Divergent Representations Research Articles

D’une institution à l’autre : de l’hypercomplexité de l’hôpital à la place singulière des psychologues institutionnels référés à la psychanalyse

ContextThis article aims to open a debate on how our contemporary societal context, both psychically and structurally, shapes the essential institution that is the public hospital. ObjectivesTo achieve this, the authors start with a clinical construction that allows them to highlight the hypercomplexity of the situations encountered daily by those who inhabit these spaces, including patients, their relatives, and the diverse healthcare providers. Following this, they focus on the unique role of the institutional psychologist who is referenced to psychoanalysis. MethodThe situation that opens this text, providing both its starting point and framework, is a clinical fiction. This narrative is composed of fragments from real, recurrently observed situations in our practice, supervision, and research settings – in other words, from foundational cases (Fustier, 2020). We align ourselves with a Freudian tradition, adopting the principle of analytical construction, positing that this situation is an initial level of interpretation of the hypercomplexity we aim to explore throughout this text. ResultsThe hypercomplexity observed and described in this clinical fiction led us to formulate numerous hypotheses and highlight the essential presence of psychoanalysis in hospitals. Psychoanalysis offers the necessary perspective to elaborate and impart meaning to otherwise unthinkable situations. InterpretationsFrom the conjunction of subjective experiences of somatic illness to the institutional issues unique to hospitals – intersected by the divergent representations of healthcare professionals – we emphasize the unique position of the psychodynamically oriented psychologist within this complex system.

Lexical-Semantic Content, Not Syntactic Structure, Is the Main Contributor to ANN-Brain Similarity of fMRI Responses in the Language Network.

Representations from artificial neural network (ANN) language models have been shown to predict human brain activity in the language network. To understand what aspects of linguistic stimuli contribute to ANN-to-brain similarity, we used an fMRI data set of responses to n = 627 naturalistic English sentences (Pereira et al., 2018) and systematically manipulated the stimuli for which ANN representations were extracted. In particular, we (i) perturbed sentences' word order, (ii) removed different subsets of words, or (iii) replaced sentences with other sentences of varying semantic similarity. We found that the lexical-semantic content of the sentence (largely carried by content words) rather than the sentence's syntactic form (conveyed via word order or function words) is primarily responsible for the ANN-to-brain similarity. In follow-up analyses, we found that perturbation manipulations that adversely affect brain predictivity also lead to more divergent representations in the ANN's embedding space and decrease the ANN's ability to predict upcoming tokens in those stimuli. Further, results are robust as to whether the mapping model is trained on intact or perturbed stimuli and whether the ANN sentence representations are conditioned on the same linguistic context that humans saw. The critical result-that lexical-semantic content is the main contributor to the similarity between ANN representations and neural ones-aligns with the idea that the goal of the human language system is to extract meaning from linguistic strings. Finally, this work highlights the strength of systematic experimental manipulations for evaluating how close we are to accurate and generalizable models of the human language network.

Compression of Convolutional Neural Networks With Divergent Representation of Filters.

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have made remarkable achievements in many tasks. However, most of them are hardly applied to embedded systems directly because of the requirement of huge memory space and computing power. In this article, we propose a pruning framework, namely, FiltDivNet, to accelerate and compress CNN models for their applicability to small or portable devices. The correlations among filters are taken into account and measured by the goodness of fit. On this basis, a hybrid-cluster pruning strategy is designed with dynamic pruning ratios for different clusters in CNN models. It aims at representing its filters in their diversity by removing redundant ones cluster by cluster. In addition, a new loss function with adaptive sparsity constraints is introduced for the retraining and fine-tuning in the FiltDivNet. Finally, some comparative experiments based on classical CNN models are carried out to demonstrate its effectiveness in compression performance and its adaptability with different CNN architectures.

Learning geometric Jensen-Shannon divergence for tiny object detection in remote sensing images.

