Diurnal Changes Research Articles

Effect of time-of-day on human dynamic thermal perception

Implementing heating and cooling set-point temperature modulations in buildings can promote energy savings and boost energy flexibility. However, time and time-of-day requirements in current indoor climate regulations are either overly simplified or ignored completely. A better understanding of how human thermal responses vary throughout the day is useful to effectively design and operate energy-flexible buildings. To date, only a handful of studies have looked at diurnal changes in thermal perception and mostly near steady-state neutrality without controlling for light exposure. This is the first experimental investigation aimed at understanding how the time of the day influences physiological and subjective human sensory responses to a localized dynamic thermal stimulus under constant light rich in long wavelengths (red). Results indicated that humans responded physiologically differently depending on the time of the day with a higher rate of change in the skin temperature in the evening compared with the afternoon. Furthermore, the increase of thermal sensation during the warming skin temperature transients was found to be greater in the evening. No differences were observed under steady-state thermal conditions. This evidence suggests that accounting for the time of the day is important when dynamically operating buildings, such as during demand-response programs.

Measurement of Microscopic Thermal Diffusivity Distribution for Ryugu Sample by Infrared Lock-in Periodic Heating Method

The thermophysical properties of small Solar System bodies are essential to be determined, on which the thermal evolution of small bodies largely depends. The carbonaceous asteroid Ryugu is one of the small undifferentiated bodies formed in the early Solar System. Hayabusa2 explored the asteroid Ryugu and returned the surface samples in 2020 for detailed on-ground investigation, including measurements of thermal properties. Because the available sample amount was limited, this study developed a novel method to measure the thermal diffusivity of small and irregularly shaped samples of about 1 mm in diameter by combining lock-in thermography and periodic heating methods on the microscale. This method enables us to measure the thermal diffusivity of both flat-plate and granular shape samples by selecting the suitable detecting direction of the temperature response. Especially, when the sample has a flat-plate shape, the anisotropic distribution of the in-plane thermal diffusivity can be evaluated. This method was applied to six Ryugu samples, and the detailed anisotropic distribution of the thermal diffusivity was obtained. The measurement results showed that the samples show local thermal anisotropy caused by cracks and voids. The average thermal diffusivity among all samples was (2.8 to 5.8) × 10−7 m2·s. Based on the density and specific heat of the samples obtained independently, the thermal effusivity was estimated to be 791 J·(s1/2·m2·K) to 1253 J·(s1/2·m2·K), which is defined as the resistance of surface temperature to the change of thermal input. The determined thermal effusivity, often called thermal inertia in planetary science, is larger than the observed value of 225 ± 45 J· (s1/2·m2·K) of the asteroid Ryugu's surface, obtained from the diurnal temperature change of the rotating asteroid by a thermal infrared camera onboard Hayabuas2. This difference is likely to be attributed to the difference in the analytical scale between the sample and the surface boulders compared with the thermal diffusion length. Consequently, it was found that the present result is more representative of the thermal diffusivity and thermal inertia of local part of individual Ryugu particles.

The circadian control of tryptophan metabolism regulates the host response to pulmonary fungal infections.

The environmental light/dark cycle has left its mark on the body's physiological functions to condition not only our inner biology, but also the interaction with external cues. In this scenario, the circadian regulation of the immune response has emerged as a critical factor in defining the host-pathogen interaction and the identification of the underlying circuitry represents a prerequisite for the development of circadian-based therapeutic strategies. The possibility to track down the circadian regulation of the immune response to a metabolic pathway would represent a unique opportunity in this direction. Herein, we show that the metabolism of the essential amino acid tryptophan, involved in the regulation of fundamental processes in mammals, is regulated in a circadian manner in both murine and human cells and in mouse tissues. By resorting to a murine model of pulmonary infection with the opportunistic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, we showed that the circadian oscillation in the lung of the tryptophan-degrading enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)1, generating the immunoregulatory kynurenine, resulted in diurnal changes in the immune response and the outcome of fungal infection. In addition, the circadian regulation of IDO1 drives such diurnal changes in a pre-clinical model of cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive disease characterized by progressive lung function decline and recurrent infections, thus acquiring considerable clinical relevance. Our results demonstrate that the circadian rhythm at the intersection between metabolism and immune response underlies the diurnal changes in host-fungal interaction, thus paving the way for a circadian-based antimicrobial therapy.

