical regions of various ages were aligned using the generated cytoarchitectonic landmarks suggesting the structural changes of barrel cortex during the aging process. Moreover, we observed the spatiotemporally gradient distributions of spindly neurons, concentrated in the deep layer of primary visual area, with their proportion decreased over time. These findings could improve structural understanding of neocortex, paving the way for further exploration with this method.

A graph-based pan-genome of Brassica oleracea provides new insights into its domestication and morphotype diversification

The domestication of Brassica oleracea has resulted in diverse morphological types with distinct patterns of organ development. Here we report a graph-based pan-genome of B. oleracea constructed from high-quality genome assemblies of different morphotypes. The pan-genome harbors over 200 structural variant hotspot regions enriched in auxin- and flowering-related genes. Population genomic analyses revealed that early domestication of B. oleracea focused on leaf or stem development. Gene flows resulting from agricultural practices and variety improvement were detected among different morphotypes. Selective-sweep and pan-genome analyses identified an auxin-responsive small auxin up-regulated RNA gene and a CLAVATA3/ESR-RELATED family gene as crucial players in leaf–stem differentiation during the early stage of B. oleracea domestication and the BoKAN1 gene as instrumental in shaping the leafy heads of cabbage and Brussels sprouts. Our pan-genome and functional analyses further revealed that variations in the BoFLC2 gene play key roles in the divergence of vernalization and flowering characteristics among different morphotypes, and variations in the first intron of BoFLC3 are involved in fine-tuning the flowering process in cauliflower. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the pan-genome of B. oleracea and sheds light on the domestication and differential organ development of this globally important crop species.

Diversity and Distribution of Order Fabales in Nagpur City, Maharashtra

Order Fabales is one of the largest orders of flowering plants. This order is distributed worldwide and exhibits the greatest diversity of morphological types in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Order Fabales comprises the major families such as Caesalpiniaceae, Mimosaceae and Fabaceae. To explore the diversity of this order in Nagpur City, regular field visits were made. Present study enumerated the order Fabales with total 59 genera, 126 species, 4 sub-species and 4 varieties of which Family Mimosaceae with 11 genera, 24 species and 2 sub-species. Family Caesalpiniaceae observed with 8 genera, 27 species while the largest family Fabaceae covered most of the diversity in this order with 40 genera, 75 species, 2 sub-species and 4 varieties. The study was documented with flowering and fruiting seasons and distribution in the Nagpur localities.

El sitio Isla El Disparito (Iberá, Corrientes). Aportes a la arqueología del Chaco húmedo (Argentina)

Las investigaciones interdisciplinarias que han comenzado recientemente en el Macrosistema Iberá buscan, entre otros aspectos, ampliar el conocimiento sobre la arqueología regional. En este artículo se dan a conocer los resultados de los análisis realizados sobre la colección de restos óseos humanos, faunísticos, líticos y cerámicos recuperados en el sitio Isla El Disparito. Sumado a esto se presentan los resultados sedimentológicos, paleobotánicos y mineralógicos del sitio, así como los fechados radiocarbónicos hasta ahora obtenidos. En los trabajos realizados se recuperaron fragmentos cerámicos alisados sin decoración, corrugados y decorados (por incisión y/o impresión), los que corresponderían a variados recipientes de contornos simples o complejos. A esto se suma un variado utillaje confeccionado tanto sobre hueso como sobre material lítico. Este último está elaborado principalmente sobre areniscas, conformado por puntas de proyectil con pedúnculo y aletas rectas o cóncavas; raederas; cuchillos; raspadores, entre otros artefactos. Entre el equipo óseo se cuentan puntas de diversos tipos morfológicos (i.e. convexas, ahuecadas, planas y foliáceas). También se identificaron biseles, un tubo y pendientes. El material faunístico se caracteriza por la elevada frecuencia de mamíferos de pequeño porte, especialmente coipo. Un aspecto particular de este registro es la presencia de Diplodon parallelopipedon, D. charruanus y Castalia sp., bivalvos dulceacuícolas que hasta hace poco tiempo se creía que no habitaban actualmente esta zona. El análisis bioarqueológico permitió identificar un número mínimo de 18 individuos; los mismos presentan rasgos morfológicos dentales coronales propios de poblaciones amerindias. Respecto de la asociación temporal del conjunto recuperado, para el único enterratorio primario identificado se obtuvo una antigüedad 14C de ca. 960 AP. A partir de esta primera cronología y de la caracterización realizada se puede comenzar a abordar el poblamiento y dinámica prehispánica del sector a la luz de nuevos modelos y discusiones actuales.

