Bird Diversity Research Articles

The value of residential green spaces for birds: A comparative study with urban parks of different scales

Habitat loss, fragmentation and land-use change caused by the continued expansion of human settlements pose a threat to global biodiversity. Residential green spaces (RGs) are widespread throughout urban areas, providing benefits to human health and well-being and opportunities to conserve biodiversity. While RGs are fragmented by buildings and frequent human activities, little is known about their ability to support and conserve biodiversity relative to that of urban parks. To assess the ability of these green spaces to support biodiversity, we compared the bird species diversity, community composition, and influencing factors in RGs with those in urban parks of different scales. Our results revealed that, similar to medium-sized urban parks, RGs are associated with high bird species richness and abundance. Distance from waterbodies was the only common factor affecting bird species richness in RGs and urban parks. Moreover, RGs were favoured by native birds and urban dwellers, and the bird communities in RGs differed from those in urban parks. The results demonstrated that RGs can provide opportunities for bird conservation and serve as the most convenient place for humans to interact with animals in nature. We recommend that urban planners and managers consider blue–green spaces and habitat construction to improve bird diversity within residential areas.

Effects of farming intensification on avian species richness and abundance within Jos metropolis, Nigeria

With an emphasis on pesticide use and landscape features, this study examines how agricultural development affects the diversity and abundance of farmland bird species. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effects of many factors on bird populations, including cropping patterns, pesticide frequency, and landscape elements including trees, water bodies, hedgerows, and grass cover. The issue being addressed is the decline in biodiversity brought on by an increase in farming practices and a reliance on pesticides that upset ecosystems. The study uses interviews in addition to line transect surveys over five farmlands to collect data on pesticide use and landscape features. The methodology comprised 200-meter transects separated into 100-meter parts for morning and evening bird surveys. Statistical approaches, including species richness and abundance comparison across farmlands with different pesticide use levels and cropping techniques, were used to analyse the data. The results showed that farmlands without pesticides had better biodiversity, while areas with frequent pesticide usage had significantly lower species richness and abundance. Bird diversity was only slightly increased by mixed cropping systems, grass cover, trees, hedgerows, and adjacent water bodies. The study comes to the conclusion that fostering diverse landscapes and lowering pesticide use can help lessen the loss of biodiversity. To improve agricultural bird conservation, it suggests focused interventions, education initiatives, and policies that support biodiversity.

Integrity and Size of Green Spaces Are Critical for the Functional Diversity of Birds: Evidence from the Eastern and Northwestern Regions of China

Integrity and Size of Green Spaces Are Critical for the Functional Diversity of Birds: Evidence from the Eastern and Northwestern Regions of China

Impact of Seasonal Changes on Avifauna Diversity in Nguru Wetland, Yobe State, Nigeria

The research on impact of seasonal changes on avifauna diversity in Nguru Lake of Hadejia-Nguru Wetland was carried out in two different seasons for the period of six 6 months, from April to June (dry season) and July to September (wet season). The aim was to evaluate the impact of seasonal changes on avifauna diversity and the species richness in the study area. A reconnaissance survey was carried out to select study sites and sampling points. Five (5) different points were selected which comprises of Madauka, Kayayyashi, Farin Ruwa, Badum and Guzan respectively and Point count census techniques were adopted. In each counting station, bird observation was carried out twice daily; morning between 6:00 am and 10:00 am and evening between 4:00 pm and 6:00 pm. Data compilation was done using Microsoft Excel and were analysed using statistical software Past 326b. Bird diversity was calculated using Shanon-Weiner diversity index. The findings of this research showed that the majority of birds identified were Resident species (12,225 individual birds), Migratory species (8,186 individual birds) and Palearctic Migrants (10,876 individual) species in the study area. Dominant bird species in Nguru lake were Philomachus pugnax, Actophilornis africanus and Phalacrocorax africanus. A total of 5,538 individual birds’ was identified (Dry Season) in Nguru lake ‘’ belonging to 21 families in which Ardeidae family had the highest (7) species of bird. Shannon Diversity Index’ has 2.55 in dry season, while in Wet Season’ has 3.40. This indicated that there was relatively equal and high diversity of bird species in Wet Season in the study area and has the total species richness of 6,711. Overgrazing and other anthropogenic activities which affect the population diversity of avifauna species serve as major threats to the continued existence of Wetlands. Typha grass also remained pressing problem which create microhabitats reducing critical habitat for feeding, nesting and roosting habitat for birds, as well as hampers the smooth flow of water used by many water bird species. In view of the findings of this study, effective monitoring and strategies for conservation to restore the population of bird species, provide public enlightenment of the people around the wetland and management of Hadejia-Nguru Wetland promptly advice the significant importance of the wetland in serving as home for resident and migratory birdspecies.