Microhabitat-specific diurnal metabolomic responses of the intertidal limpet Cellana toreuma to winter low temperature

High-throughput determination of circadian rhythms in metabolic response and their divergent patterns in various microhabitats are crucial for understanding how organisms respond to environmental stresses. A mid-intertidal limpet Cellana toreuma was collected at various time points across both daytime and nighttime in winter during low tide for investigating the diurnal metabolomic responses to cold stress and elucidating the divergent metabolic responses to temperature variations across microhabitats. Temperatures of emergent rock microhabitats were lower than the tidal pool and even aggravated at night. A series of metabolomic responses exhibited coordinated diurnal changes in winter. Metabolic responses which were associated with cellular stress responses and energy metabolism of emergent rock microhabitat individuals were highly induced compared to the tidal pool ones. This study shed lighton the diurnal patterns of metabolomic responses of intertidal molluscs in the field and emphasized the variations in metabolic responses between microhabitats.

Circadian regulation of dentate gyrus excitability mediated by G-protein signaling.

The central circadian regulator within the suprachiasmatic nucleus transmits time of day information by a diurnal spiking rhythm driven by molecular clock genes controlling membrane excitability. Most brain regions, including the hippocampus, harbor similar intrinsic circadian transcriptional machinery, but whether these molecular programs generate oscillations of membrane properties is unclear. Here, we show that intrinsic excitability of mouse dentate granule neurons exhibits a 24-h oscillation that controls spiking probability. Diurnal changes in excitability are mediated by antiphase G-protein regulation of potassium and sodium currents that reduce excitability during the Light phase. Disruption of the circadian transcriptional machinery by conditional deletion of Bmal1 enhances excitability selectively during the Light phase by removing G-protein regulation. These results reveal that circadian transcriptional machinery regulates intrinsic excitability by coordinated regulation of ion channels by G-protein signaling, highlighting a potential novel mechanism of cell-autonomous oscillations.

Diurnal changes in the stomatal, mesophyll, and biochemical limitations of photosynthesis in well-watered greenhouse-grown strawberries

The diurnal variations in the factors of photosynthesis reduction under well-watered greenhouse conditions remain poorly understood. We conducted diurnal measurements of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence in strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) for three sunny days. Quantitative limitation analysis was also conducted to investigate the diurnal variations of photosynthetic limitations [stomatal (SL), mesophyll (MCL), and biochemical limitation (BL)]. Under well-watered greenhouse conditions, a photosynthesis reduction was observed, and the respective limitations exhibited different diurnal changes based on the environmental stress severity. The main limitation was SL, varying between 11.3 and 27.1% around midday, whereas MCL and BL were in 4.3-14.2% and 1.7-8.5%, respectively, under relatively moderate conditions. However, both SL (11.2-34.2%) and MCL (4.8-26.4%) predominantly limited photosynthesis under relatively severe conditions, suggesting that stomatal closure was the main limitation and that the decline in mesophyll conductance was not negligible under strong environmental stress, even under well-watered greenhouse conditions.

Physical Model of D-Region Ionosphere and Preliminary Comparison with IRI and Data of MF Radar at Kunming

Based on the ion continuity equation solved under chemical equilibrium, a physical model of the D-region ionosphere (60–90 km) is established. The model involves 145 ion chemical reactions and includes 23 kinds of positive ions, 11 kinds of negative ions, and electrons. The simulation results show that molecular ions, such as NO+, NO+(H2O)n, H+(H2O)n, CO3−, and O3−, are the main components of ions in the D-region. The diurnal change of electron density at low latitudes is more obvious than at high latitudes. Preliminary comparisons with the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model and observed data of Medium Frequency (MF) radar at Kunming Radio Wave Observation Station show that the model is able to describe the basic features of D-region parameters. In addition, the results show that the minimum height of the D-region lower boundary in the low latitude is approximately 65 ± 1 km, and the height during the daytime is strongly correlated with local time. Furthermore, the results also reveal that the asymmetry of electron density is observed, with higher electron density during sunset than during sunrise at 75–85 km altitude. These above results are helpful for better understanding the variation of the D-region.