Tiny objects in remote sensing images only have a few pixels, and the detection difficulty is much higher than that of regular objects. General object detectors lack effective extraction of tiny object features, and are sensitive to the Intersection-over-Union (IoU) calculation and the threshold setting in the prediction stage. Therefore, it is particularly important to design a tiny-object-specific detector that can avoid the above problems. This article proposes the network JSDNet by learning the geometric Jensen-Shannon (JS) divergence representation between Gaussian distributions. First, the Swin Transformer model is integrated into the feature extraction stage as the backbone to improve the feature extraction capability of JSDNet for tiny objects. Second, the anchor box and ground-truth are modeled as two two-dimensional (2D) Gaussian distributions, so that the tiny object is represented as a statistical distribution model. Then, in view of the sensitivity problem faced by the IoU calculation for tiny objects, the JSDM module is designed as a regression sub-network, and the geometric JS divergence between two Gaussian distributions is derived from the perspective of information geometry to guide the regression prediction of anchor boxes. Experiments on the AI-TOD and DOTA datasets show that JSDNet can achieve superior detection performance for tiny objects compared to state-of-the-art general object detectors.

Determination of vibration energy flow-controlling regions in a piezoelectric metamaterial plate with temperature rise

In this study, vibration energy flow (VEF)-controlling regions in a piezoelectric metamaterial plate were determined using the structural intensity method. A finite element model was developed to derive the motion equation of a piezoelectric metamaterial plate in which the stiffness matrix depends on the temperature rise and input voltage. A VEF analysis model was developed to investigate the influence of temperature rise and input voltage on the VEF magnitude and direction based on the structural intensity method. In the numerical calculations, the bandgaps of the finite piezoelectric metamaterial plate agreed well with the band structures, which verified the effectiveness of the finite element model. In the present VEF analysis model, the structural intensity method was developed to investigate the influences of temperature rise and input voltage on the VEF magnitude and direction, and a new representation, called the divergence representation, was proposed to obtain the specific locations of sinks and sources in some complex structures. The numerical results showed that the magnitude of VEF increased with temperature rise or input voltage. The influence of the input voltage on the VEF direction may be offset by the temperature rise, and vice versa. To better analyze the influence of these two parameters, temperature-rise and input voltage-controlling regions were first analyzed. The input voltage played a more important role in controlling the direction of VEF than the temperature rise in the input voltage-controlling region and vice versa.

Oscar Wilde’s ideal woman: Constructing Victorian upper-class female identity in Wilde’s Lady Windermere’s Fan

Abstract This paper examines the definition of the Victorian upper-class woman in the context of Oscar Wilde’s Lady Windermere’s Fan, in light of the prevailing gender roles and conventions of the late Victorian era. Drawing upon Judith Butler’s theories of sex and gender, this study investigates Victorian female subjectivity in terms of the power dynamics between men and women. Drawing upon Butlerian analyses of sex and gender, this paper has explored two divergent representations of upper-class female subjectivity in the Victorian period. The representation of intelligible-gendered identities in the Duchess of Berwick is a key point of consideration when examining Victorian upper-class female subjects. In contrast, Mrs. Erlynne serves as an example of an unintelligible-gendered character, allowing for an exploration of the ramifications of challenging the prevailing power structure. In this article, it is demonstrated that Wilde’s female ideal is neither definitively intelligible-gendered nor unintelligible-gendered; rather, she is a figure who resists power and reacts to any perceived threats to her social standing. This article posits that Wilde’s ideal woman is a semi-intelligible-gendered identity. Furthermore, it is suggested that, despite his advocacy of Women’s rights, Wilde still endorses certain gender roles and binary oppositions between the sexes, one of which is the role of motherhood. Wilde illustrates a scenario in which breaking away from these social conventions would lead to a tragic end which no woman is able to escape.