Space-for-time substitutions exaggerate urban bird-habitat ecological relationships.

North American bird abundance has declined by 29% over the last 50 years. These continental population dynamics interact with local landscape changes to affect local bird diversity. Mitigating local declines in cities is particularly significant because (a) such declines greatly impact human-bird relationships since most people live in cities and (b) cities provide levers to create bird-friendly habitat, such as managing yards and gardens, street trees, and urban parks. Yet, the potential for cities to modify habitats to mitigate broader bird declines remains unclear. Studies have been stymied by the difficulty of assembling mutidecadal habitat-bird population datasets. Instead, studies have substituted space for time (e.g. used habitat associations across space at one time point to project future species abundance due to changing land use), but this method may fail amidst nonstationary environments of the Anthropocene. Here, we test the validity of space-for-time substitutions for explaining changes in bird abundance in a North American city over the past two decades by examining the degree to which these changes are explainable by changes in local landcover at multiple spatial scales. Specifically, we use longitudinal urban bird surveys of Metro Vancouver, BC, Canada from 1997 and 2020; deep learning models of remote sensing data to classify contemporaneous landcover; out-of-sample prediction and boosted regression trees to identify multiple spatial scales of landcover that best explained bird abundance (i.e. optimal scale of effect for each species by each habitat); and Bayesian multispecies abundance models in Stan to determine relationships between changes in landcover and bird abundance. We found that total bird abundance declined by 26% over the last two decades. Landcover measured at both 50 m and optimal scales explained spatial variation in bird abundance, but only landcover at the optimal scale explained temporal changes, and only partially. These results suggest that space-for-time substitutions overemphasize habitat-bird ecological relationships, urban habitats only partially determine bird abundance, and measuring habitat at the appropriate scale is important for capturing the most relevant changes in landscapes.

Diversity and evenness of birds during seasonal paddy farming practice in southwestern Sarawak

Diversity and evenness of birds during seasonal paddy farming practice in southwestern Sarawak

Multidimensional patterns of bird diversity and its driving forces in the Yangtze river basin of China

Biodiversity is fundamental to human well-being and economic development. The Yangtze River, the largest river in China, faces biodiversity loss due to habitat degradation, climate change, and other anthropogenic threats. However, the long-term changes in the region's biodiversity remain poorly understood. Here, we constructed an optimized living planet index (LPIO) by combining Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling and Random Forest Modeling. Using data from a monitoring network of 536 sites, we observed an increasing trend in terrestrial bird diversity and functional complexity across the entire watershed from 2011 to 2020. Our findings indicate that a large-scale ecological restoration program has contributed to increases in terrestrial and aquatic bird diversity in the Yangtze River Basin. In contrast, bird diversity in the downstream area has decreased by 2.83 ​%, largely due to a rapid decline in wetland birds. The degradation of wetland habitats and insufficient conservation measures have negatively impacted bird diversity in the downstream region. This suggests that although there have been significant improvements in terrestrial bird diversity, more effective wetland restoration is necessary for biodiversity conservation. We recommend optimizing the national large-scale biodiversity monitoring network and increasing the number of upstream monitoring sites.

Blaming the wind? The impact of wind turbine on bird biodiversity

We quantitatively assess the impacts of onshore wind turbines on bird diversity using citizen science data in China. Results show that a one-standard-deviation increase in wind turbines reduces bird abundance by 9.75% and leads to a 12.2% reduction in bird species richness at the county level. The negative impacts are more significant in migrant birds, birds in forests, urban and farmlands than others. Biodiversity protection helps to safeguard bird abundance against wind turbines. We also find that habitat loss rather than food chain change after the wind turbine installations contributes to biodiversity loss. The net impact of wind turbines on the environment is positive when considering the carbon reduction effects.