Detection of circadian rhythm disturbance of carbachol-induced beta wave dynamics in rat hippocampal slices using neural networks

Rats exhibit a circadian rhythm of locomotor activity. Recently, the relation between circadian rhythm and memory has been elucidated. Brain waves are related to memory processes and are modulated by circadian rhythm. Beta wave-like oscillations within 13–30 Hz can be induced by using carbachol, a cholinergic agonist, in rat hippocampal slices. In this study, we prepared hippocampal slices from rats maintained under light/dark (LD) or dark/dark (DD) conditions. We previously reported that carbachol-induced beta oscillations (CIBO) appeared at all times of the day, and oscillatory parameters, such as duration and inter-burst intervals, demonstrated significant diurnal changes. We also studied whether the time of day can be predicted using CIBO parameters and whether circadian disturbances can be detected with these parameters. Using CIBO parameters, a higher accuracy rate was obtained for time-of-day prediction than that when using the amount of locomotor activity during the day. The time of day was not correctly predicted when the parameters were applied under the DD condition, using the CIBO-parameter-trained neural network under LD conditions. Using the oscillatory parameters of the brain waves induced in the neuronal circuit will estimate the internal subjective time of the day and detect circadian disturbances such as DD condition. (199 words).

Changes in root hydraulic conductivity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in response to salt stress and day/night can best be explained through altered activity of aquaporins.

Salt stress reduces plant water flow during day and night. It is not known to which extent root hydraulic properties change in parallel. To test this idea, hydroponically grown wheat plants were grown at four levels of salt stress (50, 100, 150 and 200 mM NaCl) for 5-8d before harvest (d14-18) and subjected to a range of analyses to determine diurnal changes in hydraulic conductivity (Lp) at cell, root and plant level. Cell pressure probe analyses showed that the Lp of cortex cells was differentially affected by salt stress during day and night, and that the response to salt stress differed between the main axis of roots and lateral roots. The Aquaporin (AQP) inhibitor H2 O2 reduced Lp to a common, across treatments, level as observed in salt-stressed plants during the night. Analyses of transpiring plants and exuding root systems provided values of root Lp which were in the same range as values modeled based on cell-Lp. The results can best be explained through a change in root Lp in response to salt stress and day/night, which results from an altered activity of AQPs. qPCR gene expression analyses point to possible candidate AQP isoforms.

A portable feedback-controlled pump for monitoring eye outflow facility in conscious rats.

Intraocular pressure (IOP) is heavily influenced by the resistance of trabecular outflow pathways through which most of the aqueous humor produced by the eye continuously drains. The standard method of quantifying outflow resistance and other aspects of ocular fluid dynamics is eye cannulation, which allows for direct measurement and manipulation of IOP and flow in animal models. Since the method is invasive, indirect techniques that are slower and less accurate must be used for chronological studies. A novel technology is introduced that can autonomously measure outflow facility in conscious rats multiple times a day. A smart portable micropump infuses fluid into the eye through a permanently-implanted cannula and dynamically adjusts flow rate using a unique proportional feedback algorithm that sets IOP to a target level, even though IOP fluctuates erratically in awake free-moving animals. Pressure-flow data collected by the system from anesthetized rats were validated against intraocular recordings with commercial pressure and flow sensors. System and sensor estimates of outflow facility were indistinguishable, averaging 23 ± 3 nl·min-1·mmHg-1 across animals (n = 11). Pressure-flow data were then collected round-the-clock for several days from conscious rats, while outflow facility was measured every few hours. A significant diurnal facility rhythm was observed in every animal (n = 4), with mean daytime level of 22 ± 10 nl·min-1·mmHg-1 and mean nighttime level of 15 ± 7 nl·min-1·mmHg-1. The rhythm correlated with diurnal changes in IOP and likely contributed prominently to those changes based on the day-night swing in facility magnitude. Hence, the portable smart pump offers a unique tool for repeated long-term monitoring of outflow facility and other possible parameters of ocular health. It could also be useful in animal glaucoma studies for reversibly inducing acute or chronic ocular hypertension without explicitly damaging trabecular outflow pathways.

Retinoic Acid Signalling in the Pineal Gland Is Conserved across Mammalian Species and Its Transcriptional Activity Is Inhibited by Melatonin.