Local community representations of tropical peatlands and implications for restoration in Riau, Indonesia

Accounting for the myriad of ways that local communities relate to peatlands is increasingly recognized as a factor for long‐term restoration success. One way of doing so is through understanding how peatlands are represented by local communities using a social representation framework comprising perceived peatland benefits and functions, beliefs about their characteristics, perceived human‐peatland relationships, and appropriate management pathways. In turn, these representations influence individual interpretation of peatland restoration outcomes and, to a lesser degree, engagement with revegetation activities. We conducted 55 semi‐structured interviews with three communities living in and around peatlands in Bengkalis, Riau, Indonesia. We show that, among those interviewed, peatlands had various and divergent representations. Each representation reflected its own social–ecological relationship with, and valuation of, peatlands, and individual and shared experiences. For example, peatlands were primarily valued for their production purposes, but were also represented as degraded lands and areas important for climate change mitigation. The different representations were not mutually exclusive; on occasion, the same interviewee expressed several different representations. Moreover, some representations were shared among geographically dispersed participants, reflecting common experiences of peatland management. Overall, the results reaffirm the need to account for local representations of the environment in the management of tropical peatland, and notably in the setting of restoration goals.

The Instrumentality of Social Media in the Representation of Gender in Nigerian Literature

The paper valorises how social media has depicted various evolutions of the representations of gender in Nigerian literature. This has affected people’s cognition, behaviours and emotions in diverse ways. Social media has employed different perspectives or dimensions in depicting a divergent representation of women in contemporary Nigerian literatures and space ostensibly crystallizing some gender polarities and how they sometimes enhance mere demystificatory remarks and exegeses in their interpretations.

The Actuation Problem

The actuation problem asks why a linguistic change occurs in a particular language at a particular time and space. Responses to this problem are multifaceted. This review approaches the problem of actuation through the lens of sound change, examining it from both individual and population perspectives. Linguistic changes ultimately actuate in the form of idiolectal differences. An understanding of language change actuation at the idiolectal level requires an understanding of ( a) how individual speaker-listeners’ different past linguistic experiences and physical, perceptual, cognitive, and social makeups affect the way they process and analyze the primary learning data and ( b) how these factors lead to divergent representations and grammars across speakers-listeners. Population-level incrementation and propagation of linguistic innovation depend not only on the nature of contact between speakers with unique idiolects but also on individuals who have the wherewithal to take advantage of the linguistic innovations they encountered to achieve particular ideological projects at any given moment. Because of the vast number of contingencies that need to be aligned properly, the incrementation and propagation of linguistic innovation are predicted to be rare. Agent-based modeling promises to provide a controlled way to investigate the stochastic nature of language change propagation, but a comprehensive model of linguistic change actuation at the individual level remains elusive.

Learning Uncertainties the Frequentist Way: Calibration and Correlation in High Energy Physics.

Calibration is a common experimental physics problem, whose goal is to infer the value and uncertainty of an unobservable quantity Z given a measured quantity X. Additionally, one would like to quantify the extent to which X and Z are correlated. In this Letter, we present a machine learning framework for performing frequentist maximum likelihood inference with Gaussian uncertainty estimation, which also quantifies the mutual information between the unobservable and measured quantities. This framework uses the Donsker-Varadhan representation of the Kullback-Leibler divergence-parametrized with a novel Gaussian ansatz-to enable a simultaneous extraction of the maximum likelihood values, uncertainties, and mutual information in a single training. We demonstrate our framework by extracting jet energy corrections and resolution factors from a simulation of the CMS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. By leveraging the high-dimensional feature space inside jets, we improve upon the nominal CMS jet resolution by upward of 15%.

Divergent Representation of Precipitation Recycling in the Amazon and the Congo in CMIP6 Models

Moisture evaporated from the land contributing to precipitation in a given area is known as precipitation recycling and needs to be accurately represented in climate models. The Amazon and Congo basins are reported to have the highest precipitation recycling rates globally, but model representation has not yet been assessed over these regions. We evaluated recycling over the Amazon and Congo in 45 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 models. Regional annual means from models and reanalyzes agreed well over both basins. Models captured seasonal variation in recycling over the Congo but there was a large‐scale underestimation of recycling during the Amazon dry‐to‐wet transition season relative to ERA5, caused by models underestimating Amazon evapotranspiration and overestimating incoming wind speed and associated water vapor imports. Both regions show robust declines in precipitation recycling over the next century under future climate‐change scenarios. Our results suggest models may underestimate impacts of deforestation on regional precipitation in the Amazon.