Water-surface photovoltaic systems have affected water physical and chemical properties and biodiversity

The implementation of water-surface photovoltaic systems as a source of renewable power has expanded rapidly worldwide in recent decades. Water-surface photovoltaic avoids negative impacts on terrestrial ecosystems, while the impacts on aquatic physical and chemical properties and biodiversity are unclear. To understand the ecological and environmental impacts of water-surface photovoltaic systems, here we conducted a field survey on water physical and chemical properties, plankton and bird communities of 26 water-surface photovoltaic systems in the Yangtze River basin in China during the winter and summer of 2022. We found that water-surface photovoltaic systems decreased water temperature, dissolved oxygen saturation and uncovered area of the water surface, which caused a reduction in plankton species and individual density, altering the community composition. Water-surface photovoltaic systems also caused an overall decrease in bird diversity and changed bird community compositions. These findings suggested that water-surface photovoltaic systems have impacts on the water environment and ecology. Since water-surface photovoltaic systems will continue to expand in the future, our results emphasize that rational planning is critical for the sustainable development of water-surface photovoltaic systems and the protection of the aquatic environment and biodiversity.

Large invasive herbaceous plants decrease the taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity of birds via their reproductive traits

Abstract Birds are among the organisms most impacted by plant invasions, the effects of which are particularly conspicuous during the breeding season. Birds can incorrectly assess the suitability of large, invasive hogweeds Heracleum sp. in south‐eastern Poland when selecting nesting sites early in spring when the developing invaders do not yet differ substantially in form from the rest of the vegetation. One would expect lower bird breeding success in areas with invasive hogweeds. Furthermore, this may shift bird community composition towards species with filtered traits, which may then be reflected in various measures of diversity. To assess these expectations, we conducted bird surveys at 74 sites, arranged as 37 pairs (with invasive Heracleum vs. control). The presence of Heracleum was associated with lower bird taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity. Functional richness (calculated based on species' reproductive traits) was also lower at sites with these invaders. The species detected at Heracleum sites were characterised by traits associated with rapid breeding, for example, small clutches, short incubation periods and short fledging periods. We show that the bird community at sites with hogweeds became less diverse and composed of random species sharing similar reproductive traits. Bird communities with low diversity at Heracleum sites tended to exhibit a common trait syndrome. These patterns provide insights into the mechanisms of how invasive plants may lead to the loss of some traits and species in bird communities. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Elevational patterns of bird alpha and beta diversity in Haba Snow Mountain, Southwestern China: Implication for conservation

Understanding environmental patterns of species diversity is essential for nature reserve planning and biodiversity conservation. In this study, we explored the birds’ alpha and beta diversity along the elevational gradients in Haba Snow Mountain Nature Reserve (hereafter, HBSM), a global biodiversity hotspot, and studied which environmental factor is the main driver in explaining alpha and beta diversity patterns. Our results indicated that taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic alpha diversity consistently exhibited hump-shaped patterns with similar peaks. After controlling for species richness, both functional and phylogenetic alpha diversity increased with elevation, and the peaks at 3400–3700 m. Mean pairwise functional distance remained nearly constant along the elevation band, whereas mean pairwise phylogenetic distance shown hump-shaped pattern, and the predicted MPD peaked at the fifth band (3100–3400 m a.s.l). The functional and phylogenetic structure of bird communities in HBSM were more clustered along the elevation gradients, suggesting environmental filtering likely drove the assembly processes. Additionally, primary productivity (NDVI and/or habitat heterogeneity) and/or precipitation were robust predictors of variation in most diversity metrics. For multiple-site beta diversity, we observed that high turnover component in taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic dimensions, indicating distinct bird assemblages across various elevational bands. In pairwise beta diversity, the spatial turnover of taxonomic and phylogenetic aspects was higher than nestedness, revealing species replacement occurs relatively frequently between evolutionarily related species with similar niche and functional traits. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of considering both different dimensions and multifaceted diversity when assessing elevational patterns of bird diversity. This study also provides valuable insights into the structuring mechanisms of bird communities and informs conservation planning along elevational gradients in HBSM, and offers a comprehensive case on species richness along elevational gradients.