The pineal gland is integral to the circadian timing system due to its role in nightly melatonin production. Retinoic acid (RA) is a potent regulator of gene transcription and has previously been found to exhibit diurnal changes in synthesis and signalling in the rat pineal gland. This study investigated the potential for the interaction of these two systems. PCR was used to study gene expression in mouse and human pineal glands, ex-vivo organotypic cultured rat pineal gland and cell lines. The mouse and human pineal glands were both found to express the necessary components required for RA signalling. RA influences the circadian clock in the brain, therefore the short-term effect of RA on clock gene expression was determined in ex vivo rat pineal glands but was not found to rapidly regulate Per1, Per2, Bmal1, or Cry1. The interaction between RA and melatonin was also investigated and, unexpectedly, melatonin was found to suppress the induction of gene transcription by RA. This study demonstrates that pineal expression of the RA signalling system is conserved across mammalian species. There is no short-term regulation of the circadian clock but an inhibitory effect of melatonin on RA transcriptional activity was demonstrated, suggesting that there may be functional cross-talk between these systems.

Root exudation of carbon and nitrogen compounds varies over the day-night cycle in pea: The role of diurnal changes in internal pools.

Rhizodeposition is the export of organic compounds from plant roots to the soil. Carbon allocation towards rhizodeposition has to be balanced with allocation for other physiological functions, which depend on both newly assimilated and stored nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC). To test whether the exudation of primary metabolites scales with plant NSC status, we studied diurnal dynamics of NSC and amino acid (AA) pools and fluxes within the plant and the rhizosphere. These diurnal dynamics were measured in the field and under hydroponic-controlled conditions. Further, C-limiting treatments offered further insight into the regulation of rhizodeposition. The exudation of primary metabolites fluctuated diurnally. The diurnal dynamics of soluble sugars (SS) and AA concentrations in tissues coincided with exudate pool fluctuations in the rhizosphere. SS and AA pools in the rhizosphere increased with NSC and AA pools in the roots. C starvation treatments offset the balance of exudates: AA exudate content in the rhizosphere significantly decreased while SS exudate content remained stable. Our results suggest that rhizodeposition is to some extent controlled by plant C:N status. We propose that SS exudation is less controlled than AA exudation because N assimilation depends on controlled C supply while SS exudation relies to a greater extent on passive diffusion mechanisms.

Diurnal changes and topographical distribution of ocular surface epithelial dendritic cells in humans, and repeatability of density and morphology assessment.

Dendritic cells (DC) play a crucial role in ocular surface defence. DC can be visualised in vivo by confocal microscopy but have not yet been fully characterised in humans. This study investigated the diurnal variation, topographical distribution and repeatability of DC density and morphology measurements. In vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) was conducted on 20 healthy participants (mean age 32.7± 6.4 years, 50% female) at baseline and repeated after 30 minutes, 2, 6 and 24 h. Images were captured at the corneal centre, inferior whorl, corneal periphery, limbus and bulbar conjunctiva. DC were counted manually, and their morphology was assessed for cell body size, presence of dendrites, and presence of long and thick dendrites. Mixed-model analysis, non-parametric analyses, Bland and Altman plots, coefficient of repeatability (CoR) and kappa were used. There were no significant changes in DC density (p≥ 0.74) or morphology (p> 0.07) at any location over the 24-h period. The highest DC density was observed at the corneal limbus followed by the peripheral cornea (p< 0.001), with the lowest density at the corneal centre, inferior whorl and bulbar conjunctiva. Most DC at the corneal periphery, limbus and bulbar conjunctiva had larger cell bodies compared with the corneal centre (p≤ 0.01), and the presence of long dendrites was observed mostly at non-central locations. Day-to-day CoR for DC density ranged from ±28.1 cells/mm2 at the corneal centre to ±56.4 cells/mm2 at the limbus. Day-to-day agreement of DC morphology determined by kappa ranged from 0.5 to 0.95 for cell body size, 0.60 to 0.95 for presence of dendrites, and 0.55 to 0.80 for the presence of long dendrites at various locations. No diurnal changes are apparent in corneal or conjunctival DC. Substantial topographical differences exist in DC density and morphology. IVCM provides good repeatability of DC density and acceptable agreement of DC morphology.

Diurnal cardio-respiratory changes in ambulatory individuals deciphered using a multi-parameter wearable device.