Fish hunting trace Osculichnus and the oldest Sinusichnus sinuosus from the Upper Devonian of South China

Trace fossils are special objects in the study of predator–prey interactions in the fossil record. Here we report on diverse morphological types of the gnathostome fish hunting trace Osculichnus from the Upper Devonian of South China. The studied Osculichnus specimens occur as groups of bilobate mounds on the sole of fine- to medium-grained quartz sandstones from the estuarine-embayment depositional system of the Upper Devonian Wutong Formation in Wuhan city. The fish feeding trace Osculichnus is closely associated with the highly regular, branched sinuous trace Sinusichnus sinuosus on the bedding plane. Previously, Sinusichnus sinuosus has been typically reported from Late Cretaceous to Miocene marginal-marine sediments, with two records in the Lower and Middle Triassic of South China, and is generally regarded as the burrows of decapod crustaceans. The discovery of Sinusichnus sinuosus in the Upper Devonian, though of relatively small diameter (0.4–4.3 mm) than its Mesozoic and Cenozoic counterparts, extends its stratigraphical distribution and is suggestive of some primitive, small-sized decapod crustacean producers. The Osculichnus makers possibly preyed upon the Sinusichnus makers or other small invertebrates in the sediments. The overall shape and morphological details of the Late Devonian Osculichnus suggest lungfish as candidate trace makers. The fish hunting traces and associated trace fossils from South China thus provide unique insights into the palaeoecology of Late Devonian fishes.

Distribution of calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin and calbindin in the pigeon telencephalic auditory center

Immunoreactivity for calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin (PV) and calbindin (CB) was studied in the pigeon (Columba livia) telencephalic auditory center. All its regions displayed overlapping distribution patterns of PV and CB immunoreactivity, although in the central (L2) vs. peripheral (L1, L3, CMM) layers they were dissimilar. L2 and the inner L1 sublayer (L1i) were distinguished by a higher immunoreactivity of neuropil for both proteins and the presence (in L2) of numerous small densely packed granular-type cells: heavily stained PV-ir and, as a rule, poorly stained CB-ir neurons. In Lli, the number of neurons and the density of neuropil immunoreactive to both proteins decreased. The outer L1 sublayer (L1e) as well as L3 and CMM were characterized by a generally lesser density and irregular distribution of immunoreactive neuropil and a heterogenous repertoire of PV-ir and CB-ir neurons referring to diverse morphological types, with an increased number of large multipolar cells. The differences in PV and CB immunoreactivity among different regions of the pigeon telencephalic auditory center revealed the similarity of the latter to the laminar auditory cortex in mammals.

A new method for capturing stem taper variation for trees of diverse morphological types

Understanding variation in tree stem form is fundamental to both ecological and economic assessments of forest ecosystem structure and function. Stem taper models (STMs) are widely used to describe tree form, but it can be challenging to apply them to trees with stems that diverge from an idealized norm, often leading to the exclusion of many trees from stem taper studies. Here, new “whole-tree” form type classes are advanced as simple and useful groupings for capturing stem form variation of trees of diverse morphological types and tested with a large tree data set without exclusion criteria. New form type classes explained much more of main stem form variation than knowledge of tree species, while “merchantable” form types explained the most variation between trees and stands. Broad-leaved species were much more likely to have complex stem forms than needle-leaved species, but species “evergreenness” was a very weak predictor of stem form variation when tree- and stand-level form variation was accounted for. A new, generalized framework for stem taper modeling is demonstrated, using both species and merchantable form types to capture tree-level random effects. New form types and the STM approach are relatively easy to apply and should be relatively simple to integrate into any conventional forest inventory system. Overall, the study demonstrates the importance of including and accounting for the diversity of observed stem forms in developing STMs.