Urban green spaces with high connectivity and complex vegetation promote occupancy and richness of birds in a tropical megacity

Urban growth often leads to land-use changes that result in biodiversity loss and reduced human benefits. In urban zones, green areas facilitate physicochemical processes (such as carbon capture, reducing environmental temperature and noise pollution), offer multiple benefits to human beings (e.g., water filtration and purification), and support numerous vertebrate populations, including birds. In the tropics, the capacity of green spaces to maintain bird populations is regulated by characteristics of these areas (e.g., vegetation structure) and environmental seasonality. In order to generate ecological knowledge to help conserve bird diversity in large urban settlements, this study aimed to (1) identify the most influential variables on the distribution of bird species in green areas of a tropical megacity, and (2) assess how bird richness varies between the dry and rainy seasons. Across two dry and rainy seasons between 2021 and 2022, detection records of 108 bird species were obtained from 101 green areas. Air temperature and sampling time were the primary factors influencing bird detection. Bird occupancy and richness were higher in parks near other green areas in first dry and increased with tree richness during the rainy seasons. Floral abundance explained the occupancy and richness in the second dry season. In 2021, the highest richness was observed during the dry season, while in 2022, the highest richness was estimated during the rainy season. These findings highlight the importance of resource availability and spatial arrangement in urban green areas for bird diversity, offering insights for conservation and maintaining ecosystem benefits in urban environments.

Effects of Urbanization on Community Composition and Conditions of Birds in Wetland Ecosystems

Urbanization in wetlands has negatively impacted bird species diversity and populations. It is important to be able to predict the consequences for avian biodiversity and to identify wetlands of special value to the maintenance of local wetland communities. This study involved conducting point counts across four permanent urban wetlands at the University of Florida and three retention ponds in the Gainesville, FL vicinity to observe patterns in wetland bird species diversity and populations. This study also utilized data from the Florida Museum of Natural History (FLMNH) to explore differences in phenotypes of wetland bird specimens. The local wetlands showed trends where specific species thrived in one type of area versus the other. Egrets were frequently observed in larger wetlands, and double-crested cormorants were observed more frequently in smaller ones. Additionally, retention ponds showed promise as a conservation method, dependent on their depth and size. The largest retention pond attracted many bird species in great numbers, showing promise for methods to negate negative the impact of human activity and climate change. Characterization for data collected at the FLMNH on both weight and species analyzed across numerous regional locations showed a negative trend between specimen weight and time progression.

Avian Density and Diversity in Lunkaransar Lake, Rajasthan, India

Saltwater Lunkaransar which is known for mostly two things firstly the ruler of Bikaner Lunkaran and further for its Bird diversity, This is a year round investigation held monthly which mainly aims to identify the Avian Diversity and the number of Bird present in this region. Bird identified in an area of 100 square meter, A lot of birds travel to this region are migratory which are mostly seen in winter. Beside the fact that the Lake is salty this has no impact on its Bird Diversity, this makes this particular region a hotspot for Bird Watchers. One Such bird is (Kurja) Demoiselle Crane which migrates from Central Eurasia in the number of thousands, This study is based on identifying Bird density and diversity in Lunkaransar Lake, Rajasthan.

Seasonal Dynamics and Avian Diversity along the Adyar Riverbank: Insights from a Year-Long Survey

The avian survey conducted along the Adyar Riverbank (Manapakkam) from January 2023 to December 2023 documented a total of 3120 individual birds across 75 species from 16 avian orders, highlighting the significant biodiversity within this urban ecosystem. This study aimed to assess seasonal variations in bird diversity and abundance, emphasizing the river’s role as an important habitat. The highest diversity was observed during winter, specifically in February 2023, with a diversity index of 296.80 and a Simpson’s index of 0.22. A total of 36 species and 636 individuals were recorded. In contrast, the lowest diversity was observed in summer, particularly in July 2023, with a diversity index of 29.29 and a Simpson’s index of 0.05, corresponding to 18 species and 114 individuals. The monsoon and post-monsoon periods exhibited a prominent increase in diversity due to the arrival of migratory species and improved habitat conditions. Important species recorded throughout the year included the Paddy Field Pipit, House Crow, and Rufous Treepie, while conservation-significant species such as the Black-headed Ibis and Spot-billed Pelican were also observed. Thus, the present study underscores the Adyar River’s ecological importance and highlights the need for continuous monitoring and targeted conservation efforts to maintain avian biodiversity in urban river ecosystems.