Recent technological developments enable big data-driven insights on diurnal changes. This study aimed to describe the trajectory of multiple and advanced parameters using a medical-grade wearable remote patient monitor. Parameters were monitored for 24 h in 256 ambulatory participants who kept living their normal life. Parameters included heart rate, blood pressure, stroke volume, cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance, blood oxygen saturation, and respiratory rate. Diurnal variations were evaluated, and analyses were stratified based on sex, age, and body mass index. All parameters showed diurnal changes (p < 0.001). Females demonstrated higher heart rate and cardiac index with lower systemic vascular resistance. Obese participants had a higher blood pressure, and lower stroke volume and cardiac index. Systemic vascular resistance was higher among the elderly. Diurnal changes corresponded with awake-sleep hours and differed between sex, age, and body mass index groups. Wearable monitoring platforms could decipher hemodynamic changes in subgroups of individuals, and might help with efforts to provide personalized medicine, pre-symptomatic diagnosis and prevention, and drug development.

PS-B09-7: NON-DIPPER BLOOD PRESSURE CAUSED BY INTERMITTENT HYPOXIA AND ITS POSSIBLE MECHANISM IN THE KIDNEY

Background: Non-dipper, less than 10% decrease of blood pressure in nighttime than daytime, is one of the strongest risk factor of cardiovascular diseases among hypertensive disorders. High prevalence of non-dipper among patients of sleep-apnea syndrome suggests intermittent hypoxia in nighttime as the mechanism of non-dipper, although it is still to be revealed. Purpose: To identify the mechanism of non-dipper caused by intermittent hypoxia in nighttime. Method: C57Bl/6-background male mice were kept under 8AM-8PM of light and 8PM-8AM dark cycle in closed air-conditioned system which could decrease the O2 level from 21% room air to 5% every 3 minutes. Mice were divided into two groups, normoxia (NX) or intermittent hypoxia (IH), and were kept for two weeks under room air thoroughly or under the IH only during 8 AM to 5 PM respectively. The mice were euthanized at 12PM and kidneys were obtained. Blood pressure (BP) of left carotid artery was recorded by radio-telemetry during the latter one week. To evaluate diurnal change in BP, BPs of 8AM-5PM (inactive) and 5PM-8AM (active) were compared in each of NX and IH mice. Kidney lysate was fractionated by ultracentrifuge to obtain membrane fraction of protein. Result: BP of NX mice in the active phase was significantly higher than the inactive phase, although such diurnal change was not observed in IH mice, demonstrating a development of non-dipper pattern by IH. In the kidney lysates, membrane protein expression levels of phosphorylated-Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC) and Na + -K+-Cl- cotransporter 2 (NKCC2) were significantly increased in IH mice compared to NX mice, but those of full-length and cleaved form of ENaCα were not changed. Transcriptional expression levels of Sgk1, Gilz, Per1/2 and Cry1/2 were significantly increased and those of Bmal1 and Clock were decreased in IH mice compared to those of NX mice. Conclusion: These data suggest that defect in molecular clock of the kidney and sodium reabsorption augmented by NCC and/or NKCC2 in the kidney contributes to the development of non-dipper.

Aerosol Layer Height Retrieval Over Ocean From the Advanced Himawari Imager Using Spectral Reflectance Sensitivity

Aerosol layer height (ALH) has been retrieved using multi-angle observations or the O2–O2 and O2–A/B absorption bands. This study attempted to retrieve ALH using the Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI), a single passive imager onboard Himawari-8 and -9. ALH retrieval using geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) satellites is advantageous for monitoring diurnal changes in ALH and understanding long-range transport. Before retrieving the ALH, the aerosol optical properties (AOPs) are retrieved using the green-near infrared (NIR) band, which is relatively insensitive to aerosol height. The retrieved AOPs are used as input to the radiative transfer calculation to compute the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance of a highly sensitive band (the blue band in this study). Then, the ALH is retrieved using the observed and calculated TOA reflectances. Since the retrieval accuracy of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) is better over the ocean, the retrieval was performed only over the ocean during the Korea–United States Air Quality Study (KORUS-AQ) campaign period. The retrieved ALH was validated using the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) and high-spectral-resolution Lidar (HSRL).

Cryptochrome: An ancient blue light photoreceptor impacts modern mammalian physiology

Cryptochromes, evolutionally conserved and retained in mammals as transcriptional regulators having a repressive role in the transcription-translation feedback loop, the molecular mechanism behind the control of the endogenous mammalian circadian clock. This clock mechanism regulates the oscillation of a huge number of clock-controlled output genes. This in turn is responsible for modification of the physiological response of most organs and tissues, to coordinate with diurnal and seasonal changes in light and nutrient availability. Cryptochromes have also been found to participate in additional signalling cascades, outside of the circadian system, forming supplementary feedback loops that initiate cross-talk between systems influencing metabolism, inflammation and DNA damage response to maintain cellular homeostasis. This physiological organisation system has developed from Palaeolithic man but is still relevant in our modern world.