CHANDRA X-RAY AND HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE IMAGING OF OPTICALLY SELECTED KILOPARSEC-SCALE BINARY ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI. II. HOST GALAXY MORPHOLOGY AND AGN ACTIVITY*

ABSTRACT Binary active galactic nuclei (AGNs) provide clues to how gas-rich mergers trigger and fuel AGNs and how supermassive black hole (SMBH) pairs evolve in a gas-rich environment. While significant effort has been invested in their identification, the detailed properties of binary AGNs and their host galaxies are still poorly constrained. In a companion paper, we examined the nature of ionizing sources in the double nuclei of four kiloparsec-scale binary AGNs with redshifts between 0.1 and 0.2. Here, we present their host galaxy morphology based on F336W (U-band) and F105W (Y-band) images taken by the Wide Field Camera 3 on board the Hubble Space Telescope. Our targets have double-peaked narrow emission lines and were confirmed to host binary AGNs with follow-up observations. We find that kiloparsec-scale binary AGNs occur in galaxy mergers with diverse morphological types. There are three major mergers with intermediate morphologies and a minor merger with a dominant disk component. We estimate the masses of the SMBHs from their host bulge stellar masses and obtain Eddington ratios for each AGN. Compared with a representative control sample drawn at the same redshift and stellar mass, the AGN luminosities and Eddington ratios of our binary AGNs are similar to those of single AGNs. The U − Y color maps indicate that clumpy star-forming regions could significantly affect the X-ray detection of binary AGNs, e.g., the hardness ratio. Considering the weak X-ray emission in AGNs triggered in merger systems, we suggest that samples of X-ray-selected AGNs may be biased against gas-rich mergers.

Temperature-induced structure switch in thermo-responsive micellar interpolyelectrolyte complexes: toward core-shell-corona and worm-like morphologies.

The spontaneous formation and thermo-responsiveness of a colloidally-stable interpolyelectrolyte complex (IPEC) based on a linear temperature-sensitive diblock copolymer poly(vinyl sulfonate)31-b-poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide)27 (PVS31-b-PNIPAM27) and a star-shaped quaternized miktoarm polymer poly(ethylene oxide)114-(poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)17)4 (PEO114-(qPDMAEMA17)4) was investigated in aqueous media at 0.3 M NaCl by means of dynamic light scattering (DLS), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). The micellar macromolecular co-assemblies show a temperature-dependent size and morphology, which result from the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior of the PNIPAM-blocks. Hence, the micellar co-assemblies grow upon heating. At 60 °C, spherical core-shell-corona co-assemblies are proposed with a hydrophobic PNIPAM core, a water-insoluble IPEC shell, and a hydrophilic PEO corona. These constructs develop into a rod-like structure upon extended equilibration. In turn, PEO-arms and PNIPAM-blocks within a hydrophilic mixed two-component corona surround the water-insoluble IPEC domain at 20 °C, thereby forming spherical core-corona co-assemblies. Reversibility of the structural changes is suggested by the scattering data. This contribution addresses the use of a combination of oppositely charged thermo-responsive and bis-hydrophilic star-shaped polymeric components toward IPECs of diverse morphological types.

Foliar epidermal anatomy and its systematic implication within the genus Sida L. (malvaceae)

Micro morphological investigations of the foliar epidermal anatomy, particularly the diversity and distribution of glandular and eglandular trichomes on leaves of Sida alba L., S. alii S. Abedin var. alii, S. cordata (Burm. F.) Brss, S. mysorensis Wight and Arn, S. ovata Forssk. S. spinosa L and S.yunnanensis S.Y.Hu have been carried out to assess the systematic relevance of epidermal features and trichome diversity within the genus Sida L. Configuration of epidermal cells is polygonal to irregular with smooth or undulating outline. Leaves are amphistomatic and amphitrichomic. Six diverse morphological types of glandular and eglandular foliar trichomes are described. Stellate and peltate types of trichomes are characteristically found in all taxa studied. S. alii and S.spinosa are distinct in having long-stalked and short-stalked capitate trichomes. S. mysorensis is characterized by multicellular uniseriate trichomes, but these are not observed in other taxa of genus Sida. The results of foliar epidermal anatomy, especially type, distribution and structure of foliar trichomes are of high systematic value in this genus of family Malvaceae.