Supplemental Material for Karma and God: Convergent and Divergent Mental Representations of Supernatural Norm Enforcement

Supplemental Material for Karma and God: Convergent and Divergent Mental Representations of Supernatural Norm Enforcement

Biomimetic FPGA-based spatial navigation model with grid cells and place cells

The mammalian spatial navigation system is characterized by an initial divergence of internal representations, with disparate classes of neurons responding to distinct features including location, speed, borders and head direction; an ensuing convergence finally enables navigation and path integration. Here, we report the algorithmic and hardware implementation of biomimetic neural structures encompassing a feed-forward trimodular, multi-layer architecture representing grid-cell, place-cell and decoding modules for navigation. The grid-cell module comprised of neurons that fired in a grid-like pattern, and was built of distinct layers that constituted the dorsoventral span of the medial entorhinal cortex. Each layer was built as an independent continuous attractor network with distinct grid-field spatial scales. The place-cell module comprised of neurons that fired at one or few spatial locations, organized into different clusters based on convergent modular inputs from different grid-cell layers, replicating the gradient in place-field size along the hippocampal dorso-ventral axis. The decoding module, a two-layer neural network that constitutes the convergence of the divergent representations in preceding modules, received inputs from the place-cell module and provided specific coordinates of the navigating object. After vital design optimizations involving all modules, we implemented the tri-modular structure on Zynq Ultrascale+ field-programmable gate array silicon chip, and demonstrated its capacity in precisely estimating the navigational trajectory with minimal overall resource consumption involving a mere 2.92% Look Up Table utilization. Our implementation of a biomimetic, digital spatial navigation system is stable, reliable, reconfigurable, real-time with execution time of about 32 s for 100k input samples (in contrast to 40 minutes on Intel Core i7-7700 CPU with 8 cores clocking at 3.60 GHz) and thus can be deployed for autonomous-robotic navigation without requiring additional sensors.

Myths and Magic in the Medieval Far North: Realities and Representations of a Region on the Edge of Europe ed. by Stefan Figenschow et al.

Reviewed by: Myths and Magic in the Medieval Far North: Realities and Representations of a Region on the Edge of Europe ed. by Stefan Figenschow et al. Roderick McDonald Figenschow, Stefan, Richard Holt, and Miriam Tveit, eds, Myths and Magic in the Medieval Far North: Realities and Representations of a Region on the Edge of Europe (Acta Scandinavica, 10), Turnhout, Brepols, 2020; hardback; pp. 280; 1 b/w, 7 colour illustrations; R.R.P. €75.00; ISBN 9782503588230. This study of the medieval Far North examines the northerly regions of Hálogaland and Finnmǫrk, and the northerly peoples: the Finns, the Sámi, and the Bjarmians, and their social, political, geographic, and cultural articulation and interconnectedness with Norway to the south. Here the alterity of the medieval Far North is re-oriented, looking instead southwards to Norway and beyond to centralizing European authority. Established at the University of Trømso in 2010, the Creating the New North research group is concerned with these regions and peoples between 500 and 1800, from the earlier eras of open interaction between different groups and cultures, to the later periods as it became subject to emerging southern powers and national states. Miriam Tveit, in the volume's introductory chapter, discusses the ways in which the Far North has been marked as a place of alterity for its superstition, witchcraft, and mystery, and six chapters of the volume are grouped under the broad topics of myth, magic, and ritual. The remaining four chapters appear under the rubric of political consolidation, and they deal with the ways in which representation of the Far North has been configured in terms of wider national and international politics, both secular and religious. In the first section of the book, 'Myth, Magic and Rituals in the Nordic World', are six markedly divergent chapters. Lars Ivar Hansen opens with a solid ethnographic examination of the construction and reception of Sámi/Norwegian differentiation in the anonymous twelfth-century Historia Norvegie, and this work is noteworthy for the use of the sociology of Zygmunt Baumann in grounding discussion of 'the Other'. Next, Eleanor Rosamund Barraclough looks to mythic geography, exploring divergent representations of the various lands of giants in Old Norse fornaldarsögur, as uninhabitable periphery to the habitable core of human life and settlement. She reveals the lack of a consistent typology, other than being, in one way or another, northerly, and speculates on both literary and folkloric importance of wilderness for delineating human existence. Third in the section, Petter Snekkestad takes a comparative approach to reading Grímnismál, challenging received views through admitting an alternative role of the Vanir, arising from his examination of the maritime 'Utrøst Complex' of northern folklore. Marte Spangen then turns to archaeological evidence for Sámi culture, assessing medieval realities around 'stallo' houses, reindeer traps, and offering sites in the context of modern stereotypes. She sounds a timely warning about modernist assumptions that oral tradition preserves and reflects ancient practice, arguing instead that indigenous folklore is better understood as dynamic, contextual, and functioning within the present. Then follows a summary of research into the fourteenth-century northern witch-trial of Ragnild Tregagaas, [End Page 211] in which Rune Blix Hagen presents an account of the actual church court case and applies a comparative view of other like trials in Europe, revealing marked social differences. The final chapter in the section is devoted to Karoline Kjesrud's thorough re-assessment of ale as a cultural institution, in which she draws upon literary, linguistic, and runic/archaeological evidence to support her view that ale is best viewed not just as a drink, but in terms of ritualistic performance that asserts and reinforces social and institutional values and authority. The second section of the book, 'Myths and Representations in the Political Consolidation of the North', opens with Yassin Nyang Karoliussen arguing for scholarship that avoids ethnic labelling for the northern regions of Hálogaland, Finnmǫrk, and Omð. Rather, a better understanding of both ethnicity and social conditions would be to embrace models of hybridization, and culture can be seen expressed through comparative symbolic activities. The examples she uses, such as grave mounds and courtyard...