The Effects of Spatial Structure and Development Intensity of the Urban Landscape on Bird Biodiversity in Anhui Province

Exploring the factors that drive changes in biodiversity is a hot and critically important topic in landscape ecology and biogeography. In this study, semi-structured citizen science data and bird distribution maps were employed to gather data from 2015 to 2020 for the calculation of bird species richness, the Shannon index, and the Pielou index in Anhui Province. These metrics were utilized to assess avian biodiversity and to elucidate the spatial patterns of biodiversity distribution across the region. In this research, a structural equation model (SEM) was utilized to investigate the relationships between the three dimensions of landscape spatial structure, urban development intensity, and environmental factors on bird biodiversity, and a conceptual framework was established to identify the key driving factors. The validity, reliability, and fit of the hypothesized model were substantiated through rigorous testing, demonstrating its reasonableness. The results indicate the following: (1) In landscape spatial structure, landscape composition and configuration play crucial roles in influencing bird diversity. An increased proportion of cultivated land negatively impacts bird diversity, whereas the expansion of forested areas promotes it. At the configuration level, the Largest Patch Index (LPI) significantly enhances bird diversity, serving as the primary driving force. Landscape spatial structure affects bird diversity both directly, through its composition, and indirectly, through its configuration. (2) The dimension of urban development intensity generally shows significant negative impacts; among these, GDP has the greatest comprehensive impact and shows a significant negative impact. (3) Topography has the greatest overall impact on bird diversity among the environmental factors, with a predominantly direct positive effect. (4) Overall, urban landscape spatial structure and urban development intensity are the main driving forces of bird diversity in Anhui Province, the greatest of which is the direct effect of the urban development intensity. These results provide an important scientific basis for landscape planning and ecological protection and provide inspiration for assessing the driving factors of animal and plant diversity in other regions.

Ptačí diverzita v historickém zámeckém parku – implikace pro ochranu biodiverzity v hospodářských lesích

Long-term trends of abundance and diversity of forest birds have been very stable over past decades in European managed forests. It can be caused by high heterogeneity on habitat scale. In European cultural landscapes, there is another habitat very similar to managed forests, and that is a historic manor park. The parks can even show higher bird diversity than managed forests. However, there is an evident knowledge gap related to long-term changes of bird abundance and diversity in the habitats of manor parks. In this study we observed long-term changes of bird community in the historic manor park Čechy pod Kosířem (Czech Republic) using comparison of bird territory mapping in 2022–2023 with older bird studies in this locality. We gained an overview of bird community changes in the manor park for the period of 1997–2023. Results show that the bird community in historic manor park was remarkably unvarying in abundance and diversity. Historic manor parks can be considered as important refuges for forest bird diversity in cultural landscapes. We discuss the research implications for conserving bird diversity in managed forests especially in connection with large old trees preservation providing heterogeneity of nest habitats.

Piscivore water bird diversity at freshwater tributaries of Zambezi River, Namibia

Piscivorous waterbirds enhance wetlands’ diversity and have been seen as bio-indicators of ecological conditions within ecosystems. In addition to their ecological contribution, to wetlands functions and ecosystem services, these birds have been reported to be affected by fishing activities and to compete with fisheries. Despite their importance along wetlands, their populations are in serious decline on a global level. This study aimed at comparing piscivorous waterbirds community composition and functional diversity between a fish protected area (FPA) and a non-fish protected area (NFPA) in two tributaries of Zambezi River in Namibia. At each site, all the waterbirds within a radius of 50 metres were enumerated and identified using binoculars and guide books. For each tributary, species diversity, taxonomic diversity, functional diversity, and community-based trait diversity indices were calculated. A total of 40 carnivorous waterbirds species belonging to 9 orders were recorded during the survey. Of these 40 species, 10 (25%) predominantly feed on fish, 6 (15%) predominantly feed on insects and 24 (60%) species predominantly feed on both fish and insects. At the FPAs site, a total of 35 species were recorded, comprising 10 (29%) species that predominantly feed on fish, 4 (11%) species that predominantly feed on insects and 21 (60%) species that feed on both fish and insects. Generally, piscivorous waterbirds species diversities were not significantly different between a FPA and a NFPA (p 0.05). However, all piscivorous waterbirds functional diversities indices calculated were significantly different between FPAs and NFPAs (p 0.05).Conservation implications: In most riparian human communities, fish is an important source of protein. The effects of uncontrolled fishing in shaping the composition, structure, and diversity of piscivorous waterbirds worldwide have been reported. If we need to balance the two, regulating fishing loadings and season will improve piscivorous waterbirds conservation and human livelihoods.