PS-C21-7: IMPACT OF THE TIME OF DAY PERFORMING AVS ON THE SUCCESS RATE AND SUBTYPE DIAGNOSIS IN PRIMARY ALDOSTERONISM

Purpose: Adrenal vein sampling (AVS) is the gold-standard technique for the subtype diagnosis of primary aldosteronism (PA). Measurements of aldosterone and cortisol in adrenal venous blood are used to determine the success or failure of AVS and to diagnose the PA subtype, but these hormone secretions show diurnal change. In this study, we examined the effect of the time of AVS on the results. Design: Multicenter, retrospective, observational study Setting: Three centers in Japan Patients: 591 patients diagnosed with PA and undergoing AVS at 3 centers were used. All patients underwent basal AVS and ACTH-stimulated AVS on the same day. 382 patients underwent AVS in the morning (AM-AVS) and 209 patients in the afternoon (PM-AVS). Results: In terms of Selectivity Index (SI) in AVS, there was no significant difference in the right adrenal vein in basal AVS (22 vs. 23, p = 0.26), but SI of AM-AVS group was significantly higher in the left adrenal vein (19 vs. 17, p = 0.03). 03) than PM-AVS. However, in AVS after ACTH loading, SIs of both right and left adrenal veins were significantly higher in the PM group (Right: 42 vs. 44, p = 0.03; Left: 48 vs. 50, p = 0.01). However, there was no significant difference in AVS success rates between the two groups for basal AVS (81% vs. 74%, p = 0.08) and ACTH-stimulated AVS (92% vs. 88%, p = 0.19). There was also no significant difference in the proportion of patients diagnosed with unilateral PA in basal AVS (57% vs. 48%, p = 0.09) and ACTH-stimulated AVS (17% vs. 14%, p = 0.41). Conclusions: In a multicenter observational study, there was no significant difference in AVS success rate or subtype diagnosis of AVS between the different AVS times.

Insights into diurnal variations of advanced hemodynamic parameters in ambulatory individuals enabled by a photoplethysmography-based wearable monitor

Abstract Background Recent technological developments enable non-invasive monitoring of advanced hemodynamic parameters, allowing big data-driven insights on diurnal changes for the first time. This study aimed to describe the trends of multiple advanced cardiovascular parameters among ambulatory individuals using a medical grade wearable monitor. Methods Common and advanced cardio-respiratory parameters were monitored for 24 hours in ambulatory volunteers using a photoplethysmography-based wearable monitor. The multi vital ambulatory monitoring (MVAM) included stroke volume (SV), cardiac index (CI), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), respiratory rate (RR), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulse pressure (PP), and heart rate (HR). Diurnal variations were evaluated among all participants, and analyses were stratified based on sex, age, and body-mass index (BMI). Results A total of 256 participants were included in the analysis. All measured parameters showed significant (p&amp;lt;0.001) diurnal changes. Nighttime values were lower excluding RR and SVR, reaching the nadir at 5 am, and then increasing to a maximum at 10 am, plateauing, and then gradually declining from 7 to 8 pm. CI demonstrated a reduction of 0.6 L/min/m2 (20%), while SVR demonstrated the opposite trend and was higher during the night increasing by up to 212 dynes/sec/cm5 (16%). Females demonstrated higher HR and CI with lower SVR during daytime and nighttime. Obese participants (BMI &amp;gt;30 kg/m2) had a higher SBP and DBP, and lower SV and CI. SVR was higher among the elderly. Conclusions Diurnal changes using MVAM corresponding with awake-sleep hours were noticed in the monitored parameters and differed between sex, age, and BMI groups. This suggests that wearable monitoring platforms could shed more light on hemodynamic changes in subgroups, and might help with future efforts to provide tailored personalized medicine and pre-symptomatic diagnosis and prevention. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

Assessment of diurnal change in land surface temperature of the Union Territory (UT) of Jammu and Kashmir, India

Assessment of diurnal change in land surface temperature of the Union Territory (UT) of Jammu and Kashmir, India