Diverse morphological types of dormant cells and conditions for their formation in Azospirillum brasilense

Differences in generation of dormant forms (DF) were revealed between two strains of non-sporeforming gram-negative bacteria Azospirillum brasilense, Sp7 (non-endophytic) and Sp245 (endophytic strain). In post-stationary ageing bacterial cultures grown in a synthetic medium with a fivefold decreased initial nitrogen content, strain Sp7 formed two types of cyst-like resting cells (CRC). Strain Sp245 did not form such types of DF under the same conditions. CRC of the first type were formed in strain Sp245 only under phosphorus deficiency (C > P). The endophytic strain was also shown to form structurally differentiated cells under complete starvation, i.e. at a transfer of early stationary cultures, grown in the media with C > N unbalance, to saline solution (pH 7.2). These DF had a complex structure similar to that of azotobacter cysts. The CRC, which are generated by both azospirilla strains and belong to distinct morphological types, possessed the following major features: absence of division; specific ultrastructural organization; long-term maintenance of viability (for 4 months and more); higher heat resistance (50-60 degrees C, 10 min) as compared with vegetative cells, i.e. the important criteria for dormant prokaryotic forms. However, CRC of non-endophytic strain Sp7 had higher heat resistance (50, 55, 60 degrees C). The viability maintenance and the portion of heat-resistant cells depended on the conditions of maturation and storage of CRC populations. Long-term storage (for 4 months and more) of azospirilla DF populations at -20 degrees C was optimal for maintenance of their colony-forming ability (57% of the CFU number in stationary cultures), whereas the largest percentage of heat-resistant cells was in CRC suspensions incubated in a spent culture medium (but not in saline solution) at room temperature. The data on the intraspecies diversity of azospirilla DF demonstrate the relation between certain type DF formation to the type of interaction (non-endophytic or endophytic) with the plant partner and provide more insight into the adaptation mechanisms that ensure the survival of gram-negative non-spore-forming bacteria in nature.

A Molecular Phylogenetic Investigation of Zoothamnium (Ciliophora, Peritrichia, Sessilida)1

The gene coding for 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA (ssu rRNA) was sequenced in seven free-living, marine species of the sessiline peritrich genus Zoothamnium. These were Zoothamnium niveum, Zoothamnium alternans, Zoothamnium pelagicum, and four unidentified species. The ssu rRNA gene also was sequenced in Vorticella convallaria, Vorticella microstoma, and in an unidentified, freshwater species of Vorticella. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using these new sequences to test a previously published phylogenetic association between Zoothamnium arbuscula, currently in the family Zoothamniidae, and peritrichs in the family Vorticellidae. Trees constructed by means of neighbor-joining, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference methods all had similar topologies. The seven new sequences of Zoothamnium species grouped into three well-supported clades, each of which contained a diversity of morphological types. The three clades formed a poorly supported, larger clade that was deeply divergent from Z. arbuscula, which remained more closely associated with vorticellid peritrichs. It is apparent that Zoothamnium is a richly diverse genus and that a much more intensive investigation, involving both morphological and molecular data and a wider selection of species, will be necessary to resolve its phylogeny. A greater amount of molecular diversity than is predicted by morphological data exists within all major clades of sessiline peritrichs that have been included in molecular phylogenies, indicating that characteristics of stalk and peristomial structure traditionally used to differentiate taxa at the generic level and above may not be uniformly reliable.

MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION AND FUNCTION OF THE COELOMOCYTES IN THE PARASITIC STAGES OF NIPPOSTRONGYLUS BRASILIENSIS

Female and male worms of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis exhibited sexual dimorphism based on the number of coelomocytes present. A surprising multiplicity of diverse morphological types of coelomocytes developed in both female and male worms during the parasitic cycle. Cytoplasmic processes began to appear on the surface membrane of coelomocytes in the late third-stage larvae (L3s) in the lungs, and they increased greatly in type, size, and morphology during the fourth and fifth stages. These structures were characterized primarily as complex filopodia, pseudopodia, and cytoplasmic pearls, which resulted in the formation of highly pleomorphic cells. Pearls, starting as small protuberances, progressively increased in size and number with larval growth and development. In the adult worms, a novel process of autocannibalism was initiated in many of the very large coelomocytes. The pearls grew enormously in size at the expense of the cytoplasm, forming a peripheral garland in 1 plane surrounding a residual, small, flat, cytoplasmic core containing the nucleus. The underlying "strategy" was to increase the surface-to-volume ratio of these huge cells to overcome the restriction imposed by eutely; the coelomocytes do not undergo cell division. This morphological innovation makes possible a more efficient uptake of nutrients and exocytosis of waste matter. Vesicles (presumably lysosomes) in the coelomocytes of the infective L3 store an extraordinarily high concentration of vitamin B12 (cobalamin, Cbl). At present, the only physiological function that can be assigned to coelomocytes of N. brasiliensis is the uptake, concentration, and storage of Cbl in the free-living stages, with the subsequent release of the molecule from the vesicles in the early phase of parasitism. Thus, stored Cbl in the infective L3 is made available for biochemical processes during the critical period of larval growth and differentiation initiated in the lung. A model of a hypothetical coelomocyte is presented relative to the processing and use of Cbl. Based on many criteria, it is possible that functional differences exist between different morphological types of coelomocytes in the parasitic stages of N. brasiliensis and that future studies will have to address this matter.