Green’s Matrix for a Model Boundary-Value Problem with Vector Parabolic Weight

We consider a general model boundary-value problem for a $$ \overrightarrow{2b} $$ -parabolic (in Eidelman's sense) system of partial differential equations. For this problem, we construct Green’s matrix and obtain the exact estimates for all components of this matrix and their derivatives. Divergent representations of these components are determined.

Raffles restitution: Artistic responses to Singapore's 1819 colonisation

1819 represents a highly charged moment in the Singapore imagination. It marks the birth of our modern city-state, yet it also signals the beginning of our colonisation: the domination of Malay and other Asian cultures by Western powers. Artists have thus responded to the event with widely variant attitudes, ranging from E.W. Jesudason's laudatory Raffles Institution Anthem (c.1963–66) to Isa Kamari's stridently anti-colonial novel, Duka Tuan Bertakhta / 1819 (2011). The prevailing sentiment, however, has been one of playful ambivalence. While accepting the fact of colonisation, artists have rejected a founding myth that glorifies our primary colonist, Sir Stamford Raffles. Instead, we have lampooned him in works like Robert Yeo's play The Eye of History (1991) and Colin Goh's film Talking Cock: The Movie (2002); raised ourselves to the height of his statue in Lee Wen's art event Untitled (Raffles) (2001); highlighted narratives of overlooked figures in the drama of colonisation: William Farquhar, Sophia Raffles, Nonio Clement, Sultan Hussein Shah, Munsyi Abdullah, and Sang Nila Utama. As a cultural researcher and author of the biographical drama The Last Temptation of Stamford Raffles (2008), I shall examine trends behind these divergent representations of our colonisation. I argue that artists have chosen to retell 1819 not as a year of conquest, but as a polymorphous moment of transformative contact between East and West; one in which we may view ourselves, not as the victims of change, but as its agents.

The latent structure of interpersonal problems: Validity of dimensional, categorical, and hybrid models.