Avian diversity across guilds in North America versus vegetation structure as measured by the Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI)

Avian diversity, a key indicator of ecosystem health, is closely related to canopy structure. Most avian diversity models are based on either optical remote sensing or airborne lidar data, but the latter is limited to small study areas. The launch of the Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) instrument in 2018 has opened new avenues for exploring the influence of vegetation structure on avian diversity. To examine how direct measurements of canopy structural characteristics explain bird diversity across North America, we analyzed 18 GEDI metrics from 2019 to 2022, along with corresponding Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) counts and AVONET morphological data, analyzing effects across broad regions and at varying spatial extents. We grouped 440 bird species into 20 ecological guilds under six guild categories and employed random forest algorithms to model avian diversity across eight spatial extents (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 20, and 39.2 km). The models predicted six diversity indices, including species richness (sRich), functional richness (fRich), evenness (fEve), dispersion (fDis), divergence (fDiv), and redundancy (fRed) across eight spatial extents. The best-predicted guilds varied for each diversity index. The most accurate models were sRich (pseudo-R2 = 0.71, RMSE = 4.28) and fRed (pseudo-R2 = 0.60, RMSE = 0.13) for forest specialists guilds; fRich (pseudo-R2 = 0.55, RMSE = 0.18) for urban guilds; fEve (pseudo-R2 = 0.28, RMSE = 0.08) for insectivore guilds; and fDiv (pseudo-R2 = 0.38, RMSE = 0.12) and fDis (pseudo-R2 = 0.53, RMSE = 0.87) for short distance migrants guilds. Our results highlight the critical role of canopy structure, including its horizontal and vertical distribution and variation, in predicting avian diversity, as measured by the mean number of detected modes (num_detectedmodes), the standard deviation of foliage height diversity (FHD), num_detectedmodes, canopy cover, and plant area index (PAI) across the spatial extents centered on BBS routes. Therefore, we recommend incorporating the GEDI metrics into avian diversity modeling and mapping across North America, thereby potentially enhancing bird habitat management and conservation efforts.

Rural children know cavity-nesting birds of the Atlantic Forest but may underappreciate their critical habitat

Abstract Cavity-nesting birds are a diverse and charismatic community, with a common need for tree cavities that makes them vulnerable to land management by humans. However, little research has formally integrated human social aspects into management recommendations for the conservation of cavity-nesting birds. In agroecosystems, people's management decisions modify and define the habitat availability for native cavity-nesting species. These behaviors during adulthood are related to people's worldviews and are shaped, in part, by childhood experiences. On-going forest loss may reduce opportunities for children to interact with and learn from cavity-nesting birds and their habitats. We used a social-ecological framework to assess rural children's knowledge and representations of native cavity-nesting birds and their habitats in agroecosystems of the threatened Atlantic Forest of Argentina. We employed “freelists” and “draw-and-explain” strategies with 235 children from 19 rural schools, and then compared results with a 4-yr dataset of trees (n = 328) and tree-cavity nests (n = 164) in the same study area. Children listed a high diversity (93 taxa) of native cavity-nesting birds, especially parrots (Psittacidae), toucans (Ramphastidae), and woodpeckers (Picidae), which they mostly recognized as cavity-nesters. However, children drew agricultural landscapes with few of the habitat features that these birds require (e.g., tree cavities, native forest). Exotic trees were overrepresented in drawings (40% of mentions) compared to our field dataset of nests (10%) and trees on farms (15%). Although children mentioned and depicted a high diversity of native cavity-nesting birds, our results may reveal a problematic extinction of experience regarding how these birds interact with their habitat. To strengthen children's contextualized knowledge and promote their long-term commitment to the conservation of cavity-nesting species, we recommend fostering meaningful experiences for children to interact with native cavity-nesting birds and recognize their habitat needs. A version of this article translated into Spanish is available in the Supplementary Material 1.