Gradients in the taxonomic composition of different microbial systems: comparison between biofilms for advanced waste treatment and lake sediments

The application of in situ hybridization with group specific oligonucleotide probes detected by epifluorescence microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy was tested to identify spatial gradients in the distribution of bacteria in biofilms of plug flow reactors and in the bottom sediment layer of a drinking water reservoir. The two tubular biofilm reactors were fed with the effluent from a full scale biological wastewater treatment plant to which were added the chlorophenols whole degradation was being investigated. One was operated as a continuous-flow reactor and the other as a sequencing batch reactor. The vertical gradients in the microbial colonization of the sediment were analyzed by means of glass slides exposed to the sediment. In the biofilms of both reactors the beta-Proteobacteria dominated. The Cytophaga-Flavobacterium group and the Gram-positive bacteria were also abundant. Only small amounts of gamma-bacteria could be detected. This is contrary to findings using traditional cultivation methods. Unlike the biofilms in the reactor, the bacterial Aufwuchs on the glass slides in the sediment presented a surprising diversity of morphological types and size classes of bacteria.

A Glimpse of Field Galaxies at Redshifts z ∼ 1 using HST and the Keck Telescope

Data from the Keck and Hubble Space Telescopes have been combined to explore the nature of very faint I > 22 field galaxies. At a redshift z ∼ 1, such galaxies have luminosities similar to that of typical galaxies today. Though small, our sample of 33 redshifts already suggest that the median redshift for I > 22 galaxies is higher than the z = 0.6 expected for the “maximum merger model” of Carlberg (1995). At redshifts z > 0.8, mergers, interactions, and infall of minor galaxies into larger hosts appear to be common events; a wide diversity of morphological types existed; and some stellar populations were already so red that their major formation epoch occurred at redshifts z > 2.

Neural control of a cyclic postural behavior in the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii: the pattern-initiating interneurons.

As part of its repertoire of defensive behaviors, the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, may respond to mildly threatening tactile or visual stimuli from the front of its body by walking backwards. During this behavior, the abdomen undergoes complex cyclical movements involving flexion and extension of the postural musculature which cause the tail to alternately contact and withdraw from the substrate. Intracellular neuropil recordings and dye injections were used to search for the interneurons responsible for initiating this postural motor pattern in the crayfish abdomen. Several diverse morphological types of interganglionic pattern-initiating (PI) interneurons were found. Each interneuron, when driven intracellularly, was capable of eliciting the same motor program, in its entirety, throughout the abdominal nerve cord. During pattern generation, PI interneurons exhibited a burst of spikes preceding the motor output. Silencing single PI interneurons with hyperpolarizing current during pattern generation failed to affect the motor program, indicating a redundancy of pattern-initiating function. The observations of extensive dye-coupling with other parallel axons, consistent dye-coupling with other identified cells in the pattern-initiating system, and the presence of multiple spike amplitudes in the bursts suggested electrotonic coupling among the PI interneurons. An additional group of interganglionic interneurons, the partial pattern-initiating (PPI) interneurons, were found to comprise a significant subset of the pattern-initiating system. As with the PI cells, the PPI interneurons exhibited a complex burst of spikes just preceding the patterned motor program. However, the PPI interneurons were only capable of eliciting an incomplete, though recognizable, postural motor pattern. Silencing any PPI interneuron during pattern generation caused a deficit in the motor pattern, indicating either an absence or lesser degree of functional redundancy within the PPI interneuron population compared to that occurring within the PI interneuron group. We conclude that a large number of PI interneurons are presynaptic to a relatively small group of PPI interneurons which, in turn, conduct pattern-initiating signals to the ganglionic oscillators. Our results indicate that pattern-initiation is accomplished through a command system involving multiple command elements organized in a coordinated interganglionic network.