Interpersonal problems are key transdiagnostic constructs in psychopathology. In the past, investigators have neglected the importance of operationalizing interpersonal problems according to their latent structure by using divergent representations of the construct: (a) computing scores for severity, agency, and communion (“dimensional approach”), (b) classifying persons into subgroups with respect to their interpersonal profile (“categorical approach”). This hinders cumulative research on interpersonal problems, because findings cannot be integrated both from a conceptual and a statistical point of view. We provide a comprehensive evaluation of interpersonal problems by enlisting several large samples (Ns = 5,400, 491, 656, and 712) to estimate a set of latent variable candidate models, covering the spectrum of purely dimensional (i.e., confirmatory factor analysis using Gaussian and nonnormal latent t-distributions), hybrid (i.e., semiparametric factor analysis), and purely categorical approaches (latent class analysis). Statistical models were compared with regard to their structural validity, as evaluated by model fit (corrected Akaike’s information criterion and the Bayesian information criterion), and their concurrent validity, as defined by the models’ ability to predict relevant external variables. Across samples, the fully dimensional model performed best in terms of model fit, prediction, robustness, and parsimony. We found scant evidence that categorical and hybrid models provide incremental value for understanding interpersonal problems. Our results indicate that the latent structure of interpersonal problems is best represented by continuous dimensions, especially when one allows for nonnormal latent distributions.

A Geometric Interpretation of Southern Ocean Eddy Form Stress

AbstractAn interpretation of eddy form stress via the geometry described by the Eliassen–Palm flux tensor is explored. Complimentary to previous works on eddy Reynolds stress geometry, this study shows that eddy form stress is fully described by a vertical ellipse, whose size, shape, and orientation with respect to the mean flow shear determine the strength and direction of vertical momentum transfers. Following a recent proposal, this geometric framework is here used to form a Gent–McWilliams eddy transfer coefficient that depends on eddy energy and a nondimensional geometric parameter α, bounded in magnitude by unity. The parameter α expresses the efficiency by which eddies exchange energy with baroclinic mean flow via along-gradient eddy buoyancy flux—a flux equivalent to eddy form stress along mean buoyancy contours. An eddy-resolving ocean general circulation model is used to estimate the spatial structure of α in the Southern Ocean and assess its potential to form a basis for parameterization. The eddy efficiency α averages to a low but positive value of 0.043 within the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, consistent with an inefficient eddy field extracting energy from the mean flow. It is found that the low eddy efficiency is mainly the result of that eddy buoyancy fluxes are weakly anisotropic on average. The eddy efficiency is subject to pronounced vertical structure and is maximum at ~3-km depth, where eddy buoyancy fluxes tend to be directed most downgradient. Since α partly sets the eddy form stress in the Southern Ocean, a parameterization for α must reproduce its vertical structure to provide a faithful representation of vertical stress divergence and eddy forcing.

Everyone loves (or hates) a lord: the aristocracy in British interwar cinema

ABSTRACT There was a significant number and proportion of interwar British films with aristocrats among their major protagonists. The predominance of the romantic drama during the period of ‘silent’ films gave way to comedies and musicals with the coming of sound. With respect to the societal context, although there was a continuation of an overall decline of the wealth and political power of the aristocrat class in society, the class retained considerable social and cultural importance and even greater coverage in popular media. Aristocrat heroes who put their lives in danger were mostly confined to costume films, and it was lower-class females who saved or redeemed the aristocrat male whose courage frequently took the form of his standing up to his family’s opposition to his romance with a lower-class female. Aristocrat villains sometimes signaled the decline or degeneracy of the class, the males by their madness and the females by their immorality. The most positive representations of aristocrats were those who worked, who mixed freely with other classes, and adapted to modernity. The divergent representations of the aristocracy were the work of writers and filmmakers who were predominantly from the middle class.

Comparison of methods for selection of castor beans lineages

The choice of the most appropriate method is determined by the precision desired by the researcher, by the ease of the analysis, as well as by the way of obtaining the data. In order to select lineages of low size and high productivity this study aimed to evaluate different methods of cluster analysis in the representation of genetic divergence, compared to univariate methods. The analyzed variables were grain yield, plant size and oil yield of 24 lineages of castor beans cultivated in the years 2014 and 2015. The Single and Average methods presented similar results in the formation of groups and different from the Complete. Evaluating the purpose of this research the Complete method and principal components analysis, together with the discriminant analysis, were considered the most appropriate methods to evaluate the genetic divergence of the castor bean crop. Lineages 18, 19 and 20 showed average grain yields above 1555 kg.ha-1, high oil content (above 46.9%), and low size plants (below 116 cm).