Physiology and morphology of the lamina I spinomesencephalic projection.

We have examined the physiological and morphological characteristics of spinal dorsal horn lamina I neurons with projections to the midbrain in the cat by combining physiological recording of neurons with the intracellular injection of HRP. Lamina I spinomesencephalic neurons were antidromically activated from the region that included the cuneiform nucleus and lateral periaqueductal gray at the intercollicular level. The majority of mesencephalic projection neurons (50 of 55) responded exclusively to noxious stimulation (nociceptive-specific) of their peripheral receptive fields. Lamina I spinomesencephalic neurons were activated from both the ipsilateral and contralateral midbrain and had slow antidromic conduction velocities (1 to 18 m/second). We identified eight cells with projections to both the midbrain and the thalamus and eight cells that were antidromically activated only from the thalamus. Intracellular injection of HRP revealed that lamina I spinomesencephalic neurons were of diverse morphological types, but generally had extensive, rostrocaudally oriented, dendritic arbors confined to lamina I and the overlying white matter. Axons were observed on nine of the HRP-filled spinomesencephalic neurons; five of the axons issued collateral branches. The morphological characteristics of these neurons did not appear to correlate with functional categories (i.e., wide-dynamic-range- or nociceptive-specific-type neurons). The large number of nociceptive-specific neurons with projections to the midbrain and the interconnections of these midbrain sites with hypothalamic and limbic structures suggest that the lamina I spinomesencephalic pathway plays an important role in the autonomic and affective responses to pain.

Revision of Genus Haplosporidium and Restoration of Genus Minchinia (Haplosporidia, Haplosporidiidae)*

SYNOPSIS. Genus Haplosporidium Lühe, 1900 (=Aplosporidium Caullery & Mesnil, 1899) now contains an incoherent group of about 25 species with spores of very diverse morphological types or with spores unknown. Therefore, such limited revision of the genus as present knowledge permits is proposed. H. scolopli (C. & M., 1899) Lühe, 1900, is selected from the two genosyntypes as type species. An essential generic character is that the anterior end of the spore opens like a lid to provide an orifice for emergence of the sporoplasm. The following nine species are rejected because their spores seem to lack the lid (operculum, clapet): H. mytilovum Field, 1924; H. gammari Van Ryckeghem, 1930; H. aulodrili Jírovec, 1940; H. ecdyonuris Weiser, 1947; H. bayeri Weiser, 1947; H. aselli Pflugfelder, 1948, H. tapetis Vilela, 1950; H. periplanetae Georgevitch, 1953; H. typographi Weiser, 1954. H. chitonis (Lankester, 1885) Debaisieux, 1919, must, in accordance with the law of priority, be put back into genus Minchinia which was created for it by Labbé in 1896 and erroneously suppressed by Debaisieux in 1919. Therefore, its correct name is M. chitonis (Lankester, 1885) Labbé, 1896, and genus Minchinia is restored. The type species of Haplosporidium and Minchinia, H. scolopli and M. chitonis, are deemed to have distinctive characters of generic rank which justify conserving both genera. Species with the lid lying over the orifice, rather than in it, and extending beyond the perimeter of the orifice are transferred from Haplosporidium to Minchinia. The latter then contains eight species: M. chitonis (Lankester, 1885) Labbé, 1896; M. limnodrili (Granata, 1913); M. nemertis (Debaisieux, 1919); M. cernosvitovi (Jírovec, 1936); M. dentali (Arvy, 1949); M. sp. (Sprague, 1954); M. pickfordae (Barrow, 1961); M. costalis (Wood and Andrews, 1962). Left in Haplosporidium, with reservation in the last two cases, are eight species: H. scolopli (C. & M., 1899) Lühe, 1900; H. heterocirri (C. & M., 1899) Lühe, 1900; H. vejdovskyi C. & M., 1905; H. marchouxi C. & M., 1905; H. potamillae C. & M., 1905; H. caulleryi Mercier & Poisson, 1922; H. ascidiarum Duboscq & Harrant, 1923; H. sp. Dehorne, 1935.